Presentation to the Museum Studies seminar at the University of Porto. Introducing the issue of provenance-research within the context of museum ethics. Focus is on the need to engage in Nazi-era provenance in Portugal and establish the reliability of ALIU/OSS sources, indicating a healthy art market during WWII and post-1945.

1. Diz-me o que tens, dir-te-ei de onde vem.
A proveniência nos museus portugueses.
Inês Fialho Brandão
Seminário Estudos de Museus e Curadoria

2. proveniência | debates
Éticos
= não pressupõe qualquer
obrigação outra que moral
* Saque de guerra
* Achado individual
* Reivindicação cultural
Legais
= quadro legal pré-estabelecido
(nacional/internacional)
* Roubo
* Exportação não autorizada
* Artefactos arqueol.
(cf. NAGPRA/UNESCO 1970)

3. éticos

4. legais

5. PORTUGAL | QUESTÕES RECENTES

6. http://www.publico.pt/Cultura/a-turquia-
quer-reaver-patrimonio-e-ja-
teve-uma-conversa-com-a-gulbenkian-
1565797?all=1

9. PORTUGAL | QUESTÕES FUTURAS

12. TEMA EM FOCO | ESPOLIAÇÃO NA
ÉPOCA NAZI

13. O QUE SIGNIFICA
PROVENIÊNCIA
NA ÉPOCA NAZI

14. Provenance
Louis-François Trouard, Paris (until 1779; his
anonymous sale, Paris, February 22, 1779, no. 44, as
"Deux tableaux pendans; ils représentent chacun un
jeune garçon vu à mi-corps; l'un s'amuse à faire des
boules de savon, & l'autre un château de cartes,"
canvas, 23 x 24 pouces, for Fr 95 to Dulac); ?Antoine
Charles Dulac, Paris (1779–1801; his sale, Paillet and
Delaroche, Paris, April 6, 1801, no. 19, as "Deux
Tableaux . . . l'un représente un écolier qui fait des bules
de savon; l'autre, une jeune fille qui fait lire enfant");
Jacques Doucet, Paris (by 1899–1912; his sale, Galerie
Georges Petit, Paris, June 6, 1912, no. 136, as "Les
Bouteilles de savon," for Fr 300,500 [with no. 135, "Le
Faiseur de châteaux de cartes," for Fr 190,000]); David
David-Weill, Paris (1912–at least 1933; cat., 1926, I, pp.
25–26, ill.); Fritz Mannheimer, Amsterdam (until d.
1939); his widow, Jane Mannheimer, Amsterdam, and
later New York (1939–49; held in Paris for Mrs.
Mannheimer at Chenue; seized by the Nazis and
"bought" May 12, 1944 through Posse and Mühlmann
for Fr 800,000 for the Führer Museum, Linz; held at Alt
Aussee [1387] and at Munich collecting point [1588];
returned to France, January 30, 1946, by the Service
Français de la Récupération and restituted following
agreement with SNK [Netherlands Art Property
Foundation] in or after 1948; sold to Wildenstein);
[Wildenstein, New York, 1949; sold to MMA

15. Provenance ?
Louis-François Trouard, Paris (until 1779; his
anonymous sale, Paris, February 22, 1779, no. 44, as
"Deux tableaux pendans; ils représentent chacun un
jeune garçon vu à mi-corps; l'un s'amuse à faire des
boules de savon, & l'autre un château de cartes,"
canvas, 23 x 24 pouces, for Fr 95 to Dulac); ?Antoine
Charles Dulac, Paris (1779–1801; his sale, Paillet and
Delaroche, Paris, April 6, 1801, no. 19, as "Deux
Tableaux . . . l'un représente un écolier qui fait des bules
de savon; l'autre, une jeune fille qui fait lire enfant");
Jacques Doucet, Paris (by 1899–1912; his sale, Galerie
Georges Petit, Paris, June 6, 1912, no. 136, as "Les
Bouteilles de savon," for Fr 300,500 [with no. 135, "Le
Faiseur de châteaux de cartes," for Fr 190,000]); David
David-Weill, Paris (1912–at least 1933; cat., 1926, I, pp.
25–26, ill.); Fritz Mannheimer, Amsterdam (until d.
1939); his widow, Jane Mannheimer, Amsterdam, and
later New York (1939–49; held in Paris for Mrs.
Mannheimer at Chenue; seized by the Nazis and
"bought" May 12, 1944 through Posse and Mühlmann
for Fr 800,000 for the Führer Museum, Linz; held at Alt
Aussee [1387] and at Munich collecting point [1588];
returned to France, January 30, 1946, by the Service
Français de la Récupération and restituted following
agreement with SNK [Netherlands Art Property
Foundation] in or after 1948; sold to Wildenstein);
[Wildenstein, New York, 1949; sold to MMA

16. ESPOLIAÇÕES NAZIS

17. PORQUÊ
PORTUGAL?

18. Jewish refugees arrive to
Lisbon Station. Sept. 1941

20. Dado que Portugal, um país neutro,
recebeu milhares de refugiados da
Europa central e ocidental, e manteve
relações comerciais com a Alemanha
entre 1933 and 1945, o nosso
objectivo é identificar as tendências a
padrões que marcaram as transacções
artísticas e o coleccionismo durnate
este período.

22. METODOLOGIA
Pesquisa de
proveniências
= OBJECTOS
Pesquisa sobre
transacções
= COMÉRCIO
Pesquisa sobre
personalidades
= INDIVÍDUOS

23. // OBJECTOS
Collections identified so far
Collections dismissed Pre-selected collections Relevant disbanded collections
Justification for dismissal
Collection amassed pre-1933 Scope of collection
Supervisory agency
12%
Professional association
University
Research priority
Number 85 55 3
n/a
Religious entity
Regional authority (Azores/Madeira)
Private foundation
88%
21
16
7
5
3
3
2
1
Local authority
Central government
34%
33%
33%
HIGH MEDIUM LOW

24. // OBJECTOS
2
19
12
35
30
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1933-1937 1938-1940 1941-1945 1946-1955 Post-1955 n/a

25. METHODOLOGY
i/n/d IiNviDuaIVl-ÍbDaUseOdSresearch
24
9
7
6
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Krus
Unknown
Pereira Coutinho
Soares & Mendonca
George Duff
Manuel Pinto
Alexandre Fernandes
Mr. Lourenco
Alfredo Leal
Jean Ostins
Luis Leal
Jacques Kugel
Casa Calendas
Antiqualia
Raquel Sabat(h)
Eliezer Kamenesky
Antiquarium
Marques Pereira
Leiria & Nascimento
Elena Hortega

26. RED FLAG NAME LIST, ART LOOTING INVESTIGATION UNIT / O.S.S.
Karl Buchholz (H)Enrique
Lehrfeld
Jean Ostins
Wilhelm Gessmann
(alias Alexander, Joan
Charles; Alendorf, Wilhelm)
John Conrad Leon Josipovicci Elfriedo Marques
Pereira
Jacques Kugel
ART GALLERY “GALERIA DE ARTE”, Lisbon
CALONDAS GALLERIES,
Lisbon
GERMAN BOOKSHOP “LIVRARIA BUCHHOLZ”, Lisbon
Alfredo Leal
ANTIQUARIUM,
Lisbon

27. // COMÉRCIO

29. FONTES
História oral Arquivos diplomáticos (PT; US; FR; GER;...)
Catálogos de leilões e exposições(PT; FR; GER...)
Media
Arquivos nacionais(PT; US; FR; GER;...)
Dossiers de objectos em museus
Arquivo Salazar(PT)
Arquivos particulares Relatório sobre o ouro Nazi
Arquivos PVDE/PIDE (PT)

30. http://resources.ushmm.org/film/display/detai
l.php?file_num=1103&tape_id=6566c12e-
9cca-48dd-8f49-
0fcc022f7a8e&clip_id=&media_type=mp4
http://resources.ushmm.org/film/display/detai
l.php?file_num=1102