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Developmental Stages
            of
       Adolescence
                    Bradd Anderson
Youth Development Coordinator, 4-H/Army Youth Development Project
    University of Missouri State 4-H Youth Development Specialist
                      andersonb@missouri.edu
Questions
• What was adolescence like for you?

• What are the top dangers facing teens?

• What is the public perception of teens?
Perceptions vs. Reality
Most public information is based on outdated research

RESEARCH CONDUCTED             DIFFERENCES FOUND IN
  PRIOR TO THE 1970’s            MODERN RESEARCH
- Conflict with parents seen   - About 75% teens report
  as normal.                     positive family
- Rebellion considered           relationships.
  healthy & desirable.         - Other ¼ had family
- The literature focused on      problems before
  parent survival.               adolescence.
- “Storm and Stress”           - Correlation between
  paradigm emerged.              adolescent mental health
                                 and close family
                                 relationships.
                               - Challenged “Storm &
                                 Stress” perspective.
Perceptions vs. Reality

           The academic view of teens is
         not the view being sold to the public.



Cuddly Infant           Vs.             Hateful,
                                        Spiteful
                                        Teen
Realities of Adolescence
           When we look at adolescence,
           we look at four different areas:




PHYSICAL      SOCIAL      EMOTIONAL       COGNITIVE
Physical Development
• What physical changes take place as
  children become teenagers?

• What are physical changes that you can
  see?

• What physical changes can you not see?
Physical Development
              in Young Teens
Characteristics                       Implications for Volunteers
Experience rapid changes in           Be willing to talk about physical
physical appearance, with growth      changes because new teens are
spurt happening earlier for girls     often uncomfortable with and
than boys.                            embarrassed by their changing
                                      bodies.
Have intense sexual feelings and      Provide honest information to the
a keen interest in their own          sexual questions they have.
bodies.                               Prepare opportunities to help
                                      youth discuss body development
                                      as a natural, normal process.
                                      Listen to their fears without
                                      judging or trivializing.

Interested in sports and active       Encourage active, fun learning
games.                                experiences.

Source: Missouri 4-H (http://4h.missouri.edu)
Physical Development in Teens

 Characteristics                     Implications for Volunteers
Most have overcome the               Avoid comments that criticize or
  awkwardness of puberty, but          compare stature, size, or shape.
  some boys are still growing at a
  fast pace. Many are concerned
  with body image.
Social Development
• What are some of the social
  characteristics that you observe in the
  teens you work with?

• What changes as children become teens?
Social Development
                in Young Teens
Characteristics                      Implications for Volunteers
Concerned about social graces,      Encourage learning experiences
grooming, and being liked by        related to self-discovery, self-
peers.                              understanding, and getting along
                                    with others. Be patient with
                                    grooming behaviors that may
                                    seem excessive.

Moving away from dependency         Parents may need help in
on parents to dependency on         understanding that this shift is a
opinions of peers.                  sign of growing maturity, not
                                    rejection of family.
Becoming interested in activities   Provide opportunities for boys
that involve boys and girls.        and girls to mix without feeling
                                    uncomfortable — seems to work
                                    best if youth plan activities
                                    themselves
Social Development in Teens
Characteristics                       Implications for Volunteers
Strong desire for status in their     Establish a climate that is conducive
   peer group.                           to peer support.
Interested in coeducational           Allow teens to plan coeducational
   activities. Dating increases.         and group oriented projects or
                                         activities.
Often want adult leadership roles.    Provide opportunities for teens to
                                         plan their own programs.
Want to belong to a group, but also   Place emphasis on personal
  want to be recognized as unique        development whenever possible.
  individuals.
Research Notes: Social Development
• Different family members have different views of
  parent-adolescent conflict.
• Adolescence has a minimal impact on the teen,
  but a potentially negative impact on the parent.
• After a conflict, the teen moves on. The parent
  is more likely to hold on to negative feelings.
• Who walks away upset and stays upset?
   – THE PARENT!!!
• Generally few storms, but some stress.
• “Arguing with a teenager is like being bitten to death by
  ducks!” -- Parent quote.
Emotional Development
• What emotional characteristics do you see
  in teenagers?

• Are there any physical or social factors
  that affect the emotions of teens?
Emotional Development
            in Young Teens

Characteristics                      Implications for Volunteers
Can be painfully self-conscious     Plan many varied opportunities to
and critical. Vulnerable to bouts   achieve and have their
of low self-esteem.                 competence recognized by
                                    others. Concentrate on
                                    developing individual skills.
Changes in hormones and             Remember that early adolescents
thinking contribute to mood         are known for their drama and
swings.                             feelings that seem extreme to
                                    adults. Accept their feelings and
                                    be careful not to embarrass or
                                    criticize.

Desire independence, yet need       Encourage youth to work with
their parents' help.                adults and older teens.
Emotional Development in Teens

Characteristics                Implications for Volunteers

Feelings of inferiority and   Encourage youth by helping them
inadequacy are common.        to see their positive self-worth.
Gaining independence and      Give teens responsibility and
developing firm individual    expect them to follow through.
identity.                     Provide opportunities that help
                              teens explore their identity,
                              values, and beliefs.
Research Notes:
           Emotional Development
• Most adolescents make the transition without serious
  difficulty.
• 40% of parents report an increase in stress during early
  adolescent transition.
• Stressors are cumulative in impact.
• “Crossing Paths”– When adolescence and midlife crisis
  happen at the same time in a family.
• Bickering is usually about autonomy-related concerns.
• Increased social support ~ decreases in the harmful
  impact of stressors.
Cycle of Behavior


 Parent          Parenting
 Stress          Behavior




           Teen
          Behavior
Cognitive Development
• What kinds of intellectual changes do you
  see as children become adolescents?

• How does their thinking change?

• How do their mental abilities change?
Cognitive Development
              in Young Teens
Characteristics                      Implications for Volunteers

Tend to reject solutions from        Involve young teens in setting
adults in favor of their own.        rules and planning activities for
                                     your group or program.
Beginning to think more              Ask questions that encourage
abstractly and hypothetically. Can   predicting and problem solving.
think about their own thinking       Help youth to find solutions on
and are becoming skilled in the      their own by providing
use of logic and cause-and-effect.   supervision without interference.
Can take responsibility for          Allow young teens to plan
planning and evaluation of their     activities and expect follow
own work.                            through. Help them to evaluate
                                     the outcome.
Cognitive Development in Teens
Characteristics                    Implications for Volunteers

Reach high levels of abstract      Put youth into real life problem-
  thinking and problem solving.       solving situations. Allow them
                                      to fully discover ideas, make
                                      decisions, and evaluate
                                      outcomes.
Developing community               Encourage civic projects that are
  consciousness and concern          a service to others.
  for the well-being of others.
Increasing self-knowledge;         Allow time and plan activities for
   personal philosophy begins to      youth to explore and express
   emerge.                            their own philosophies.
Need life planning guidance as     College visits, field trips to
  they are beginning to think         businesses, and
  about leaving home for              conversations with college
  college, employment, etc.           students or working adults
                                      can be helpful activities.
Research Notes:
           Cognitive Development
• McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass
• Groups of children ages 10-18 and adults are shown a
  picture and asked to identify the emotion.
• 100% adults answer correctly (“fear”).
• Almost all teens are wrong (say “aggression”).
• Most teens who do answer correctly are female.
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is done
  to track which parts of the brain were active as the
  decision was being made.
• Teens used the amygdala, while adults used the frontal
  cortex of their brains in making the decision.
Research Notes:
                   Cognitive Development
  Frontal Cortex
  - Analysis
  - Decision-making
  - Judgment
  - Planning



                                                     Amygdala
                                                     - Gut reactions
                                                     - Instincts
                                                     - More primitive part of
                                                       the brain.




REF: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/work/onereason.html
Research Notes:
            Cognitive Development
• Implications
  – Teen brains are still maturing.
  – Communications pathways between lower and
    higher brain functions aren’t fully developed yet.
  – Teens more likely to react on instinct than process information.
  – Judgment and analytical skills are still developing: Teens are not
    “miniature adults.”
  – Teens cannot be expected to make adult decisions.
  – Teens may often not react the way we expect.
Adolescent
            Development
 PHYSICAL
                          SOCIAL




EMOTIONAL
                           COGNITIVE
“But Why?”




Using your knowledge of developmental stages to
       answer the questions of caring adults

   (and refute the public perceptions of teens!).
“But Why?”
• “Sometimes my teen is a real know-it-all.”

• Teens are developing new abilities to
  analyze, deduce, reason, and think
  abstractly. It’s normal for them to reject
  adult solutions in favor of their own. Involve
  them in making plans, when possible. Allow
  them to make decisions and help them to
  evaluate the outcomes.
“But Why?”
• “My teenager is an emotional basket
  case! She spends a lot of time being
  moody and paranoid.”

• Teens can be painfully self-conscious
  and critical. Self-esteem can be an
  issue and it’s common to feel
  inadequate or inferior. Be encouraging
  and patient. Help them see their worth!
“But Why?”
• “My teen argues with me all the time,
   and I think it’s disrespectful. What can I do?”

• Along with intellectual abilities, social skills are
  developing also. Allow them to find their own
  solutions, which may not be the same as
  yours. Then help them find ways to express
  themselves in ways that will not be perceived
  as disrespectful or abrasive.
“But Why?”
• “My teen is so hung up on clothes,
  jewelry and how they look. What gives??”

• Teens are emotionally vulnerable and have a
  real need for acceptance from their peers, and
  belonging to a group. Be patient, encourage
  experiences related to self-discovery and self-
  understanding. Set appropriate boundaries for
  clothing, etc.
“But Why?”
• “My kid makes a lot of really dumb
  decisions, if you ask me. Sometimes it seems like
  we can hear the same thing but they interpret it in a
  totally wrong way.”

• Listen to them and ask questions that encourage
  predicting and problem-solving. Help them find their
  own solutions, and be patient. Teen brains are
  “under construction,” and still building the
  connections that allow them to analyze and reason
  like adults. Keep the communication lines open!
“But Why?”
• “My kid questions everything I say!”

• Socially, teens move and become much
  more dependent on the opinions of their
  friends than their family. They are also
  developing intellectual abilities they’ve
  never had before, and are still learning how
  to use. Use two-way communication,
  respect their ideas and demand respect for
  your own. Ask questions that encourage
  predicting and problem-solving.
“But Why?”
• “Okay, my kid is suddenly a walking
  hormone…what’s going on here?”

• The surge of hormones is giving them
  intense feelings they’ve never dealt with
  before. Emotional vulnerability and the need
  for (peer) acceptance also affect the high
  interest in dating and forming close
  relationships. Give honest answers to their
  sexual questions. Hear their fears, and don’t
  judge or downplay them. Communicate!
“But Why?”
• “We used to be best friends, but now my
  daughter just wants to spend all of her time
  with her friends.”

• This is normal, as teenagers are more
  dependent on friends as their primary social
  unit. Keep talking and listening to your child.
  Understand that this is a sign of growing
  maturity, not of family rejection. Adolescence
  can be harder on the parents than the teens!
“But Why?”
• “My freaky teenager is outgrowing his
  clothes every month!! Am I feeding him
  the wrong thing?”

• Teens bodies change and grow rapidly,
  and the growth spurt starts even sooner
  for girls. This can be embarrassing to a
  teenager, so be sensitive about it. Also
  be willing to talk with them about the
  many physical changes taking place.
“But Why?”
• “My 14-year old is always so defensive! No
  matter what I say, they think I’m accusing
  them of something.”

• Dealing with all these new feelings and
  changes to their bodies is difficult for many
  teens. When they just want to “fit in” this can
  cause major stress and result in mood swings.
  Also remember that teens do not always
  interpret what they hear in the same way an
  adult does. Be sensitive, patient, and help
  them understand what you truly mean.
Adolescent Development
                                        SUCCESSES
 VULNERABILITY                                                          CHANCE
                              GROWTH
                                                    POTENTIAL
    DANGER                                                         FAMILY
                                                    MISTAKES
                                  CHALLENGE
    WHO AM I ?
                          MILESTONES       DATING              IS THIS NORMAL?
          COMMUNICATION




FRIENDS                                OPPORTUNITY

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Ages & Stages of Adolescent Development

  • 1. Developmental Stages of Adolescence Bradd Anderson Youth Development Coordinator, 4-H/Army Youth Development Project University of Missouri State 4-H Youth Development Specialist andersonb@missouri.edu
  • 2. Questions • What was adolescence like for you? • What are the top dangers facing teens? • What is the public perception of teens?
  • 3. Perceptions vs. Reality Most public information is based on outdated research RESEARCH CONDUCTED DIFFERENCES FOUND IN PRIOR TO THE 1970’s MODERN RESEARCH - Conflict with parents seen - About 75% teens report as normal. positive family - Rebellion considered relationships. healthy & desirable. - Other ¼ had family - The literature focused on problems before parent survival. adolescence. - “Storm and Stress” - Correlation between paradigm emerged. adolescent mental health and close family relationships. - Challenged “Storm & Stress” perspective.
  • 4. Perceptions vs. Reality The academic view of teens is not the view being sold to the public. Cuddly Infant Vs. Hateful, Spiteful Teen
  • 5. Realities of Adolescence When we look at adolescence, we look at four different areas: PHYSICAL SOCIAL EMOTIONAL COGNITIVE
  • 6. Physical Development • What physical changes take place as children become teenagers? • What are physical changes that you can see? • What physical changes can you not see?
  • 7. Physical Development in Young Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Experience rapid changes in Be willing to talk about physical physical appearance, with growth changes because new teens are spurt happening earlier for girls often uncomfortable with and than boys. embarrassed by their changing bodies. Have intense sexual feelings and Provide honest information to the a keen interest in their own sexual questions they have. bodies. Prepare opportunities to help youth discuss body development as a natural, normal process. Listen to their fears without judging or trivializing. Interested in sports and active Encourage active, fun learning games. experiences. Source: Missouri 4-H (http://4h.missouri.edu)
  • 8. Physical Development in Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Most have overcome the Avoid comments that criticize or awkwardness of puberty, but compare stature, size, or shape. some boys are still growing at a fast pace. Many are concerned with body image.
  • 9. Social Development • What are some of the social characteristics that you observe in the teens you work with? • What changes as children become teens?
  • 10. Social Development in Young Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Concerned about social graces, Encourage learning experiences grooming, and being liked by related to self-discovery, self- peers. understanding, and getting along with others. Be patient with grooming behaviors that may seem excessive. Moving away from dependency Parents may need help in on parents to dependency on understanding that this shift is a opinions of peers. sign of growing maturity, not rejection of family. Becoming interested in activities Provide opportunities for boys that involve boys and girls. and girls to mix without feeling uncomfortable — seems to work best if youth plan activities themselves
  • 11. Social Development in Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Strong desire for status in their Establish a climate that is conducive peer group. to peer support. Interested in coeducational Allow teens to plan coeducational activities. Dating increases. and group oriented projects or activities. Often want adult leadership roles. Provide opportunities for teens to plan their own programs. Want to belong to a group, but also Place emphasis on personal want to be recognized as unique development whenever possible. individuals.
  • 12. Research Notes: Social Development • Different family members have different views of parent-adolescent conflict. • Adolescence has a minimal impact on the teen, but a potentially negative impact on the parent. • After a conflict, the teen moves on. The parent is more likely to hold on to negative feelings. • Who walks away upset and stays upset? – THE PARENT!!! • Generally few storms, but some stress. • “Arguing with a teenager is like being bitten to death by ducks!” -- Parent quote.
  • 13. Emotional Development • What emotional characteristics do you see in teenagers? • Are there any physical or social factors that affect the emotions of teens?
  • 14. Emotional Development in Young Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Can be painfully self-conscious Plan many varied opportunities to and critical. Vulnerable to bouts achieve and have their of low self-esteem. competence recognized by others. Concentrate on developing individual skills. Changes in hormones and Remember that early adolescents thinking contribute to mood are known for their drama and swings. feelings that seem extreme to adults. Accept their feelings and be careful not to embarrass or criticize. Desire independence, yet need Encourage youth to work with their parents' help. adults and older teens.
  • 15. Emotional Development in Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Feelings of inferiority and Encourage youth by helping them inadequacy are common. to see their positive self-worth. Gaining independence and Give teens responsibility and developing firm individual expect them to follow through. identity. Provide opportunities that help teens explore their identity, values, and beliefs.
  • 16. Research Notes: Emotional Development • Most adolescents make the transition without serious difficulty. • 40% of parents report an increase in stress during early adolescent transition. • Stressors are cumulative in impact. • “Crossing Paths”– When adolescence and midlife crisis happen at the same time in a family. • Bickering is usually about autonomy-related concerns. • Increased social support ~ decreases in the harmful impact of stressors.
  • 17. Cycle of Behavior Parent Parenting Stress Behavior Teen Behavior
  • 18. Cognitive Development • What kinds of intellectual changes do you see as children become adolescents? • How does their thinking change? • How do their mental abilities change?
  • 19. Cognitive Development in Young Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Tend to reject solutions from Involve young teens in setting adults in favor of their own. rules and planning activities for your group or program. Beginning to think more Ask questions that encourage abstractly and hypothetically. Can predicting and problem solving. think about their own thinking Help youth to find solutions on and are becoming skilled in the their own by providing use of logic and cause-and-effect. supervision without interference. Can take responsibility for Allow young teens to plan planning and evaluation of their activities and expect follow own work. through. Help them to evaluate the outcome.
  • 20. Cognitive Development in Teens Characteristics Implications for Volunteers Reach high levels of abstract Put youth into real life problem- thinking and problem solving. solving situations. Allow them to fully discover ideas, make decisions, and evaluate outcomes. Developing community Encourage civic projects that are consciousness and concern a service to others. for the well-being of others. Increasing self-knowledge; Allow time and plan activities for personal philosophy begins to youth to explore and express emerge. their own philosophies. Need life planning guidance as College visits, field trips to they are beginning to think businesses, and about leaving home for conversations with college college, employment, etc. students or working adults can be helpful activities.
  • 21. Research Notes: Cognitive Development • McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass • Groups of children ages 10-18 and adults are shown a picture and asked to identify the emotion. • 100% adults answer correctly (“fear”). • Almost all teens are wrong (say “aggression”). • Most teens who do answer correctly are female. • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is done to track which parts of the brain were active as the decision was being made. • Teens used the amygdala, while adults used the frontal cortex of their brains in making the decision.
  • 22. Research Notes: Cognitive Development Frontal Cortex - Analysis - Decision-making - Judgment - Planning Amygdala - Gut reactions - Instincts - More primitive part of the brain. REF: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/work/onereason.html
  • 23. Research Notes: Cognitive Development • Implications – Teen brains are still maturing. – Communications pathways between lower and higher brain functions aren’t fully developed yet. – Teens more likely to react on instinct than process information. – Judgment and analytical skills are still developing: Teens are not “miniature adults.” – Teens cannot be expected to make adult decisions. – Teens may often not react the way we expect.
  • 24. Adolescent Development PHYSICAL SOCIAL EMOTIONAL COGNITIVE
  • 25. “But Why?” Using your knowledge of developmental stages to answer the questions of caring adults (and refute the public perceptions of teens!).
  • 26. “But Why?” • “Sometimes my teen is a real know-it-all.” • Teens are developing new abilities to analyze, deduce, reason, and think abstractly. It’s normal for them to reject adult solutions in favor of their own. Involve them in making plans, when possible. Allow them to make decisions and help them to evaluate the outcomes.
  • 27. “But Why?” • “My teenager is an emotional basket case! She spends a lot of time being moody and paranoid.” • Teens can be painfully self-conscious and critical. Self-esteem can be an issue and it’s common to feel inadequate or inferior. Be encouraging and patient. Help them see their worth!
  • 28. “But Why?” • “My teen argues with me all the time, and I think it’s disrespectful. What can I do?” • Along with intellectual abilities, social skills are developing also. Allow them to find their own solutions, which may not be the same as yours. Then help them find ways to express themselves in ways that will not be perceived as disrespectful or abrasive.
  • 29. “But Why?” • “My teen is so hung up on clothes, jewelry and how they look. What gives??” • Teens are emotionally vulnerable and have a real need for acceptance from their peers, and belonging to a group. Be patient, encourage experiences related to self-discovery and self- understanding. Set appropriate boundaries for clothing, etc.
  • 30. “But Why?” • “My kid makes a lot of really dumb decisions, if you ask me. Sometimes it seems like we can hear the same thing but they interpret it in a totally wrong way.” • Listen to them and ask questions that encourage predicting and problem-solving. Help them find their own solutions, and be patient. Teen brains are “under construction,” and still building the connections that allow them to analyze and reason like adults. Keep the communication lines open!
  • 31. “But Why?” • “My kid questions everything I say!” • Socially, teens move and become much more dependent on the opinions of their friends than their family. They are also developing intellectual abilities they’ve never had before, and are still learning how to use. Use two-way communication, respect their ideas and demand respect for your own. Ask questions that encourage predicting and problem-solving.
  • 32. “But Why?” • “Okay, my kid is suddenly a walking hormone…what’s going on here?” • The surge of hormones is giving them intense feelings they’ve never dealt with before. Emotional vulnerability and the need for (peer) acceptance also affect the high interest in dating and forming close relationships. Give honest answers to their sexual questions. Hear their fears, and don’t judge or downplay them. Communicate!
  • 33. “But Why?” • “We used to be best friends, but now my daughter just wants to spend all of her time with her friends.” • This is normal, as teenagers are more dependent on friends as their primary social unit. Keep talking and listening to your child. Understand that this is a sign of growing maturity, not of family rejection. Adolescence can be harder on the parents than the teens!
  • 34. “But Why?” • “My freaky teenager is outgrowing his clothes every month!! Am I feeding him the wrong thing?” • Teens bodies change and grow rapidly, and the growth spurt starts even sooner for girls. This can be embarrassing to a teenager, so be sensitive about it. Also be willing to talk with them about the many physical changes taking place.
  • 35. “But Why?” • “My 14-year old is always so defensive! No matter what I say, they think I’m accusing them of something.” • Dealing with all these new feelings and changes to their bodies is difficult for many teens. When they just want to “fit in” this can cause major stress and result in mood swings. Also remember that teens do not always interpret what they hear in the same way an adult does. Be sensitive, patient, and help them understand what you truly mean.
  • 36. Adolescent Development SUCCESSES VULNERABILITY CHANCE GROWTH POTENTIAL DANGER FAMILY MISTAKES CHALLENGE WHO AM I ? MILESTONES DATING IS THIS NORMAL? COMMUNICATION FRIENDS OPPORTUNITY

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Write “top dangers” on flip chart. Write “public perceptions” on flip chart. Question: “Do you think that your experience of adolescence affects the way you view teens?”
  2. The %75:%25 ratio is interesting and will tie in nicely with the question on the previous slide, “What was adolescence like for you?”
  3. W
  4. Note: Be sure to separate interpretations (public perceptions of teens list) from observable behavior.