2. And the
members are:
Project leader:
Maaz Khan
Reg # 234
Members:
Zavain Rehman
H. M. immad tariq
usman pervez
awais iqbal
Reg # 236
Reg # 233
Reg # 245
Reg # 230

3. What is Central Heating?

Central Heating is a heating system in
which air or water is heated at a
central point and sent through the whole
interior of a building via vents or pipes and
radiators to provide warmth in multiple
rooms or parts of a building.

Central heat sources can be boilers for
oil, gas, biomass or solar heating systems.
Depending on the size of the building and
available energy sources, a central heating
solution might have multiple shapes.

4. How does Central Heating
work?

In one-family houses a boiler is often installed
and fuelled by fossils such as oil or gas, in
areas where district heating is not available.
Additional renewable energy sources could be
utilized, such as solar heating or heat pumps.

In multi-family houses the heat produced
centrally in the building is typically distributed
to apartments through circulation- and riser
pipes. Another solution is to produce domestic
hot water locally, while maintaining heat supply
through pipes.

5. Central heating system can be easily
install by knowing about following facts:
Heat Load Calculation
 Boiler selection
 Radiator Selection
 Insulation of walls/Roof/Boiler and Connecting pipes
 accessories


6. Heat Load

7. What Is Heat Load?

Heat load (including heat loss, or heat gain) is the term for the
amount of heating (heat loss) or cooling (heat gain) needed to
maintain desired temperature and humidity in controlled air
(e.g., in a structure). Regardless of how well-insulated and
sealed a building is, buildings gain heat from warm air or
sunlight or lose heat to cold air and by radiation. Engineers use
heat load calculations to determine the HVAC needs of the
space being cooled or heated.
In simplest terms: it is the sum of {the Area of
walls, windows, roof or doors x estimated heat transfer
coefficients of each (related to "r" values)x estimated
temperature differences inside to outside} + any unusual loads

8. Factor which effecting comfort
in winter
1.
2.
3.
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
WIND
RADIATION

9. How to reduce heat load.
By using insulation on wall, roof and
floor.
 By using double glazed windows.
 By using using material having low
value of thermal conductivity.


10. INSULATION

Reducing the heat load can save
energy and cut your running costs. It
can also reduce the capital cost of a
system.
R(brick)
per inch
R
(gypsum)
per 5/8
inch
0.2
0.45
R(Cellulo
se) per
inch
3

11. Formula use to calculate the
heat load
Q= A* U * ∆ T
Where
Q = Total hourly rate of heat loss
through walls, roof, glass, etc
in Btu/hr
A= Net area of
walls, roof, ceiling, floor, or
glass in ft sq.
U = Overall heat-transfer
coefficient of
walls, roof, ceiling, floor, or
glass in Btu/hr ft sq F
Ti = Inside design temperature in
°F.
To = Outside design temperature in
°F .

12. Heat loads of the Apartments is equal to
Heat load across wall + Across Windows+ Across
Roof Ceiling + Across Floor

13. Apartme
nt
Apartment
#2
Apartment
#3
Apartment
#4
Bedroom 2627
#1
(BTU/hr)
3040.7
3040.7
3040.7
Bedroom 2991.68
#2
(BTU/hr)
3383.7
3383.7
3383.7
TV Room
BTU/hr)
2580
2580
2580
Hall
(BTU/hr)
Total
Apartment
#1
3981
_
3209.47
3209.47
3209.47
9600
12213.87
12213.87
12213.87

15. Boiler

16. Fire tube boiler
A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases from a fire pass
through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water.
The heat of the gases is transferred through the walls of the tubes
by thermal conduction, heating the water and ultimately creating steam.
Main parts
•Combustion chamber
•Burner
•Heat exchanger
•Controls
•enclosure

17. Why we use fire tube boiler?
 More efficient combustion space allowed
Specification
Vertical Fire Tube Boiler
Efficiency
Medium
Floor Space Required
Very Low
Maintenance
Low
Initial Cost
Low
Pressure Range
10 psi
Typical Applications
Heating System
Temperature
Up to 240 F

18. Boiler Specification






Volume of Boiler = 0.08 cubic meter
Rate of Heat transfer = 15000 BTU/hr
Steam temperature = 115 ° C
Steam Pressure = 1.7 bar
Total Volume Of System = 0.27 cubic m
Mass Of Water = 2.5 Kg

19. Accessories Required For a
Steam Boiler

Low Water Cut Off senses water level in
a steam boiler it will stop burner when
water level falls below a safe level.

A Water Column with a gauge glass
when mounted on the side of the steam
boiler allows the operator to see water
level.
A Pressure Gauge and Thermometer,
mounted or near the boiler outlet to check
the performance.
 Vent is use for the exhaust of fuel gases.


20. Safety Relief Valve:

A Safety
Relief Valve
opens if boiler
pressure is
excessive.

21. Thermostat:

A Thermostat is a component of a control
system which senses the temperature of a system so
that the system's temperature is maintained near a
desired set point

A room thermostat constantly measures the air
temperature of a space and can be set to whatever
temperature you like. This prevents your home
getting warmer than it needs to be.
When the temperature falls below the setting, it
switches on the central heating. Once the room
reaches the set temperature, the thermostat
switches the heating off.

22. Combustion energy

Flame thermal power (thermal load)
Mixture composition, gas velocity, heat of
combustion of a fuel

Heat of combustion
higher heating value (HHV) (or higher calorific
value)
lower heating value (LHV) (or lower calorific value)
Fuel
HHV MJ/kg
LHV MJ/kg
Methane
55.5
50
Fuel + oxidizer
products + energy
Combustion is an exothermic reaction between fuel and oxidizer.

23. 



we are using natural gas
BENEFITS ARE:
Natural gas is convenient. The energy source is piped directly
to the customer's facility through the safe, efficient pipeline
system. There's no need to store oil on site in tanks, or
schedule oil deliveries.
There is an abundant supply of domestic natural gas. Over half
of the oil used in this country is imported. The price and supply
of oil is susceptible to international events.
Natural gas is reliable. The pipeline system can't be easily
damaged by weather or affected by weather conditions. In
contrast, oil must be trucked to the customer's location, and
truck deliveries are susceptible to weather conditions.
Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Because the
combustion process for natural gas is almost perfect, very few
byproducts are emitted into the atmosphere as pollutants.

24. PIPES

25. PIPES:
There are many ways connecting pipes some of them
are:
 Series Loop
 One pipe main etc.
We are using here one pipe gravity return,
Copper tubing advantages
 Frictional resistance is less than steel resulting in
the possibility of smaller pump and less power
consumption.
 It is not subject to oxidizing and scaling

26. ONE PIPE SYSTEM:


In a one-pipe, gravity-flow
system, each heating unit
has a single pipe
connection through which it
receives steam and
releases condensate at the
same time.
All heating units and the
end of the supply main are
sufficiently above the boiler
water line so that
condensate flows back to
the boiler by gravity.

28. APT #
Length
Diameter
Volume
Ground Floor
95‘
2.5”
6.83 cubic feet
First Floor
105’
2.5”
6.9 cubic feet

29. Steam mains

30. RADIATOR

31. What is radiator?
Basically radiator is a heat exchanging
device. Usually it contains hot water or
steam (depending on the situation /use)
The type of radiator mentioned above is used
for the heating of room and lodges etc.
We used steam for the purpose of heating the
rooms, lodges, halls etc.
It is the best device known for heating the
rooms and halls etc. It is more efficient way
of heating and transferring heat to the other
system.