Case Study On Diabetes type 1 case study

1. Diabetes Type 1 Case Study
Discuss the relationship between the human leukocyte antigen gene and the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the development of type 1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease, in which the insulin-producing b cells of the pancreas
are killed/ruptured by the immune system; a procedure determined by the action of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted T lymphocytes. Maximum cases of type 1 diabetes
(T1D) are outcome from a T lymphocyte-dependent, selective destruction of the insulin-
producing pancreatic β-cells and following irreversible insulin deficiency. The major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on human
chromosome 6p21 contains the major disease locus insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 1
(IDDM1)The HLA region encodes numerous molecules that play important roles in the immune
system. Strong relationship between the HLA region and autoimmune disease (AID) has been
established for over fifty years. Association of components of the HLA class II encoded HLA-
DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype has been detected with several AIDs, including type 1
diabetes,rheumatoid arthritis and Graves’ disease. Molecules encoded by this region
performaimportant role in exogenous antigen appearance to CD4+ Th cells, representing the
importance of this pathway in AID initiation and progression.
http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63108-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647156/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377797/pdf/10053014.pdf
http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/19/2025.long
2. Explain the role of the T killer or cytotoxic cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes outcome of the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic b cells by a b cell–
specific autoimmune process. Macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
have role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Β Cell autoantigenscome out from β cells
by cellular turnover or damage and are processed and presented to T helper cells by antigen-

2. presenting cells. Naive CD4+ T cells that move in the blood and lymphoid organs spot major
histocompatibility complex and β cell peptides presented by dendritic cells and macrophages in
the islets. These CD4+ T cells can be triggered by interleukin (IL)-12 released from macrophages
and dendritic. β cell antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are stimulated by IL-2 produced by the
activated TH1 CD4+ Tcells, distinguish into cytotoxic Tcells and are employed into the
pancreatic islets. The activated TH1 CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ cytotoxic Tcells main players in the
destruction of β cells. Therefore, activated macrophages, TH1 CD4+ T cells, and b cell-cytotoxic
CD8+ T cells perform synergistically to destroy b cells, causing an autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/immunology/readings/IsetCellDestructionRe
view.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740688/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119381/
Often children who develop type 1 diabetes have unexplained weight loss. Explain the most
likely reason for weight loss associated with developing type 1 diabetes.
In people who are suffering from diabetics, insufficient and low insulin stops the body from
receiving glucose from the blood into the body's cells to utilize it as energy.As a result of it the
body starts burning fat and muscle for energy, leading towards a reduction in overall body
weight.Unexpected weight loss is common among people earlier to a diagnosis of type 1
diabetes. Extreme hunger and increased thirst is also observed in this case too.
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-
children/basics/symptoms/con-20029197
http://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/unexplained-weight-loss.html