Building Services I Building Integration of Solar System Taylor's Lakeside University BQSAUG15

1. Taylors logo
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE. BUILDING.DESIGN
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying(Honours)
March 2016 Intake
BUILDING SERVICES 1 [BLD 60403]
BuildingIntegrationof Solar Energy
Name StudentID
Pang Kai Yun 0319802
Sam Wei Yin 0320364
Trace GewYee 0320269
Yeo Kai Wen 0319844
AudreyTing 0320247
ChowKah Yien 0320300
Lim Zi Shan 0320372
ChongHui Xin 0319363
Lecturer: Ms. LimTze Shwan
SubmissionDate :28 June 2016
Content

2. No. Content Page N0.
Introduction
SolarEnergy
Installation
Application
Maintenance
AdvantagesandDisadvantages
Case study:Mont CenisAcademy
Possible Problemsof the System
RecommendationsforFuture Improvement
LearningOutcome
References
Bibliography
Introduction

3. Solarenergyisa type of renewablesource of energythatissustainable,clean,noemission,reliable
and inexhaustible,unlike the fossil fuelswhichare finite.Solarenergyisanon-pollutingsource of
energy.Itdoesnotemitany greenhouse gaseseffectwhenitproducingthe electricity.Solarenergy
isprovidedbythe sun.The energywhichisinthe formof solarradiation.Itmakesthe possibility
productionof the solarenergy.The solarenergytechnologiestodayare broadlydistinguishedinto
active and passive.Inactive solarenergy,itcanconvertthe energyfromthe sunintousable form
such as hotwater andelectricitysystemwiththe use of mechanical systemwhereasinpassive solar
energy,itcan convertthe solarenergyto heatenergywithoutthe use of mechanical system.The
active solarenergyinclude usingthe photovoltaicpanelsgeneratethe electricitydirectlyfromthe
sunlightsolarenergyorsolarthermal convertthe sunlightintouseful outputsuchaswaterheating,
cooling,ventilationandsoon.One of the advantagesof the solar energyisthatwe can use both
simple andcomplex tocapture the solarenergyanduse it forheating.There are twostrategiesto
capture the sunlightfromthe sunwhichare active andpassive solartechnology.Active solar
technologyisusedtoconvertthe solarenergytoheat and electricitypowerwiththe use of active
mechanical system.Photovoltaicandsolarthermal are the examplesof active solarenergy.Passive
solartechnologyisusedtoconvertthe solar energytoheatenergywithoutthe use of active
mechanical system.Passive solartechnologyitincludesthoseventilation,improveaircirculation,
orientingspacesandothers.Mainlypractice onusingwindows,trees,buildingplacementorother
techniquestocapture anddeflectthe sunforuses.
In thisreport,our topicisbuildingintegrationwithsolarenergy.We hadselectedone case study
whichisMont-CenisAcademy.Thisbuildingisintegratedwithphotovoltaictechnology.
Photovoltaicsisadevice whichtakeslightfromthe sunandturnsintoelectricity.The purpose of
installingphotovoltaicpanel isdue tolightingdensitiesof solarmodulesusedbetween53 and93 %.
Also,itsuppliesthe necessaryshade forthe hall.The windowsof the buildingsintensifythe supply
of daylighttothe building.
SolarEnergy

4. History
Solarenergyisthe oldestenergysource.Itwasadoredby manyancientcivilizationsasa powerful
god.The firstknownwasappliedfordryingthe preservedfood.There wasaSwissscientist,Horace -
Benedictde Saussure hadcreatedthe firstsolarcollectorin1767. The solarcollectorisan insulated
box whichcoveredthree layersof glasstoabsorbthe heatenergy.Ithad become knownasthe first
solarovenwhere the ovenreachesthe temperature of 110 degree celsius.
In the yearof 1839, A French physicistAlexandre EdmondBecquerelhaddiscoveredthe
photovoltaiceffectbyusingtwoelectrodeswhichplacedinthe electrolyte anditfiguredoutthat
the electricityincreasedafterexposedtothe light.
The solar heatinghasbeenusedfora verylong time ago,it startedfromancientGreek.Theyused
solarenergyto heattheirhomessince 4thcenturyBC. In 19th century,the people begantouse solar
waterheaterswhichconsistsof a paintedwithblackcolourof metal tankthat installedonthe roof
top.However,thissystemhadtowaitfor a longtime to heatthe wateras the sunwentdown,the
waterwouldcool down.Inthe yearof 1909, WilliamJ.Baileyhaddevelopedanew systemwhich
was quite similartothe solarsystemsusedtoday.The tank andthe solarcollectorseparatedtotwo
differentunits.One installedonthe roof andanotherinstalledinsidethe house whichcanbe keep
the hot waterlongerthanprevioussystem.
PHOTOVOLTAIC

5. Photovoltaicisone of the mostpromisingrenewableenergytechnology.Photovoltaicpanelsisuse
to convertthe sunlightfromthe sunto electricity thatreplace the use of the electricitysuppliedby
the utilitygridwithoutconcernforthe energysupplyforthe environmentharm.Photovoltaicpanels
mostly installedonthe rooftopsbecause the space of the exposure isdirectlytothe sun.Besides
that, there are otherpossible installationforthe photovoltaicpanelssuchasgroundmount,pole
mount,carport, a top a porch or shadedarea.Thissystemiseligible forthe federal tax creditsand
state incentives.Inbuildingintegratedphotovoltaics(BIPV) involvescombiningsolarphotovoltaics
withthe buildingconstruction.Itcansave the cost of materialsandelectricityandreduce pollution
alsoit addedto the architectural appearance tothe buildingof itself.The valueof BIPV systemisthe
buildingdesignandenergyconservation.Duringconstruction,the builderscanreduce the costof
photovoltaicssystemalsothe designissuesforseparatingmountedsystem.Mostof the
constructionof the buildingsisbuiltduringaretrofit.The designersof thissystemwillconsideredthe
arrangementandthe possibilitiesof the solartechnologycompare tothe space of the construction
uses.
Typesof PhotovoltaicSystem

6. Photovoltaicsystemsare generally classified basedonthe end-useapplicationof the technology.
There are three maintypesof photovoltaicsystemexistingtodayforsolarpowergenerationat
home,whichare grid-tie,off-gridandhybridsystems.Eachsystemhave theiradvantagesand
disadvantages.Whichtype of systemsismore suitable foryourhouseholdisdependsonwhatgoals
youhave for the solar energytodo foryour home.
Grid-Tie System
Grid-Tie Systemisasolar systemthatisconnectedtothe utilitypowergrid. Inthisway,the power
supplydrawnfromthe utilitygridwill be reducedbythe amountof powergeneratedbythe PV
system.However,whenthere islittle ornooutputfromthe PV systemdue tocloudyweatherorat
night,the electricitydrawnfromthe utilitygridwill be correspondinglyincreased.Thissystemonly
workswhenthe gridis up.If the gridpowergoesout,the gridtie inverterneedtobe shutdown
immediately.
An example of how an grid-tie system works
Advantages

7. 1. Lowestinitial cost,because there isnoneedforexpensive batteriesandgenerator
2. Save more moneywithnetmetering
3. Constantlypoweryourhouse unlessthe national gridisdown
4. More efficientlybecause itsDCdoesnotgo intoa batterythat causesenergyloss.
5. Low maintenance cost
Disadvantages
1. No powerwhenthe gridisdown.
2. Accessto the utilitypowergridisrequired.
Off-GridSystem
An off-gridsystemorstand-alone systemisdesignedtooperate independentof the utilitypower
grid.Thissystemrequiredbatteriesforenergystorage toprovide electricitywhenthere islittleorno
outputfromthe PV system.Duringthe daythe sun shines,itwill notonlysuppliespowertoyour
home,butwill charge the batteriesaswell.Whenitisrainydaysor the sun isn’tshining,youuse the
powerstoredinthe batteries.
An example of how an off-grid system works
Advantages
1. Self sufficiencyonaclean,renewable energysource
2. Ideal forremote areaswhere national gridscannotreach

8. 3. No powerbills
Disadvantages
1. Higherinitial costbecause batteriesandgeneratorare expensive
2. Requiredmaintenance forbatteriesandgenerator
3. No gridbackup
Hybridsystems
Hybridsystemisa combinationof grid-tiedandoff-gridsystems.Thesesystemscaneitherbe
describedasoff-gridsolarwithutilitybackuppowerorgrid-tiedsolarwithextrabatterystorage.
Thissystemfunctionslike agridtiedsystemwhenthe grid isup,butit alsochargesa set of batteries.
If the gridgoesdown,the inverterdisconnectsfromthe grid,butitcontinuestosupplypowertothe
house fromthe batteriesandinverter,basicallybehavinglike anoff-gridsystemwhenthe gridis
down.
An example of how an hybrid system works
Advantages
1. Providesbackuppowerwhenthe utilitygridgoesdown
2. Lessexpensive thanoff-gridsolarsystems
3. Providessome of the advantagesof bothsystems.

9. Disadvantages
1. Still hasa batterysystemthatis expensive tobuyandmaintain.
Solarpanel
A solarpanel isa collectionof solarcells.Solarcellsare small deviceswhichcanconvertsunlightinto
electricity.One cellwillonlyprovide averysmall amountof power.Several cellsconnectedtogether
and fixedinaframe to forma module (solar panel),whichcanproduce a larger,useful amountof
power.The final productthatyou see onrooftopsare a seriesof connectedpanelscalledanarray.

10. Typesof solar panels
The main difference insolarpanelsisthe purityorthe arrangementof the silicon.The more perfect
the arrangementof moleculesof silicon,the betterthe solarpanel atconvertingsunlightinto
electricity.There are fivemaintypesof solarcellsandthe besttype foryouwill varydependingupon
the needof your project. Of Course,the more efficientthe panelsare the more expensive,butthis
shouldnotbe your mainreasonfor choosingone type overanother.
Monocrystalline PhotovoltaicSolarPanel
Monocrystalline isthe highestqualityof solarcell.These cellsare cutfrom a single,continuoussolid
cylinderof crystal.The cylinderisthenslicedintothinwaferstocreate solarcells.These cellsare the
mostefficientwhenconvertthe sun'senergytoelectricity.Therefore,theyare the mostexpensive
solarpanelscurrentlyavailable,buttheyrequire lessspace thanothercellsbecausetheycan
produce more energy.
PolycrystallinePhotovoltaicSolarPanel
Polycrystallinesolarpanel isnowthe mostpopularchoice inresidential installs.Theyare made upof
multiple siliconcellsthatare meltedtogetherandthenrecrystallized.Thisprocessissimplerandless
wasteful thanwithmonocrystalline panels.Thesecellsare slightlylessefficient,butalsocheaper
than monocrystalline cells.

11. AmorphousSiliconPhotovoltaicSolarPanel
Amorphoussiliconsolarpanel isthe leastexpensive andleastefficientsolarpanels.Thesepanels
can be manufacturedbyplacingathinfilmof amorphous(noncrystalline) siliconontoawide choice
of surfaces.These panelscanbe thin andflexible,whichiswhytheyare normallyknownas“Thin
Film”solarpanels.
HybridSiliconPhotovoltaicSolarPanel
Hybridsiliconsolarpanel isthe combinationof bothmonocrystalline solarcellsand amorphous
solarcellsto generate maximumefficiency.These panelshave higherefficiencyratingsthanother
solarpanel and itis a lotmore expensivethanmonoorpoly-crystallinepanels.Theyare better
suitedtocountriesthathave sunnierclimes.

12. BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics(BIPV)
Ratherthan an individualtype of solarcell technology,buildingintegratedphotovoltaicsare solar
photovoltaicsthatare integratedintothe buildinginthe formof solarshingles,solartiles,slatesand
others.Thistype of systemcan be integratedintoroofs,facades,wallsandevenwindows.However,
BIPV isway too expensivetoinstall atregularhouses.
solarshingles
SOLARTHERMAL
Solarthermal , alsoknownas solarheatingsystem isusedconvertthe sunlightfromthe suntoheat
energytoprovide the heatto the homes,itcan alsousedinsolar thermal collectortocookthe food
and provide hotwater.These systemcanbe foundontop of the buildings.The panelsonthe roof of
the buildingsare the collectorsof sunlight,thenthe panelsheatingupthe liquidinthe tubeswhich
islocatedon the panel andthenit transportedintoacontaineror tank whichisreadyto use.The
installationandthe appearance are muchsimilartophotovoltaicpanels.The solarconvertordoes
not act as the same functionasphotovoltaicthatconvertthe sunlighttoelectricity,butittransfer
the energyto water.InMediterraneancountries,there are around30% of homesthat installedwith
solarwaterheater,ithighlightsthe basichouseholdof the hotwaterneeds.Buildingintegratedsolar
thermal system(BIST) isthe applicationof the solarequipmentof buildingsthatperformthe
functionandcollectthe solarenergy.Itiscomplicatedbythe complexityforbothsolarenergyand
functionof the buildings.Thereare several methodstocollectthe solarenergybyusingglazed,

13. unglazed,active andothers.Differentmethodssystemscapture solarthermal energy.Solarthermal
energymajorityusedinspace heating,drying,hotwaterheatingandotherprocesses. There are
some solarenergysystemsthatare createdby addingthe elementstostructure andshell of the
buildingstogive anaestheticview.
Typesof Solar Thermal
There are twotypesof solar thermal systemwhichare active solarheatingsystemandpassivesolar
heatingsystem. Active solarwaterheatingsystemhave circulatingpumpsandcontrol whereas
passive solarwaterheatingsystemdon’thave circulatingpumpsandcontrol.
Active solarwaterheatingsystem
In active solarwaterheatingsystem,there are twotypesof active solarwaterheatingsystemwhich
are directcirculationsystemandindirectcirculationsystem.Indirectcirculationsystem, itcirculate
the householdwaterthroughthe collectorwhichissolarpanel byusingthe pumps.The system
worksverywell indifferentclimateslike summerandwinterseasons.
An example of howactive solarwaterheatingsystemworks
Passive solarwaterheatingsystem
In passive solarwaterheatingsystem,the pumpscirculate the heat- transferfluidthroughthe
collector.Itheatsthe waterand flowitintohomes.Thispassive solarwaterheatingsystemquite
happensinwinterseasons.

14. An example of howpassivesolar waterheatingsystemworks
SolarThermal Collector
Solarthermal collectoristhe heartof a solarthermal system.Itabsorbssolarradiation,convertsit
intoheat,and transfersuseful heattothe solarsystem.The maincomponentof solarthermal
collectoristhe absorberplate.A coatedmetal plate will absorbsthe sun’sradiationandcausesits
temperature torise above the atmosphere.The plate thenreleasesthe energythroughradiation
and convectiontoitssurroundings.Thus,heatistransferredtothe heat-transferfluidwhichinturn
feedsthe hotwatersystem.
Typesof solar thermal collector
Solarthermal collector'sjobisverysimple.Itsitsinthe sunthan absorband transferthe heat. But
to do thisefficiently,solarthermal collectorsneedtoabsorba highlevel of solarradiation,while
minimizinglossesfromthe reflectionandheatlosstothe surroundingenvironment. There are two
maintypesof solar thermal collector,whichare flatplate solarcollectorandevacuatedtube solar

15. collector.Eachtype has a differentrole,dependsonwhere the projectisandwhatthe heating
needsare.
FlatPlate SolarCollector
Flate plate solarcollectorhasbeenusedsince the early1900’s. It consistsanabsorberpanel welded
to copperpipe where the heattransfertothe watercirculatesthrough.Thisisencasedinan
insulatedbox tohelpretainthe collectedheat,andcoveredbyasheetof glassor glazing,whichalso
providesaninsulatingairspace.
FlatPlate SolarCollector
CrossSectionof a FlatPlate SolarCollector

16. EvacuatedTube Solar Collector
EvacuatedTube Solar Collectorisamuch newersystem.Itisintroducedtothe marketinthe 1970's.
The evacuatedtube consistsof twoconcentricglasstubesfusedatthe top and bottom.The space
betweenthe twotubesisevacuatedtoforma vacuum.Thisvacuumservesas an insulationbarrier,
minimizingheatlossandincreasingefficiency.The inner glasstube iscoatedwithanabsorptive
coatingto absorb the solarradiation.The heatistransferredtothe watercirculatinginside the
copperpipe.The waterisheatedandthenflow to the hot waterstorage tank.
EvacuatedTube Solar Collector
CrossSectionof a EvacuatedTube SolarCollector

17. Installations
The installationof solarpanel isveryimportantbecause iteffectthe total sunlightreceived.
Basically,solarpanel isinstalledonrooftopsbecauserooftopsgetsthe mostdirectsunexposureand
youwant to make sure your solarpanel ismaximallyeffective yeararound.Actually,there are many
waysto install solarpanel onyourroof dependsonyourindividualrequirementsandthe type of
roof you have.
Before installation
There are manybenefitstoinstallingsolarpanelsatyourhome,everythingfromloweringyour
energybillstoreducingyourcarbonfootprint.However,choosingsolarisn’tadecisionyoushould
make lightly.There are anumberof considerationstobe made before one installsthesepanelsat
theirhome.
Amountof sun exposure throughthe year
Same type of systemwill produce differentresultindifferenthome due tothe amountof sun
exposure itgetsthroughoutthe year.Thereforewe shoulddetermine the total solarenergyreceived
duringthe daytime formonth,andyear.

18. Shading
Shade fromtrees,nearbybuildings,andotherobstructionscanblockthe sun,reduce yoursolar
panel'seffectiveness.If the solarpanelsare all onthe same string,and one of the panelsisshaded,
all the panelswill have the electricityproductionlimitedtothe one shadedpanel.If youknow
shadingisgoingto be an issue,youmightwishtoput panelsondifferentstringstoensure thatyou
maximize the electricityproducedfrompanels.
Climate &weatherconditions
Highambienttemperaturescandecrease the outputof solarsystems,andcloudsandrainfall
patternscan affectsystemoutputandmaintenance requirements.Highlevelsof airpollutioncan
require regularcleaningtolimitefficiencylosses.
Positionof the solarpanel
Solarpanel produce mostpowerwhentheyare pointeddirectlyatthe sun.Theyshouldbe installed
so that theycan receive maximumsunlight.Inthe southernhemisphere,yourpanelsshouldideally
face to the north(towardsthe equator) andopposite inthe northernhemisphere.
Type of solarpanels
A solarsystemcan save youmoneyas the technologyhasbecome affordable andprice of grid
electricitykeepsrising.Itisimportanttoknow whichsolartechnologytouse as differenttypesare
suitable fordifferentconditions. Thin-filmpanelsare betterforshadedsitesandingeneral are a
little cheaper,howevertheyalsorequire more space.Polycrystalline andmono-crystallinepanelsare
more efficientandneedlessspace butare not suitedtositeswithshade.Take some time to
compare differenttypesof solarpanelsandbrandsto determinethe perfectfitforyourhouse.
Numberof solarpanels
Wheninstallingasolarpanel,youhave tofigure outhow many panelsisneededtobe able tomeet
your electricityneeds.Yourhouseholdconsumptionof electricityandhow muchyouwantto
supplementfromsolarpowerwill determine the numberof solarpanelsyouneed.The systemsare
modularandyou can add more panelsinthe future.
Roof space
How muchof yourelectricityyouwanttogenerate usingahome solarsystemwill greatlydetermine
howmuch space you'll require.If youhave alarge home,youwill likelyrequiremore energy,but

19. youmay alsohave an adequately-sizedroof.Solarpanelscanalsobe on a solar pole mount
anywhere onyourpropertyif yourroof doesnotoffersufficientsquare footage.
Roof Condition
While installingasolarpanel inconjunctionwithanew roof isthe bestoptionforsuccess,youcan
alsoinstall solarpanelsonyourexistingroof aslongasit meetssome basicqualifications.If your
roof doesn'tpass muster,youmayneedtorepairit or install anew roof. If you ownan older
property,youmayneedroof repairsor evenanentire roof replacementbefore solarpanelscanbe
installedsafely.If the propertyhasanyconstructionflawsorotherstructural issues,installingsolar
panelsmaypose a riskand endup beingmore expensive tomaintainorrepairthanyouanticipated.
Take the conditionof yourpropertyandyourroof intoconsiderationsoyoucanmake any major
repairsbefore installationbegins.
The expectedlifespanof yourcurrentroofingsystemalsoneedstobe determined.Itgenerallytakes
about20 yearsforpeople tosee a returnon investmentfortheirsolarpanel systems.If yourroofing
systemwon’tsurvive thatlong,it’sbesttoforgoyourprojectuntil new constructioncanoccur.
Typesof Solar Panel Installation
Solarpanel installationcandivide intotwomaintypes,whichare pitchedroof mountandflatroof
mount.Pitchedroof mountsinclude flushmount,angle mountandfinmount.While flatroof mount
include attachedmount,ballastedmountandhybridmount.Whichtypesof installationare suited
for yourhouse will basedonthe size,affordability,utility,andconvenience.
PitchedRoof Mount
Pitchedroof mountingmeansinstallingsolarpanelsonnon-flatorangledroofs.Thisisthe most
commontype of solarpanel installationseeninresidential solarsystems.Thistype of roof
installationismore difficulttoinstall andmaintain,due tothe roof orientationandangle are not
compatible withthe optimumsolararraytiltangle.
FlushMount
Flushmountsare the cheapestandmost simple solarpanel mountingsolutionavailable.Itis
installedbyplacingametal endbracketoneach side of the solarpanel,elevatingitseveral inches
fromthe surface,sothat air can flowunderthe unitandkeepitcool.Thistype of installation
typicallyusedwithsmall solararraysonrooftopsbecause itcannotsupportlarge solarpanels,butit
can install atthe slope of anyroof.

20. Angle Mount
Angle mountistypicallydone onaroof witha lowerpitchwhere the ownersdonotmindhavingthe
panelsstickupand awayfrom the roof.Thistype of installationalsohashigherefficiencyforthe PV
system.
FinMount

21. Finmountis forhomeswithshallowroof pitcheswherethe roofsslope tothe eastandto the west.
It isthe mostobtrusive of the mountingstyles,butissometimesthe onlyoptionavailable.These
systemswill be fairlyefficient,butwillneedmore roof areathanthe others.
FlatRoof Mount
Flatroof mountismore common oncommercial installationsandiseasiertoinstall.Itoffers
flexibilityfororientingandtiltingthe solarpanelsforideal solarcollection.The three mainflatroof
mountingtechniquesare attached,ballastedandahybridoptionthatusesbothballastand
structural attachments.
AttachedMount
Thistype of installationreliesonpenetrationsinthe roof surface andconnectionstothe framing.
There are several optionsavailable forfasteningthe rackingsystemtothe building.
.

22. BallastedMount
Ballastsmountrelysolelyonthe weightof the array,rackingsystemandadditional material,like
concrete paver,to holdthe array to the roof.Thistype of installationdoesnotrequire penetration
and can withstandwindsupto90 mph.
HybridMount
Hybridmountis a combinationof ballastedandstructural attachments.Thistype of installation
takesadvantage of bothattached andballastedfeatures.A hybridrackingsystemrequiresa
minimumnumberof penetrationsandsome levelof ballasting.
Installationprocess
Solarpanel

23. 1. Measure and mark the size of the solar panel followbyremove andmountingbracketsare
attachedto the rafters.
2. The tilesare placingback aftergrindingof the undersidestoenable aflushfit.Replaced
damage tileswithnew.
3. Railsare boltedextendslightlybeyondthe paneltothe bracketsto supportthe panels
4. Clipsandboltare usedto attachedthe panelstothe railsto enable the panelstobe
removedquicklyandeasyforroof maintenance whennecessary.
5. Electrical cable behindeachpanel isconnectedtothe adjoiningpanel toforma“string”.The
cable isfed underthe tile andintothe roof voidwhere itisconnectedtothe inverter.
6. The roof installationiscompleted.Notice thatthere mustbe a marginbetweenthe edge of
the panelsandthe edge of the roof
7. The cablesare connectedintotwoDC isolatorswhichare connectedtothe inverter.The AC
outputfromthe inverterisfedintoaAC isolatorfromwhere itistakendowntothe
consumerunitandgenerationmeter.
8. It isnot necessarytoaccess the inverterafterinstallationsexceptformaintenance anddata
fromthe invertercanbe transmittedtoa computeror otherdedicateddevice.
Solarthermal
1. Measure the distance betweenmountingbracket.The distancebetweenshouldbe 125-
155cm. Remove appropriate roof tilestofitroof bracketconsole.
2. Fastenroof bracketconsole torafters withprovidedself tappingscrews
3. Replace the roof tile andcut tile toensure correctfitif necessary
4. Insertthe hammer-headboltintothe roof bracketandhandtighten
5. Attach lowermountingrailsandfollow byuppermountingrail
6. The upperand lowermountingrailsmustbe mountedperfectlystraightandparallel toone
another
7. SetadditionmountingpointasdescribedinNo.1-4if additional collectorsare tobe fitted.
8. Pushthe clampingpiece extensionhalfwayintothe innergroove of the mountingrail and
tighten
9. Insertthe followingmountingrailsandattachthemusingthe clampingpiece extension
10. Attach the mountingrail usingthe roof bracketor clampingpiece extension
11. Hang the firstcollectorinthe lowermountingrail andadjust.The distance betweencollector
and the endof mountingrailsisequal 45mm
12. Place the clampingpiece onthe mountingrail andhandtightenfornow
13. Attach the secondcollector
14. Rotate the clampingpiece by90 degree andscrew ittightusinga longsocketwrench
15. Withclashingmountingrails,insertandpositionthe mountingpartinthe uppermounting
rail
16. Attach additional clampingpiece

24. 17. Attach the mountingparton the upperleftandrightendof the collectorfieldandscrew the
collectorsintoplace.
Application
Nowadaysarchitecture andsolarpanel canbe combinedtocreate a new formof construction,
givingthema whole new look. Theyare not onlyreplacingthe conventionalbuildingenvelope
materials,buttheyalsogenerate power.These modules,mountedonthe buildingoverthe existing
structure,can increase the appeal of the buildinganditsresale value.Infact,many parts of the
buildingcanbe easilysubstitutedwithphotovoltaics.
Roof
The most commonway to install solarpanel onthe buildingistomountthe solarpanel ina frame on
the roof.Basically,theyare mountedabove andparallel tothe roof surface and installedfacing
north-southorientationtomaximise the amountof solarenergyreceived.The solarpanel canalso
replace the roofingmaterial orthe roof itself tobecome partof the roof'sstructure as well as
providingelectricity.Itcanbe eitheran integrated,single-piece solarrooftopmade withlaminated
glass,or solarroof shingleswhichcanbe mountedonthe roof insteadof regularroof shingles.

25. Solarpanel
single-piece solarrooftop
http://www.inspirationgreen.com/assets/images/Blog-
Building/Integrated%20Solar/solar%20roof%20integrated.jpg
solarroof shingles
http://www.solar-power-made-affordable.com/images/solar-roof-shingles.jpg

26. Facades
Solarpanel can replace traditional glasswindowswithsemi-transparentthin-filmorcrystallinesolar
panelsintegratedintothe exteriorsidesof buildings.Althoughthese surfaceshave lessaccesstothe
directsunlightthanrooftopsystems,theyoffer alargeravailable area.
GENyO Building,Spanish

27. http://www.onyxsolar.com/photovoltaic-ventilated-facade.html
FEMSA (Coca-cola) headquarters,Monterrey,Mexico
https://onyxgreenbuilding.wordpress.com/tag/femsa/
Skylight
Skylightisalsoknownasroof windows.Itprovidesamultifunctional solutionwhere itdoesnotonly
generate energy,butnatural illuminationisalsoprovidedtoachievesolarcontrol byfilteringeffect
to avoidinfraredandUV irradiationintothe interior.Itcan alsoenhance thermal comfortandavoid
interioraging.
ViracoposInternational Airport,SãoPaulo,Brazil

28. https://onyxgreenbuilding.wordpress.com/tag/photovoltaic-skylight/
http://glassmagazine.com/files/gmfiles_2010/GG_OnyxSolar_web2.jpg
NorvatisHeadquarters,EastHanover,New Jersey
Curtain Wall
Curtainwall isconsideredasanoutercoveringof a buildinganditisa non-structural cladding
systemsforthe external wallsof abuilding.Itoffersarchitectsamultitude of possibilitiesforthe
integrationof solarpanelsintobuildingsinanefficientandecological manner.
Azurmendi restaurant,Bizkaia,Spain
http://www.molecularrecipes.com/wp-content/uploads/eneko-atxa/eneko-atxa-azurmendi-
side.jpg?93afc3

29. Guadalhorce ValleyRural DevelopmentGroup(GDR) Headquarters,Spain
http://www.onyxsolar.com/images/photovoltaic-curtain-wall.jpg
Canopy
Canopyisbasicallya roof like coveringthatprovidesshade orshelter.Solarpanel canhave a higher
performance whenintegratedintocanopybecause itisusuallyfree fromovershadowingandare
easyto ventilate.
Bart Station,San Francisco

30. http://www.onyxsolar.com/photovoltaic-canopy.html
ArcadiaUniversity,Pennsylvania,USA
http://media4.selector.com/cache/f6/92/f692ff7bb5cc95ff1532ccdc174c2da5.jpg
Awnings
Awningscankeepthe unwanteddirectraysof the sunout of youreyeswhile absorbingthemto
create electricity.The angle of awningscouldbe adjustedtobestcapture andblockthe rays of the
sundependingonthe season.
http://www.teloneriaforlivese.it/en/products/photovoltaic-awning/#prettyPhoto/6/

31. http://www.integratedsolardesign.com/our_products/solar_awnings.html
Balustrade
Balustradesare alwaysthe forgottenareaof solarenergy.Withsucha large amountof themin
existence we cannowturnthemintoan attractive source of energy.Integratedsolarpanel into
balustrade notonlyenhancedthe facade designwhilstensuringsafetyof the occupantsandenergy
generation.Theyare alsoperfectinallowinggoodvisibilitywhilstprotectingprivacy.

32. GroßhadernClinic,Munich,Germany
http://www.onyxsolardownloads.com/docs/ALL-YOU-NEED/VIRTUAL-PDF/Projects-
EN/mobile/index.html#p=56
Function
Solarpanelsthatintegrate intothe buildingwill provideatleastone additional functionalitytothe
buildingenvelopbesideselectricitygeneration,suchas:
Sunprotection

33. The photovoltaiccellsprovide sunprotection,deliveringshadingandglare control actingasopaque
elements. Itcan alsoprovide the desireddegree of transparencyaccordingtothe designof the
building.
Architectural design
Solarpanelsthatare available inawide range of designsmake itpossible touse themas
architectural designelements.Moreover,the innovativesolarpanelsaddtothe image of the
buildingandcontributestothe impressiveatmosphere within.
Thermal Control
Whenthe solar panel isexposedtoradiation,particularlythe case withdirectradiationtothe solar
panel,the temperature of asolarpanel can increase significantly.The heatfromthe solarpanel then
radiatesintothe environmentcanbe harnessedtoprovide heating orcan be utilizedtoenhance
passive ventilationsystems.
Thermal insulation
The multilayerglassstructuresof the solarpanel canbe usedto provide thermal insulationdepends
on theirthickness.Furthermore,mostof the solarpanelscanalsobe integratedintoinsulation
double ortriple glazingstructuresorusedasalternative frontcladdingforcurtainorroof insulation
elements.
Weatherprotection
The glass structure of solarpanel naturallyprovidesweatherprotection.Withthe correctchoice of
coverglazinglayersorfilmsincombinationwiththe buildingintegrationmountingsystem, solar
panel can provide rain-proofing,wind-proofing,windloadresistance andageingresistance aswell as
offeringresidual structural integritytothe building.
Soundinsulation
Solarpanel can reflectorattenuate sounddependingontheirconstruction.Forthisreason,theycan
alsobe usedassoundprotectionelements.Integratedsolarpanel atfacadesor roof alreadypossess
soundinsulatingpropertiesbecause of theirmulti-layerstructure.The solarpanel designalsocanbe
adaptedto meetspecificlocal requirementsregardingsoundinsulation.The soundreductionindex

34. can be adjustedbyincreasingthe thicknessof the glazingandbyusingasynchronouscoverlayers
and specificintermediate layers.
Maintenance
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaicconsistsof solararray,solarcharge controller,battery,inverterandlightingprotection.
Each of thiscomponentrequiresmaintenance.Minimal maintenance isrequiredforsolarPV.There
issome general knowledge of PV management.First,make sure there are notreesorthingthat

35. couldblockthe panel fromsunlight.Next,ensure the panelisinstalled15°fromhorizontal.This
couldletthe rainfall tocleansome dustthat stickat the surface of the array. There was a schedule
to manage solarPV.The panel shouldcheckandrecordthe electricoutputonce a month.Besides,
visuallyinspectshouldbe done once ayear.Finally,cleanthe arrayonce a yearto remove the soiling
accumulatedonthe side of the array.
SolarPanel
Solararray is the essential componentforanysolarusage systemthatconvertssunlighttodirect-
current.It isone of the componentsthatneedtobe maintainedthe most.Solarcanbe cleanusing
wateronce a monthand once a year.It can cleanupthe dust that cannot be washedoff byrainfall
such as birddrop.It couldensure nosoilingformatthe edgesof eacharray. Soilingcouldcause the
formationof plantonthe panel.Thiscouldaffectthe PV system.Next,avisuallyinspectof the array
once a yearto ensure nophysical damage oneacharray.
Battery
A batterywasa componentuse tostore electriccharge convertfromsolarenergy.There are two
typesof batterycommonlyusedatsolar systemwhichissealedgel batteryanddeepcycle flooded-
leadacidbattery.Maintenance of batterycans longerthe life of battery.Safetyprecautionshouldbe
consideredwhencheckingthe batterytopreventhazards.Foranexample,asafetygogglesand
protective glovesshouldbe wornwhendoingmaintenance workof the battery.The batteryshould
be cleanto ensure the surface of the batteryis cleanto provide agoodvisual.Some uselessclothes
couldbe usedto cleanthe battery.Next,checkthe electrolyte levelof the batteryshouldbe done
once a month.Volume of acidinside batteryshouldbe checkedduringthisprocess.If the volume of
the acid waslessthan the requirement,itshouldaddback.The voltage of the batteryshouldbe
checkedfrequentlytoensure the batteryisalwaysatthe goodstage.
Invertor
Inverterwasthe componentconvertdirect- currenttoalternating-currentforourdailyused.
Maintenance of thisinverterincludesminimize the accumulationof dustonthe outersurface by
usinga dry clothto cleanit.Besides,checkingwhetherthe invertercanfunctionina goodcondition
or not. If the functionalityof thisinverterwaslow areplacementshouldbe done.We shouldalso

36. checkthe connectionof wire.If the connectionof the wire inthe inverterwasloose alreadywe
shouldretightenit.Next,we should checkthe temperature of the inverter.If the temperature was
at abnormal stage,a replacementof thisinvertershouldbe done.
SolarThermal
Solarcollector
Solarcollectorwaspanel to collectsunlightwhichinstallsonthe rooftop.Since thiscollectorwas
locatedat outerspace that no coveringsoit waseasiertotrap dirt. Solarcollectorwasa panel to
collectthe heatenergyfromsunlight.Therefore,wheninstallingthispanel ensure there are no
blockingobjectnearthispanel.Maintenanceof solarthermal waslow andeverysolarthermal has
warranty5 to 10 years.Maintenance of solarcollectorhadto be done frequentlytoensure its
function.Maintenance of thissolarcollectorincludingkeepingitclean,the glazingwasnotcracked
or yellow.Crackingof the solarcollectormightaffectthe solarthermal system.Besides,visually
checkthe collectorduringthe daynormallymid-morning,noon,andmid-afternoononce ayear.
Shadingcan affectthe presentationof the thermal system.Growthof the plantonit will alsoaffect
the functionalityof solarthermal system.Whendoingmaintenance work,these entire thingshadto
be checked.Next,make sure the fastenersconnectingthe collectortoroof are in goodcondition.
We have to ensure the structure of the supportingof the solarcollectorwasingood conditionto
preventitfromcollapse.
Piping,ductandinsulator.
We have to if there were anyleakingordamage tothe pipe.
Wire

37. Next,we alsoneedtocheckthe connectionof the wire.If the connectionof the wire hadloosened,
retightenit.
Pressure Valve
We alsoneedtocheck the pressure valve toensure the openingof the openingcanfunction
properly.
Pumper
We alsoneedtoensure the pumperisingoodcondition.If the pumpdoesnotfunctionwell,there
mightcause no hot watersupply.
Heat transferfluids
Moreover,checkingthe heattransferfluidsalsoincludedinthe checklistof maintenance.We have
to make sure the antifreeze solutionwasreplacedfrequently.
Mineral content

38. We alsoneedtocheck the mineral contentof the watersupply.If the mineral contentof wateris
too highwe have to add a descalingormildacidsolutiontothe watereveryfew years.
Storage tank
Finally,we needtocheckthe storage tank.Ensure the tank hadno crack, leak,rustor corrosion.
These are the checklistforsolarthermal.
AdvantagesandDisadvantages
Advantages:
1. Renewable andEnvironmentfriendly
Solarenergyisa renewable energythatisgeneratedfromnatural processesandare continuously
replenished.Thistype of energycannotbe exhaustedandisconstantlyrenewed. Itcanbe usedto
heatand cool our buildingwithoutanyimpactonthe global warming.

39. 2. Cost Savings
Puttinga solarpanelsonour roof is likelytosave ourmoneybyreduce dependence onthe size of
the solar systemandour electricityorheatusage. The technologyof solarpanel iscontinuing
advances,whichare increasingthe efficiencyandloweringthe costof production.Therefore,making
it evenmore costeffective.
3. Easy to install
The creationof solarenergyrequireslittle maintenance.Once the solarpanelshave beeninstalled
and are workingatmaximumefficiencythere isonlyasmall amountof maintenance requiredeach
yearto ensure theyare in workingorder.Itcan be installedonalmostanysize orshape of the roof
withoutthe stringentinstallationrequirementsof atraditional solarenergysystem.
4. Low Maintenance
Nowadays,the solarenergysystemsdonotrequire alotof maintenance oreitherrepairwork.Itcan
be useda longperiodof time as the rain will washoff anyaccumulateddustorparticles.Mostof the
solarpanelsare mountedonthe roof so theydon’tinvolve anymovingpartswhichmakesit
impossible toreallydamage them.Itcanlastfor about25 years.
5. Silent
Thissolar panel producessilentenergybyconverting the sunlightintousableelectricity.Sothere is
no soundpollutioneffecttothe surroundingareawhichmade itmore pleasanttopeople wholive
aroundyou.
http://www.solarlighting.com/solar-energy-facts
Disadvantages:
1. Availabilityof Sunlight
Solarenergycannotbe producedduringnighttime,itisonlycapable of producingpowerduringthe
daytime where there issunlight.
2. Site suitability

40. A goodlocationcan generate more solarenergyfromthe sun.If the house isundershade or covered
by treesandlandscapeswhichare surroundedbyhuge buildings,itmaynotsuitable toinstall solar
panels.
3. Initial Cost
The startingcost of purchasingandinstallingsolarpanelsisexpensive.Althoughinstallingsolar
panelswill deliverareturnoninvestmentlikereducedenergybills,howeverthe processtakesmany
yearsto complete.
4. InstallationArea
Solarpanel installationmaynotrequire a huge space for home usersas itcan install onrooftops.For
companiesorbusiness,itrequiresahuge space inorder to provide sufficientelectricityona
constantbasis.
5. Inefficiency
Solarpanelsonlyhave a 40% efficiencyrate sunlightisabsorbedbythe solarpanels.The other60%
of the sunlightgetswastedandisnotharnessed.
Case study:FindingandExplanation
Introduction
Project: Mont-Cenis Academy
Location: Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Owner: EMC, Ministry of Interiors of North Rhine-Westphalia, City of Herne
Architect: Jourda, Paris; Hegger Hegger und Schleif, Kassel

41. Client: EMC Mont-Cenis with Gilles Perraudin and HHS
Area: 7,100 m2 usable interior building 11,700 m2; 13,000 m2 greenhouse
Schedule: Competition in 1992, construction 1997- 1999
Construction Cost: 51,130,000 € (1999 value)
Mont-Cenis Academy is located at the heart of the Herne region of Sodingen on the site of
the Mont Cenis pit dismantled in 1978, in the course of the Internationale Bauausstellung
Emscherpark (IBA 1989-1999) an unusual complex of buildings developed. This project was
planned as an urban neighbourhood shopping centre, the building serves as both residential
and retail space, complemented by a public marketplace in front of the complex.
First and foremost, this academy has a 176m long, 72m wide and 15m tall gigantic glass
shell which is borne by timber framing and embraces the individual structures with their
various functions. The academy aside, there is also a library, the district hall and a civic hall.
Furthermore, with its waters and tropical-nursery-like palm trees, the weather-proof green
interior of the shell with its Mediterranean microclimate can be experienced as an outdoor
area, as it were.
As this academy has a large microclimatic glass envelope (72m x 180m x 15m) with parted
buildings inside the envelope, it have the concept of natural ventilation that was set up and
a program for the control of the motor driven windows in the facades and in the roof was
developed. In addition, a three-story perimeter development and a roof garden with a
children’s playground was built on top of a supermarket. Moreover, behind its colourful
facade are 40 flats that are suitable for the elderly and seven penthouse flats. Other than
that, heating is supplied by a cogeneration unit that uses methane gas from the former
Mont Cenis coal mine and supplies other buildings in area as well. Hence, it is part of the
Mont Cenis energy park, which links the area’s industrial heritage with the technologies of
the future.

42. Location of Mont Cenis Academy
Site Plan
Elevation
History
At the former coal mine Mont-Cenis in
Sodingen, a quarter of Herne, the academy
Mont-Cenis in combination with a quarter
centre was built as a part of the

43. International Building Exhibition Emscherpark (architects: Jourda Architects, Paris, Hegger-
Hegger Schleif, Kassel). The building was inaugurated in August 1999. Central part of the
arrangement is a glass microclimatic envelope; in which the buildings of the academy and
the quarter centre are placed. The glass hall causes a shift of the climate inside to higher
temperatures compared to the climate outside during the cold seasons. The world’s largest
building integrated photovoltaic power plant with one megawatt peak output is integrated
in the roof of the glass hall on 10.000 m². The PV panels are arranged in clouds and serve as
a sun protection during the summer.
Architectural Concept

44. This education centre represents an architectural milestone in terms of protection of the
environment and low energy consumption. The construction of a greenhouse over 13000m²
provides a setting for a natural microclimate. The centre’s different programmatic elements
are located within this glass envelope. The scheme engages in various environmental
preservation and enhancement systems which are soil decontamination, exploitation of
released mine gases, rain water collection and recycling, passive use of solar energy, active
exploitation of solar energy, and use of natural and recyclable building materials.
In the case of facade or roof systems the photovoltaic systemis added to the building after
it was built. Facade integrated photovoltaic systems could consist of various transparent
module types, like crystalline and micro-perforated amorphous transparent modules. In
such case a part of natural light is transmitted into the building through the modules. Solar
cells are available in different colours. Roof-integrated photovoltaic systems are integrated
into the roof; the roof is concealed with transparent photovoltaic modules, or they are
added to the roof later. Such systems are added to a flat roof or on a sloping roof usually
only if the building is small. It is possible to use tiles, which integrate solar cells.
Photovoltaic System
Install at façade and roof

45. Besides, the individual roof and facade elements can be variably opened to avoid
overheating. In addition, the roof with 10.000 m² solar panels does not only serve as a
sunshade but also as a solar power plant and at 750,000 kWh p.a. generates more than
double the building’s own consumption. The types of solar panel used in this project are
polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. The size of the panel is 3.2 m2 and the weight is
about 130 kg. It has efficiency approximately from 12.8% to 16%.
Installation
PV modules and glass panes of the overhead glazing rest on aluminium profiles and are held
in place with aluminium pressure plates. The vertical PV-and-glass facade is carried out as a
structural glazing facade. The glass panes and PV modules are glued onto aluminium
profiles. All aluminium profiles are mounted on the load-bearing wooden substructure and
were designed especially for this project by Wicona Bausysteme GmbH, Ulm.
The interconnecting plugs and the required cabling are integrated in the aluminium profiles
that hold the PV modules and glass panes into place. They are invisible and protected
against weather conditions and ultraviolet light. This new mounting detail was possible due
to the specially developed PV plug. The plug is not thicker than the 4mm glass pane of the
PV modules and therefore fits well in the rebate. The plug helps to cut down the installation
time and costs.
How Solar Photovoltaic Work in Mont-Cenis Academy
During summer:
1. Doors open for natural ventilation

46. 2. Hot air rises and escapes through open roof lights drawing fresh air in to lower level
of building.
3. Photovoltaic cells produce energy
4. Photovoltaic cells (solar shades)
5. Fresh air is drawn in from shaded areas outside of glass house
6. Vegetation and water features shade and evaporatively cool Glass house
7. Fresh air drawn in through underground air duct
During winter:
1. Wind deflected from Glass house (prevents heat loss from inner buildings)
2. Heat reclaimed from exhausted air
3. Fresh air drawn in – preheated by glass house
4. Glass house heated by sun and by heat loss from buildings
5. Glass house protects microclimate from noise
6. Fresh air drawn in through underground air duct

47. Passive Solar Energy Use
Glass envelope
● creates a climatic shift in summer and winter
● keeps out the wind and rain and creates a garden-like
interior with a mild micro-climate
● no need absolute weatherproofed against wind and
rain
Sophisticated ventilation and heating systems
● reduces the energy consumption
● ventilation of the glass envelope is controlled
automatically from a central position
● meteorological station and sensor supply climate data
○ prevents overheating in summer, the roof and
façade elements can opened variably
○ hot days, doors in lower façade can be opened
○ shadows of the trees and the cooling effect of
waterfall and fountains are used
○ air is naturally cooled or heated during very
hot or cold periods (consistent below-grade
temperature)
Daylighting concept
● Special design of the PV roof light shelves were
incorporated into certain facades of the buildings
inside the glass envelope to reflect daylight deeper
into their rooms
● Hologram films integrated into the roof micro-climate
envelope redirect the sunlight down into the library
and the entrance hall

48. ● In library the hologram films act as a heliostat, which intensifies the light level
● In the entrance hall they break up the light spectrum and create a rainbow effect
Installation Design
Pv modulesandglasspanesof the overheadglazinglayonaluminiumprofilesandare heldinplace
withaluminiumpressure plates.The vertical PV-and-glassfacade actas a basiccoating exterior
whichisstructural glazingfacade.The glasspanesand PV modulesare stuckontoaluminium
profiles.Allaluminiumprofilesare mountedonthe load-bearingwoodensubstructureandwere
composedspeciallyforthisprojectbyWiconaBausysteme GmbH,Ulm.
The interconnectingplugsandthe requiredcablingare coordinatedinthe aluminiumprofilesthat
holdthe PV modulesandglasspanesintoplace.Theyare undetectable andsecuredagainstweather
conditionsandultravioletlight.The speciallydevelopedPV plugiswhatmade the new mounting
detail possible.The plug isnotthickerthanthe 4mm glasspane of the PV modulesandtherefore fits
well inthe rebate.The installationtime andcostcouldbe cut downwiththe helpof the plug.

49. Possible problemstothe system
1. Roof penetrations
If the sectionof solarrackingis poorlyconnected,waterwill leakintothe house.Whenthe
waterproof barrierbetweenthe house andoutdoorispenetrated,waterpenetrationcancause
rotting,molding,damage tothe longevityof the house anddestroythe underlyingwoodand
structure.
2 Windloads
Whensolarpanelsare poorlyattachedto the roof,these solarpanelscancause majorimpairmentin
heavywinds.Anchorscanbe pulledoutof the buildingif there are improperlymountedandwill
create a small entryformoisture topenetrate whichwill leadtomoldgrowthandrottingproblems.
3. Snowloads
Solarpanelsare verylight.However,these lightsolarpanelscanholdsnow inextreme
circumstances.Duringastorm withseriousstorm, extremesnow can gatherand addloadsto the
houses.If the solarinstallationispoorlyplanned,the loadingcouldweakenthe supportingstructure
of the house andcause a roof collapse.
4. Electrical hazards
The solar panelsproduce DCcurrent.In the solarpanels,adevice calledaninverterisusedto
change the DC currentfromthe solarinstallationintoACcurrentto be usedinthe house.The
electricitymustbe integratedwiththe electrical systeminthe house beforethe electricityleavesthe
inverter.Improperly integratedcurrentscancause electrical fire andelectrocutiondangers.Evenif
everythingappearstobe inworkingorder,hazardscouldalsoexist.
5. Retrofitandlongtermfaulttolerance.
Solarpanelsare difficulttoretrofitandreplace faultymodulesthroughouttheirlife cycle.Duringthe
installation,if asolarpanel breakdownithasto be substitutedwithmodule of similarelectrical
characteristics.The solarpanel isimprovingall the timesandare impossibletouse a new solarpanel

50. inan old installation.Due tothisreason,solarpanel companieshave tokeepaninventoryof cells
and modulesfor25 yearsas a supplyforoldsystems.
6. Solar cellsare not longlastingandsystemmustbe replacedafter25 years
Solarpanelsare builtto lastand will dosofor much longerthan25 yearswarrantymightsuggest.An
industry’s25 yearswarrantymeansthat the companywill continue producing80% of theiroriginal
productionin25 years.Solarpanelsalsorequire maintenance andupgradesandperformancewill
reduce eachyear.
7. Risk tofiremenduringafire
Duringa fire,the firstthingafiremandoesiscut the powertoenable themtospray waterand use
axesto cut a hole inthe roof to letthe smoke out.However,whenthere are solarpanelsonyour
roof,cuttingthe powerdoesnoteliminate the hazardousvoltagespresentatthe stringends
because the solarpanel cannoteasilybe switchedoff andwillcontinuetooperate evenwhen
damaged.Firemenpreparingtocuta hole couldbe electrocuted.

51. Recommendationsforfuture improvement
1.Reduce the cost of solar panels
The most obviousobstacle tothe widespreadadoptionof solarpanelshasbeenitscost.The initial
cost of installingandmaintainingsolarpanelsistoohigh.If the costsare lowerthanbefore,soonthe
homeownerswill be wonderingwhytheyare payingsomuchfor electricitybillwhentheycouldget
it fromthe sun fora fractionof the cost and start installingsolarpanelsintheirhouse.Besides,solar
companiescansimplifythe buyingandinstallationprocesssothe customersonlyhave tosetupa
free installationtogetstarted.
2. NewadvancesinTechnology
More efficientsemiconductorsneedtobe discoveredtoincrease the efficiencyof energyconversion
will reduce the size of the arrayand lessspace isrequiredtoproduce the same amountof energy.
Low toxicitychemicalsandmaterialscanbe usedinmanufacturingsolarpanels.New materialssuch
as perovskiteswhichischeaperandmore efficientatenergyconversioncanbe usedtomanufacture
solarpanels.Newtransmissiontechnologyisneededtobringthe cleanenergytothe market.Clear
solarpanelscan be designedandincorporatedintowindows,makinginstallationeasierandincrease
the aestheticsof the technology.
3. Shading
By shadinga façade systempanel provide apassive waytolimitexcessivesolargains.Good
opportunitiesof the combinationof systemmodulesintoshadingdevices,givesbothreduced
coolingloadsandutilizationof solarenergywhichare a noticeable expressionof the conservationof
energy.

52. Learningfromthe group workproject(Conclusion)
Buildingservicesare the systemswhichinstalled in the buildings to make people feel comfortable,
functional andsafe.Buildingservicesare whatmakesabuildingcomesalive.It include solar energy,
ventilation,drainage,telecommunication, storm water system, drainage system, sewage disposal,
cold water supply system and hot water supply system.
Withthisassignment,ourlecturerhadgivenusthe opportunitytodoa report onbuildingintegrated
with solar energy. Based on our research, we found out that there are two system in solar energy
which are active solar energy and passive solar technology. Active solar technology employs the
mechanical systemby convertingthe sunlighttoelectricity.Forpassivesolartechnology,itamethod
that harnessinitsdirectform withoutusinganymechanical devicessystem.Solarpanelscapture the
sunlight and generate the electricity to the buildings.
Throughout this assignment, we had managed to learn more about this particular topic which is
solar energy. Based on our research, we learnt the types of solar energy, the application and
installation of the solar energy. Each of the solar energy system such as photovoltaics and solar
thermal have itsownspecifications, functions and professions. Besides that, we able to define the
advantages and disadvantages of the solar energy system. We know that the solar energy is a
reusable resource itdoesnotcreate anypollution,sound,noemission.It can help us to save money
and solve the energy predicament in the long-term plan.
Thus, we had chosen Mont Cenis Academy as the building for our case study. We had learnt about
the system that works in the building throughout this assignment. This building had the good
example for our topic regarding integrated with solar energy.
In this assignment, all of us are fully participating in this group assignment. Every member had
completelydidwell intheirroles. We hadrealizedthat teamwork is vital when a group assignment
or task isgiven.Lastly,we wouldlike toappreciateour lecturer, Ms. Lim Tze Shwan that lead us and
help us on this assignment.

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