Challenges in the adoption of bim in europe

Challenges to the Adoption of BIM in Europe
(draft)
Žiga Turk
1
Challenges to the
Adoption of BIM in Europe
prof.dr. Žiga Turk
Univerisity of Ljubljana, Slovenia
6th International BIM Technical Symposium on the Application of Digital Construction
in Real Estate, Design and Construction & International Forum on BIM Development
Shanghai, China, Sept 24-26, 2019.
Speaker with three hats:
Univesity, FIEC, collaboration
Talk outilne
 communication supports specialization
otwo communication revolutions - paper, and now digital
 collaboration of specialists needed
obuilding information management helps
 current approaches to BIM adoption
ofocusing on Europe
 future trends in BIM adoptions
othe platform model
 conclusions
Talk map
Communication
Revolutions
Specialization
 Progress of mankind is progress in how many people can
work together
omore people, more knowledge
 Progress in construction is enabled by more knowledge
by more people
onot different
 Working together requires communication
oit was dramatically improved by technology twice
1 2
3 4
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(draft)
Žiga Turk
2
Early history of collaboration
With relatives With
acquaintances
With nearby
strangers
With distant
strangers
AD500, Istanbul:
Hagia Sophia
31m
AD 1500, Istanbul: Süleymaniye
Mosque
26m
cca. 1450
Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, 42*m
AD1600: St. Peters in Rome
42m
1000 years: nothing
100 years: tripling in size
year
500 1000 1500 2000
complexity
0
? discovered
America?
end of the
middle ages?
tripling?
312=961
262=676
422=1764
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Žiga Turk
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Gutenberg revolution
parchment available to few
expensive paper
cheap paper making technology
from China reaches Europe
paper, available for anything …
… including engineering drawings !
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Printing gets enough raw material
The Renaissance,
then Enlightenment follow.
Leading to scientific and technological
superiority of the West’s paper
civilization.
But not for long!
De-materialization of communication
in late 19th, early 20th century
… at first available for very special
purposes …
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… well, not quite so special, but not
to each and everyone The Internet revolution
and e-communication is available to
everyone for anything
Including engineers
Three paradigms of
construction
Before writing and drawing
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Some design „documentation“
(clay drawing, Messopotamia)
Some building code (Hammurabi)
 “If a Builder build a
house for someone,
and does not construct
it properly, and the
house which he built
fall in and kill its owner,
then that builder shall
be put to death.” –
Article 229”
Books: Euclid’s description of the
Pythagorean theorem
Source: Dan Collins
Engineering books:
Vitruvius (90-20 BC)
And they were building! The Gutenburg revolution
 gunpowder, cannons, ice cream,
spagetti
o China before <1300
o Ottoman empire (15th,16th century)
o siege of Vienna
 information technology (printing)
o China <1300
o Europe (15th century)
o Islamic world (18th century)
 related ideas
o scaled drawing … Bruneleschi (1420)
o perspective drawing … Alberti (1435)
o scaled mechanical model … Galilei
(1500+)
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Engineering drawings emerge! Brunelleschi
 Devised a method of
perspective for
architectural
purposes
 he is said by Manetti
to have made a
ground plan for the
Church of Santo
Spirito in Florence on
the basis of which he
produced a
perspective drawing
to show his clients
how it would look
after it was built.
Source: Dan Collins
Building process according to W.
Shakespeare:
 „When we mean to build,
We first survey the plot, then draw the model;
And when we see the figure of the house,
Then must we rate the cost of the erection;
Which if we find outweighs ability,
What do we then but draw anew the model
In fewer offices, or at last desist
To build at all?“
- William Shakespeare, King Henry IV
Other impacts of drawing on paper:
drawings as abstractions
 connection between science and
technology
oArab algebra largely unrelated to
technology, practice
odrawing as a bridge between a real
world problem and its mathematical
representation
 scientific method
ostarted by Gallilei
oessence: create a theory, a model,
make hypothesis, test it
oabstraction is an essential element
and it can/was drawn
Scientific method: Illustration of the
scientific approach - Galileo's Cantilever
 abstraction of the problem
o drawing
 recognizing objects
o cantilever
o load
 selecting its properties
o S = tensile strength of
cantilever
o b = breadth of cantilever
o h = height of cantilever
o l = length of cantilever
o E = weight of the load
 mathematical model
o E = Sbh2 / 6l
Lines on paper are main information
carrier
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Žiga Turk
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Construction in the industrial age
 masters replaced by teams of specialists
 teams enabled by technology
otechnical documentation, mostly drawings, modern IT
Enters electronic communication
 wired:
otelegraph, telephone, fax
 wireless
oradio, TV
 limited support/impact for
the construction
information formats
Then the Digital Revolution
Digital information, digital
communication
Digital Objects are main information
carrier
Construction yesterday
 lonely master builders
 no documentation
 oral communication
 words
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Construction today
 local teams of specialists
 paper documentation
 paper communication
 lines on paper
Construction tomorrow
 global teams of specialists
 digital documentation
 digital communication
 digital objects
master builders
Communication revolutions and
construction
1500AD
Gutenberg revolution
2000AD
Digital Revolution
local teamwork global teamwork
limited documentation,
oral communication
no clear space/time
separation between
information and material
processes
paper based documentation,
paper based communication
material and information processes
separated in space and time
digitised communication
digitised documentation
information sub-processes
separated in time and space
Drawing,
Paper
Digital model,
Internet
?
?
Drivers of digital revolution
?
?
task consequence
technology
sensing
computation
intelligence
sensing
computation
intelligence
structured
and semantic
data
structured
and semantic
data
internet,
other
CT
internet,
other
CT
automation
decision support
automation
decision support
interoperability
of software
interoperability
of software
collaboration of
people
collaboration of
people
creating
information
creating
information
representing
in-form-ation
representing
in-form-ation
communica-
tion
communica-
tion
BIM - richer symbolic
representations of buildings
Modelling as old as drawing!
 „When we mean to build,
We first survey the plot, then draw the model;
And when we see the figure of the house,
Then must we rate the cost of the erection;
Which if we find outweighs ability,
What do we then but draw anew the model
In fewer offices, or at last desist
To build at all?“
- William Shakespeare, King Henry IV
54
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Žiga Turk
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Drawing with computers
 Sutherland, 1963,
sketchpad.
 PCs, 1980s, AutoCAD
 several kinds of
drawing programs
 the difference is in the
symbols of which a
drawing is composed
Pixels:
Paint or photo programs
 entity a pixel
 canvas is raster,
bitmap
 for example:
oPhotoShop,
oPaintShop Pro
oPicasa …
2D geometry:
Draw or illustration programs
 entity is a 2D geometric
element, usually with
several formatting
attributes (colour,
thickness, pattern ...)
 space is 2D paper space
 precise, scaled drawing not
possible
 PowerPoint, Corel Draw,
Adobe Illustrator
2D geometry with precision:
CAD as drafting
3D geometry with precision:
3D CAD
2D real world symbols:
Professional Design Programs
 entity is 2D symbol for
a professional,
specialized concept
 space is 2D paper
space
 example: Visio, Dia
 symbols are explicit!
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3D real world objects:
BIM
Model composed of professional
“Building Blocks” …
4D, nD real world objects:
BIM
4+D BIM
Footnote: generic vs. specific
symbols: not a one way street
Increasingly specific symbols
pixels
2D
geometry
2D geometry
with scale and
precision
2D real
world
symbols
3D geometry
with scale and
precision
3D object with
scale and
precision
nD object with
scale and
precision
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Žiga Turk
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Integration is one of three approaches
of interoperability
•no common format
Federated
•common format for
exchange
Unified
•common format for all
Integrated
Format is about
syntax, structure or semantics
Semantic (data context)
• exchange of data within contextsthat give
meaning to data
Structural (data structures)
• exchange of data through data structuresthat
conform to schemataor models
Syntactic (data language)
• exchange of data through commondata formats
and encoding
Connective (data transport)
• exchange of data is possible because the systems
are connected(in literature Systemlayer)
17.9.2019 68
The holly grail of computer integrated
construction
 Agree on the
symbols
 Create „one-
language“
again
 Not easy!
 BIM!
Building Information Modelling
 end-goal is better productivity
 achieved through specialization
 enabled by interoperability of specialists
 function: interoperability of specialists
ofederated, unified, integrated
 form: agreed representation
ostructured information
Adopting
BIM in
Europe
Adoption of BIM in Europe as per
Google Searches
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Overview
 stakeholders
oconstruction businesses,
oprivate and public investors
ousers of the facility
o“BIM industry”
 economic drivers
oconstruction: higher productivity through specialization
oinvestor: fewer surprises in costs and time
ouser: better quality of the facility
oBIM industry: growth
Models
 government driven
oEU directive … can require BIM
 investor driven
omotivated by predictability, quality, savings in time and money
 AEC industry driven
odesign driven – motivated by bigger share of the pie
oconstruction driven – motivated by efficiency gains
 BIM industry driven
omotivated by sales and services offer
Government driven
European Union - EU Directive 2014/24/UE (source)
“For public works contracts and design contests, Member
States may require the use of specific electronic tools,
such as of building information electronic modelling tools
or similar. In such cases the contracting authorities shall
offer alternative means of access, as provided for in
paragraph 5, until such time as those tools become
generally available within the meaning of the second
sentence of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1”.
Public procurement may require BIM
and does require BIM
“… all European leaders are
trying to modernize
the AEC Industry by creating
the right regulatoryframework
for the use of BIM ... the UK
has mandatedBIM for national
governmentprocurementin
2016(level 2); France will
mandateBIM for public
procurementin 2017
and announced€20 million in
three years for the
digitalizationof the
Industry; Germany is to
allocate€2.7 billion up to 2020
to undertakemajor pilot
projects using BIM
methodology.Nordic countries
including Norway (2007),
Finland (2007), and Denmark
(2007) and the Netherlands
(2012) have already
implemented BIM strategiesfor
public procurement”(source).
No single EU policy BIM Industry Driven
 “The Task Group’s vision is to encourage the common use of
BIM, as ‘digital construction’, in public works with the
common aim of improving value for public money, quality of
the public estate and for the sustainable competitiveness of
industry”
 “The EU BIM Task Group represents the public stakeholder
interests relating to BIM and public estate to national and
international standards bodies, such as ISO, CEN and
buildingSmart.” (source).
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(draft)
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Buildingsmart
 “BuildingSMART is the worldwide
industry body driving the digital
transformation of the built asset
industry.
 buildingSMART is committed to
delivering improvement by the
creation and adoption of open,
international standards and
solutions for infrastructure and
buildings.
 buildingSMART is the
community for visionaries
working to transform the design,
construction, operation and
maintenance of built assets.
 buildingSMART is an open,
neutral and international not-
for-profit organization.”
Industry driven
 investments in design phase, savings in construction phase
 force BIM design for overall savings
 design-build-(operate) in house for savings in one business
Construction Industry Driven – i.e.
FIEC
 "Construction 4.0” is our
"branch" of Industry 4.0. We
use this term to refer to the
digitalisation of the
construction industry“
 “BIM is central to
Construction 4.0 but it is not
the only element”.
Beyond BIM in Europe:
Construction Industry
4.0
4.0 - The Fourth Revolution
mechanization electrification automation networking
4.0 – merging of the cyber and the
physical (cca. 2010)
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(draft)
Žiga Turk
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Cyber and Physical not connected by
humans only
cyber
cyber physical
physical
cyber
cyber physical
physical
industry 3.0
industry 4.0
Four Aspects of Industry 4.0
how it works
new technologies
what it offers to consumer
new kinds of products and services
what it means for an industry
new kinds of value chains
what it means for a business
new business models
1 – Six main technologies
internet of
people
•everybody
connected
•everybody
monitored
internet of
things
•„everything with
an on/off switchh
connected to the
internet“
•sensors, cameras
cloud as ICT
infrastructure
•data in the cloud
•processing in the
cloud
•networking
through the cloud
digital twin
•digital
representation of
everything material
robotization
(CAM+)
•computer aided …
additive,
subtractive and
assembling
manufacturing
•humanoid
assistants
cognitive
computing
•too much data to
be managed by
man-made
algorithms
•machine learning,
AI
2 - Consumer gets
custom, smart, connected products
individualized
• like Facebook,
Google
• industrial
production in
series of 1
smart
• like phone
• smart car, road,
building
connected
• everything talks
to each other
• person,
building, car,
road …
better,
cheaper,
more
sustainable
3 – Industry is digitized and digitally
integrated
digitized
• digital design
• digital manufacturing
• digital operation
integrated
• integrated information
• integrated processes
• integrated knowledge
• integrated people
4 – There are new ways to do
business
product as a service
• capex becomes opex
• excavating not excavator
platforms
• Uber/AirBNB/Facebook are
B2C and C2C platforms
• Hollywood “B2B” economy,
B2B platforms
• Uber for small construction
works
• B2B platforms
data & IPR business
models
• data is the new oil,
• monetization of data,
analysis, experience,
knowledge, intelligence
• energy management in
buildings
• BIM components, AI trained
in one building used to steer
another
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Key to I4.0 are Platforms
 Platforms bridge
o between technology building blocks and industrial applications on the
other.
 data driven
o take data from the IoT,
o allow third parties to develop applications based on that data, and
o connect different users and application developers.
 new business models
o data, IPR, matchmaking
o new innovative products and services
 accelerate the development of worldwide standards.
 smart
o digital Manufacturing platforms for connected smart factories,
o smart hospital and smart/healthy living at home,
o smart construction (preparatory actions).
Kinds of platforms
networking
platform
• as old as WWW
• European Platform of
National Construction
Initiatives
networking
platform
• as old as WWW
• European Platform of
National Construction
Initiatives
business platform
• matchmaking
customers and
performers
• examples: Amazon,
Uber, Apple
• new business models
business platform
• matchmaking
customers and
performers
• examples: Amazon,
Uber, Apple
• new business models
technology
platform
• provide technological/
developer
environment
• Microsoft, Android,
Autodesk A360,
Nemetscheck Bimplus
technology
platform
• provide technological/
developer
environment
• Microsoft, Android,
Autodesk A360,
Nemetscheck Bimplus
commercially successful are
combinations of last two
Platform Business Models
 “most groundbreaking innovations are not products or
services
 they are the
oplatforms on which these products and services are built, and
obusiness models that these platforms enable.”
 tech companies and the born digital
odid platforms naturally
 the rest should follow
oincluding construction
Rules of Platform Business
 Network Effect: more uses, more providers, better
 Distribution Power Law
oenable scale by the long tail
ohighly specialized construction services
 Asymmetric Growth and Competition: SMEs and
startups vs. big players
In conclusion:
Construction must make Construction 4.0
 4.0 = cyber physical = interplay of physical and digital
oexciting, marketing of new technology
 Four aspects of Construction 4.0
otechnological, industry, business, consumer
oplatforms are one element in one aspects
 Platforms facilitate and combine everything
oDigiPlace project
 If not construction, who else?
Summary and
Conclusions
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(draft)
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Conclusions
 the goal is specialization
omore people working together, managing complexity
opaper and digital changed collaboration dramatically
 speaking a common language helps
oBIM technology is providing such common languages to
describe buildings and building processes
 buildings are similar across the world
oto have global benefits we need globally compatible solutions
owe need a common space for ideas
owe need a common market for solutions
oopen is better than closed
The End
Žiga Turk
ziga.turk@gmail.com - www.zturk.com
For internaluse only - may include copyrighted graphics.
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Challenges in the adoption of bim in europe

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