code.talks 2015 hosted by ABOUT YOU

1. Writing Simple, Readable and
Robust Code: Examples in
Java, Clojure, and Go
freiheit.com technologies - Hamburg, September 30, 2015
code.talks 2015

2. © freiheit.com 2
Hi! I am Stefan Richter. I started programming on an Apple ][ in
1983. Since 1998, I run my own software company, which is
specialized in large Internet systems.
WHO AM I?
Working as a professional
programmer
Running my own company
20102005199819951990198719831966
Apple II,
Pascal,
C64,
6502
VAX, Unix,
C,
4GLs,
Smalltalk,
Lisp,
Scheme
Unix, C,
4 GLs,
(Windows NT, VB (!))
Linux, Java, Python, Ruby,
Objective-C, C/C++, Common Lisp, Clojure,
JavaScript, Go
...
Future
University studies and work as a
programmer in research institutes

3. SO LET’S GET STARTED
AND HAVE SOME FUN! :)

4. According to Wikipedia a domain-
specific language (DSL) is a
“... programming language or
specification language dedicated to
a particular problem domain [...].“
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5. I guess, we find DSLs so compelling
because sooner or later every
programmer dreams of creating
his/her own programming language. ;)
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6. Let’s take an example from a person
you all know: Martin Fowler.
In 2005, he posted an article on his
homepage about domain-specific
languages ...
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8. Fowler creates a DSL to read files in a fixed-length
format and to convert each line into an object. This is
the file format and the mapping spec:
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9. He uses C#, but as C# is more or less
a Java clone you will agree that the
Java code would look almost exactly
the same.
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10. Line by line, he reads the file and dispatches the
conversion to a strategy class.
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11. The strategy class is parameterized with the type
code and the target class ...
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12. The individual fields in each line are read by a
FieldExtractor class ...
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13. To process the line, the strategy creates the target
class and uses the extractors to get the field data ...
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14. The FieldExtractor pulls out the data and sets the
correct field in the target class by using reflection ...
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15. Now you have an API that can be configured at
compile time ...
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16. If you would like to do this in a declarative style, you
need an XML configuration ... (arrggh)
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17. Fowler’s example shows about 70 lines
of code (LOC). But the code is not
complete. I guess, the complete example
would be around 200 LOC Java.
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18. HMM. SO MUCH CODE
FOR A SIMPLE PROBLEM.

19. Ideally, you would like to have something like this
as a mini DSL:
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20. The Common Lisp Community picked
up Fowler’s article, because he
mentioned Lisp favorably.
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21. Rainer Joswig then proposed this DSL in comp.
lang.lisp:
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22. His solution is a 12 LOC Lisp macro …,
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... which expands to this code:

23. Let’s examine how macros work. We’ll
use the Common Lisp code as an
example. It’s very close to how macros
look like in Clojure! I’ll show you later! :)
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24. • Basically, a Lisp macro is a code generator. But you can’t compare Lisp macros with C macros or any other
macro or template system.
• Lisp programs are trees of expressions. Code is data. Data is code.
• This is why a Lisp program can modify itself.
• In a nutshell - “How to read Lisp macros“:
• Macros don’t evaluate their parameters.
• The backtick (`) says: „Don’t evaluate the following code.“
• The comma (,) says: „Evaluate the following code and replace it with the result.“
• Then: Evaluate all resulting code together.
• Read Peter Seibel’s „Practical Common Lisp“ to learn more ...
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25. • defclass creates a new CLOS class. In CLOS methods are defined independently of the class definition, but
getter/setter can be defined implicitly.
• Methods are specialized on their parameters. So each method can be specialized to more than one class! Think about
this for a moment ...
• You can even specialize a method depending on what exact value is passed as a parameter. So you can have special
methods for specific parameter values. In this example, parse-line-for-class is called, when you pass a class with the
name “service-call“. (Which in turn is generated by this macro, too).
• This method then takes the class, instantiates it and sets (side effect) its member variables by taking the format
specification and using a substring function to extract the right bits and pieces from the input line. (This is not pure
functional style, but this is how you use Common Lisp with CLOS.)
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26. To read from a file and apply the mappings
Rainer Joswig then wrote this code:
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27. Obviously, the Common Lisp version
works almost the same as
Martin Fowler’s C# version, with much
less code. Rainer Joswig’s solution is
functionally complete.
Let’s do this in Clojure now!
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28. One thing: Some people in the Clojure
community say that you should not use
macros. You will soon see why.
But I disagree! Macros are one of the
reasons why you should favor
Lisp-like languages over other languages.
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29. NOW THAT YOU ARE
EXPERTS ON COMMON
LISP MACRO, I WILL SHOW
YOU THE FIRST CLOJURE
VERSION STRAIGHT AWAY!

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• We create a list of the field names because we need them two times in the code.
• defrecord creates a Clojure data structure with the look and feel of a hash table.
• But it is much more: Under the hood, this is a Java class! And even more!
• This is why you need a constructor function to create a “record“. I generate the name of the constructor function by
appending “.“ to the record name.
• I create a multimethod, which is specialized on the value of the mapping parameter. So Clojure “knows“, which method
to call based on the input ...
• Then, I create a list of all values from the input line (in the same order as their field names) and apply this list to the
constructor of the record, which is returned as the function value.

31. To make it complete: defmethod needs a defmulti
to provide a dispatching function.
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• Meaning: Take the first four characters of the value of the parameter “line“ (which should be a java.lang.
String) and then call the multimethod, which is specialized on this value.
• (Note: Of course, you have to handle the cases: What happens when you have an empty line, an
unknown mapping or a comment line. But I leave this out here to keep the example simple, even though
this is just five lines more including another defmethod, which handles all these :default cases).

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• In a nutshell “How to read Clojure macros“:
• The backtick (`) says: „Don‘t evaluate the following code.“
• The tilde (~) says: „Evaluate the following code and replace it with the result.“
• ~@ means: “Evaluate the following code and replace it with the result, but don’t put parentheses around the result.“
(This is called „splicing“.)
• The hash sign (#) at the end of a variable is used to automatically create unique variable names in the code created by
the macro. This is called auto-gensyms. This way you can prevent name clashes with call parameters.

33. Finally, this Clojure macro expands to the following
code. Can you see the automatically generated
variable names?
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34. Now we can define mappings as follows:
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Actually, the
leading 0 doesn’t
work here.
Leading zeros
are reserved for
octal numbers.

35. LET US BUILD
SOMETHING TO
CONVENIENTLY USE
THESE MAPPINGS!

36. This is a classic with-macro that you often find in
the Common Lisp world.
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• It reads the file identified by file name line by line.
• It calls our multimethod parse line for each line.
• It binds the result to a variable that you can hand over to the macro (binding).
• And only if parsing the line has a result (no empty line, no comment line or unknown binding), it executes the body,
meaning the code that you can hand over to this macro, which can contain the variable, which contains the binding.
• Then it returns a list of the results.
• Sounds difficult, but with the example on the next page you will find it to be very simple.

37. In this example, we just extract the customer name
from each line.
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• For each valid line in the file specified by file name (*testdata* contains the file name as a string) a Clojure record is
created.
• Each result is bound in this case to the symbol/variable “obj“.
• In the body code you can use this symbol/variable to access this Clojure record.
• In this case, we use it to extract the customer name from the record.
• with-mappings then returns a list of the results.

38. Isn’t this awesome?! We have just
defined two new programming
constructs and added them to our
programming language: defmapping,
with-mappings.
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39. The complete example is about 30 LOC
of Clojure. You don’t need any special
tools (Language Workbench). It’s all
right there in the Clojure language.
And you just need Emacs to unleash
this power ...
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40. Now I can extend this without breaking
the existing code.
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41. Let’s add a serializer to create
JSON from the data ...
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42. We define a protocol and add an implementation to
the record definition.
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43. Now we can convert the data to JSON.
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And we can even change the serialize method
„in place“ and on the fly.

44. © freiheit.com GOTO Conference Copenhagen, 2011
“LISP ISN’T A LANGUAGE,
IT’S A BUILDING
MATERIAL.“
- ALAN KAY

45. And Clojure gives you powerful
abstractions that you won’t find in
any other programming language.
Some stuff is only possible in a
Lisp-like language ... with all these
parenthesis. ;)
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46. © freiheit.com GOTO Conference Copenhagen, 2011
IT IS COOL. I LOVE THIS.
BUT IS THIS REALLY
SIMPLE?
LET’S DO THIS IN GO!

47. © freiheit.com GOTO Conference Copenhagen, 2011
LIVE CODING

48. THANK YOU
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