[Slideshare] fiqh-course(sept-2012-batch)-#4b-historyof madzahib -(13-oct-2012)

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH,
MOST COMPASSIONATE,
MOST MERCIFUL. “INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY OF FIQH ”
Intermediate Level Islamic course in English for Adults
conducted by Ustaz Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail

LESSON # 4b –
PRESERVATION OF
PRIMARY SOURCES AND BRIEF
HISTORY OF MADZAAHIB
And say: O Lord! Increase for me my knowledge

Using text & curriculum he has developed especially for
Muslim converts and young Adult English-speaking Muslims.

“To seek knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male & female)”

All Rights Reserved © Zhulkeflee Hj Ismail (2012)
)

PROPHET MUHAMMAD AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE

)
Previous lesson


“He (Allah) it is who has sent unto the unlettered people a
Messenger from among themselves, to convey unto them
His messages, and to cause them to grow in purity, and to
impart unto them the divine Writ as well as Wisdom -
whereas before that they were indeed, most obviously, lost
in error …. ”

(Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :2)

)
Previous lesson


“…. and (to cause the message to spread) from them
unto other people as soon as they come into contact
with them : for He (Allah) alone is almighty, truly wise !
”

(Qur’an : Al-Jumu’ah : 62 :3)

)
Previous lesson


“O You who believe ! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger,
and those charged with authority from among you. If you
differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah
and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the
Last day : That is best and most suitable for final
determination.”

(Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59)

)
Previous lesson

)
Previous lesson

“And I leave behind me for you all, for clarifying in your
affairs (of this religion), whosoever holdfast to them shall
never be led astray – (these are) the Book of Allah and
the Sunnah (Way or tradition) of His Messenger.”

(From Sermon reported by Ibnu Hisham in his “Seerah” )

)
Previous lesson

“Verily, I am leaving behind me for you all, whosoever clings
to them shall never be astray after this till the hereafter :-
the Book of Allah - the rope stretched from heaven to the
earth; and my ‘itrah’ [progeny] from my Household – These
two will never be separated from each other until they return
upon the Pool (in Paradise).
See that you do not differ from (the guidance of) these two
after me.”
(Hadith reported by Tirmidzi)

)
Previous lesson

“We (Allah) have, without doubt, send down the
Message (Al-Qur’an) And We will assuredly guard it
(from corruption)”

(Qur’an: Surah al- Hijr: 15: 9)

)
Previous lesson

“And upon thee (too) have We bestowed from on
high this reminder, so that thou (Muhammad) might
make clear unto mankind all that has ever been thus
bestowed upon them, and that they might take
thought.

(Qur’an : An-Nahl : 16: 44)

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Previous lesson

TO CONTINUE – INSHA-ALLAH

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AL-QUR’AN , THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND
THOSE APPOINTED AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE

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AL-QUR’AN , THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND
THOSE APPOINTED AS THE SOURCE FOR GUIDANCE

“O You who believe ! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger,
and those charged with authority from among you. If you
differ in anything among yourselves, refer it back to Allah
and to His Messenger, if you do believe in Allah and the
Last day : That is best and most suitable for final
determination.”

(Qur’an : An-Nisa’ : 4 :59)

)

)

“(‘Ali ibn Abi Talib r.a. said) “I asked: ‘O Messenger of Allah! (What
are we to do when) matters come before us wherewith there is no
(explicit) indication regarding them in the Qur’an nor in the Sunnah
from you regarding them (regarding its ruling)?’
(The Prophet s.a.w.) he said: “You are to gather together the learned
(‘ULAMA) amongst them” – or he may have said “The worshippers
(‘AABIDEEN) from amongst the Believers” – “Convene (IJMA’ ) with
them (consultation SHURA, to derive a consensus decision) in regard
to religious rulings. Do not decide based upon (idea or knowledge of)
only one (singular) person’s thought.”
(Hadith reported by Ibnu Abdil Barr)

)

(When the Prophet s.a.w. was about to send Muadz ibn Jabal r.a. to
Yemen) he said (to Muadz): “How would you judge (give religious
decision for people)? “
He (Muadz) replied: “(I will judge) With what is in the Book of Allah”.
Rasulullah then said: “What if you cannot find (any) in it?”
Muadz replied: “(Then, I will judge) with the Sunnah of Rasulullah
s.a.w.”. Rasulullah then said: “What if you cannot find in the Sunnah?”
He replied :”( Then) I will make ‘IJTIHAD (exertion) with my
reasoning.”
(Then the Rasulullah s.a.w.) he said: “All praise be to Allah Who
granted taufiq (success in this test) for the messenger of Allah’s
messenger!”.
(Hadith reported by Tirmidzi)
)

“And whoever amongst you lives after me will
see many conflicts (disagreements), let him then
adhere to whatever they know of my SUNNAH
and the SUNNAH of my Rightly guided Khalifah.”

(Hadith reported by Ahmad)

)

“(Honour) My successors, may Allah s.w.t. be Merciful
towards them!.” He was asked: “Who are your successors
O Messenger of Allah?”

And he said: “They are those who revive my SUNNAH and
teaches them (YU-’ALIMUUNAHU) to the servants of
Allah.”

(Hadith of the Prophet s.a.w.)

)

“The best of mankind – (believers) – are (those) in
my generation (ASHAABIY) , then (a generation)
after it (TABI’IIN), and then (another generation)
after that (TABI’-AT-TABI’IN).”

(Hadith reported by Bukhary and Muslim)

)

“AS-HAABIY ” – companions of the Prophet ‫ص لى ا عليه و آله وس لم‬
ّ ّ

COMPANIONS WHO GAVE MANY FATWAS

‘UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB R.A.

‘ALI IBN ABI TALIB R.A.

IBN MAS-UD R.A.

IBN ‘UMAR R.A.
IBN ABBAS IBN ABDUL MUTALIB R.A.

ZAYD IBN TSAABIT R.A.

)

“TAABI-’IN ” – followers of the ASHAABIY of the Prophet ‫ص لى ا عليه و آله وس لم‬
ّ ّ

THOSE WHO GAVE FATWA
A’ISHAH BNTE ABU BAKR R.A. IN MADINA AL-MUNAWWARAH
‘ABDULLAH IBN UMAR R.A.

ABU HURAYRAH R.A.

SA-’ID AL-MUSAYYAB AL-MAKHZUMI R.A.

URWAH BIN ZUBAYR BIM AWWAM R.A.

‘ALI BIN HUSSAYN ZEIN AL-’AABIDEEN R.A.

MUHAMMAD BIN ‘ALI BIN HUSSAYN AL-BAQIR R.A.

)

ّ ّ

IN MAKKAH AL-MUKARRAMAH

‘ABDULLAH IBN ABBAS IBN ABDUL MUTTALIB R.A.

IKRIMAH (MAULA OF IBNU ABBAS) R.A.

MUJAHID IBN JABR (MAULA OF BANI MAKHZUM) R.A.

ATHA’ IBN ABI RABAH (MAULA OF QURAYSH) R.A.

ABU ZUBAYR MUHAMMAD IBN MUSLIM R.A.

)

ّ ّ

IN KUFA (SECOND CAPITAL)
ALQAMAH IBN QAIS AN-NAKHA-’IE R.A.

AL-ASWAD IBN YAZID AN-NAKHA-’IE R.A.

IBRAHIM IBN YAZID AN-NAKHA-’IE R.A.

MASRUQ IBN AJDA’ AL-HAMDANI R.A.

UBAYDAH IBN ‘AMIR AS-SILMANI AL-MURADI R.A.

SHURAIH IBN HARITH AL-KINDI R.A.

SA-’EED IBN JUBAYR (MAULA WALIBAH) R.A.

)

ّ ّ

IN BASRA (IRAQ)
ANAS IBN MALIK AL-ANSARIY R.A.

ABU ‘ALIYA RAFI’ IBN MAHRAN AR-RAYANI R.A.

HASSAN IBN HASSAN YASSAR (MAULA ZAID IBN TSABIT) R.A.

ABU SHA’-TSA JABIR IBN ZAID (IBN ABBAS COMPANION) R.A.

MUHAMMAD IBNU SIRRIN (MAULA OF ANAS IBN MALIK) R.A.

QATADAH IBN DI-’AMAH AD-DAUSI R.A.

)

ّ ّ

IN SHAM (SYRIA)

‘ABDUR RRAHMAN IBN GHUNMIN AL-ANSARIY R.A.

‘AIDZULLAH IBN ‘ABDULLAH AL-KHULANI R.A.

QABISHAH IBN DZUAIB R.A.

QABISHAH IBN DZUAIB R.A.

‘UMAR IBN ‘ABDUL AZIZ IBN MARWAN R.A.

RAJA’ AL-HAYAH AL-KINDI R.A.

)

ّ ّ

IN MISR’ (EGYPT)
‘ABDULLAH IBN ‘AMR AL-’ASH R.A.

ABUL KHAYR MARTSAD IBN ‘ABDULLAH AL-YAZINI R.A.

YAZIB IBN ABUL HABIB (MAULA AL-AZDI) R.A.

IN YEMEN

THAWUS IBN KAISAN AL-JUNDI R.A.

WAHAB IBN MUNABBIH AS-SAN’AANI R.A.

YAHYA IBN ABU KATSIR R.A.

)

PERIOD OF CONSOLIDATION AND FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VARIOUS SCIENCES

‘ILM AL-QIRA’AT WA AL-TAFSIR

‘ILM AL-HADITH - SEERAH

‘ILM AL-FIQH WAL USUL-AL-FIQH

‘ILM AL-KALAM

‘ILM JARH WA TA’DIL – ‘ILM MUSTALAH AL-HADITH

‘ILM TASAWWUF –TAZKIYAH AN-NUFUS ETC..

)

“TABI’ - TAABI-’IN ” – Followers of the TABI-’IN

)

“Those who listen to the Word, and follow the best (meaning) in it:
those are the ones whom Allah has guided, and those are the ones
endued with understanding.”
(Qur’an: Az-Zumar:39:18)

)

FOUNDERS OF MADZAAHIB IN FIQH (JURISPRUDENCE)

IMAM JA’FAR IBN MUHAMMAD AS-SODIQ R.A. (83 AH - 198 AH)

 Born in Madinah, he belongs to the illustrious family of the
Prophet’ s household (AHLUL BAYT) through Imam Muhammad al-
Baqir ibn ‘Imam Ali ibn Imam Hussain ibn Imam ‘Ali ibn Abi Tolib
with Sayyidatina Fatimah Az-Zahra binte Rosulillah s.a.a.w.
 Regarded as the sixth Imam of the Shiite, he was also the
teachers of many scholars including Sunni Imams like Malik and
even Abu Hanifah.
)


IMAM JA’FAR IBN MUHAMMAD AS-SODIQ R.A. (83 AH - 198 AH)

 Because of persecution by the ruling powers of the ‘Ummayad
and the Abbasid, the Shi’ite Madzhab later evolved separately from
the mainstream Sunni schools through the subsequent Imams from
his descendants.
 The other branch of Shi’ite evolved earlier was the Zaydi which
refer to the followers of Imam Zayd ibn ‘Ali (Zayn al-’Abidin) ibn
Hussain ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abi Tolib.
)


IMAM ABU HANIFAH AL-NU’MAN BIN TSABIT R.A. (80 AH - 150 AH)

 A Tabi’in born in Kufah and had studied under many surviving
Ashaabi Rasul (Prophet’s companions) there such as Anas ibn
Malik, Sahl ibn Sa’ad etc. and learnt many Ahadith from them.
 After learning under many scholars in Kufah, he went on to
Makkah and Madinah to take knowledge from many other scholars
who were students of well-known companions and other Tabi’in
scholars there.
)



 Although he too regarded the Qur’an, Sunnah and Ijma’ as the
important primary sources, he had limited access to much of
Ahadith in Kufah (unlike Imam Malik in Madinah). Thus he was best
known for the use of juristic analogical deduction ( Qiyas) and
Istihsan (Equitable Preference) – as methods of IJTIHAD, whence
his school were called Ahlul-Ra’yu (People of Juristic Reasoning)

)



His famous disciples were:
 Qadhi Abu Yusuf – appointed by Caliph Harun ar-Rashid as the
chief judge (Qadhi al-Qudhat)
 Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hassan As-Shaybani – one of the
teacher of Imam As-Shafi’ie.
 Imam Zufar well-known scholar of Hadith and especially of
Qiyas (analogical deduction).
)


IMAM MALIK BIN ANAS R.A. (93 AH – 179 AH)

 Born and raised in Madinah ar-Rasul (City of the Prophet), he
learnt from and met many of the students of Companions
(Sahabah) of the Prophet s.a.w. And he compiled the famous book
on Hadith of the prophet s.a.w. – “Al-Muwatta’ ”.
 His notable teachers were Imam Ja’far as-Sodiq, Abu Radim Nafi’
ibn ‘Abdur Rahman, Nafi’, Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Ansari, Yahya
ibn Sa’-id and Hishan ibn ‘Urwah.
)



 The greatest contribution of Imam Malik was the codification of
the Madinan Fiqh.
 Imam Malik had recourse to many transmitters of Ahadith and
thus his important compilation of “Al-Muwatta’ “ which he
systematically arranged in accordance with the practice of the
Deen. Imam Shafi’ie and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal both studied and
memorized this and regarded this book as second to the Qur’an.
)



 He also regarded ‘Amal Ahll Madina -the “Practice of the People of
Madina” and Masalih Mursalah - “Public interest or welfare ” to be
also important basis for Fiqh unlike Imam As-Shafi’ie. Although as
Muhaddith, Imam Malik placed importance upon Hadith, yet he was
still regarded by Ibn Qutaybah as Ahlul-Ra’yy in matters of FIQH.
 Later, tension grew between those who literally follow Ahadith,
better known as Ahlul-Hadith, with those identified as Ahlul-Ra’yu.
)



Some of his famous disciples were:
 Imam Muhammad ‘Idris As-Shafi’ie
 Imam Yahya ibn Yahya al-Masmudi
 Imam Abu Muhammad ibn Wahb ibn Salmah al-Fahri al-Misri
 Imam Muhammad ibn al-Mubarak
 Imam Muhammad ibn Hassan al-Shaybani

)

IMAM MUHAMMAD BIN ‘IDRIS AS-SHAFI-’IE R.A. (150 AH – 204 AH)

 Born in Gaza from a Qurayshi descent, raised amongst a
Yemenite tribe and later travelled with his mother to Makkah
when he was ten years old.
 At an early aged he already memorised the whole Qur’an, the
Ahadith compilation Al-Muwatta’ of Imam Malik, while studying
jurisprudence and being mentored by well-known jurists in Makkah
– the Mufti Muslim Khalid al-Zanji ,and Imam Sufyan ibn ‘Uyayna.

)


 At 23, he travelled to Madinah and became a student of Imam
Malik ibn Anas until his teacher’s death.
 Later went to Yemen. His reputation attract the Caliph’s
attention but Imam Shafi’ie’s frankness, brought him in conflict
with the ruler. Jealous of his reputation his enemies made
unfounded allegations against him and he was arrested amongst
the conspirators against the Abbassid rulers, and brought to face
the Caliph in Iraq.
)


 He eloquently defended himself and enthralled the Caliph with his
knowledge, not only the Deen but also regarding Greek philosophy
and medicine.
 His acquaintance with Imam Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-
Shaybaniy and Qadhi Abu Yusuf (disciples of Abu Hanifah) benefitted
him much on Imam Abu Hanifah’s juristic methodology,

)


 Thus, Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie can be said to be expert on both
methodologies of Imam Malik and Abu Hanifah.
Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie then wrote the important treatise and codified
a systematic approach to the principles of Islamic jurisprudence in his
important work: “Kitab ar-Risaalah fi-Usul al-Fiqh”. To correct the
over-reliance upon rational legal deduction over textual evidence
which became rampant, especially when the Caliph became
influenced by the Mutazilites.
)


 It was Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie who reasserted the pre-eminence of
Ahadith over Qiyas, and revived the effort amongst his followers to
ensure its proper collection and preservation.
 He also wrote “Kitab al-Umm” in which he presented views of his
teachers as well as his own regarding many issues which made it
clear that Imam Ash-Shafi-’ie was an authority of his own.

)

 He became well-known while in Makkah where his school of
jurisprudence attracted many scholars from all over the Muslim
world.
 Finally left Makkah for Egypt and remained there till his death. His
school was so well accepted the many renown Islamic scholars
themselves prefer to be regarded as followers of this school of
jurisprudence, even though many of them have attained the rank of
Mujtahid.
)


Some of these famous or notable scholars of this school:
 Imam Al-Muzani
 Imam Al-Mawardi
 Imam An-Nawawiy
 Imam Al-Haramain
 Imam Al-Ghazaliy
 Imam ‘Izzuddin ibn Abdul Salam
 Imam Al-Baqilany
)


Some of these famous or notable scholars of this school:
 Most Muhaddithin: Imam Bukhary, Muslim, Tirmidzi, Ibn Majah,
Baihaqy, Ibn Hajar, Abu Dawud, Ad-Darimi, An-Nasa-i, Daruqutni,
etc.
 Imam Abul Hassan al-Ash’ariy, Juneid al-Baghdadi, At-Tabari, Ar-
Razi, As-Suyuti, As-Subki, etc.

)


IMAM AHMAD IBN HANBAL R.A. (164 AH – 241 AH)

 Imam Abu ‘Abdillah Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal is
mostly known as a Muhaddith although he is acknowledged to be a
Mujtahid on Fiqh having studied under Imam Muhammad Idris As-
Shafi-’ie, Bishr ibn al-Mufaddal, Waki’ ibn al-Jarrah etc.
 As a Muhaddith, even his teachers and other muhaddithin take
Ahadith from him. His famous work is “Musnad Ahmad”.

)



 He is well-known for piety and detachment (Zuhud), and his
school relies much upon Ahadith on Fiqh – much akin Maliki school
– but not limiting it only from narrators in the Hijaz but elsewhere
too.
 But unlike his teacher Imam Ash-Shafi’ie, his followers and
school of jurisprudence was limited and today mostly confine only
to the peninsula of Arabia.
)



 He was strict and very cautious in his adherence to the ways of
the pious predecessors, that when the Caliph sought his service as
a Qadhi he refused. He was even flogged for rejecting the
Mu’tazilite’s assertion regarding the createdness of the Qur’an but
remained steadfast upon his principle.

)



 His jurisprudence later was somewhat revived by Imam Ibn
Taymiyyah and his student Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziy.

)

OTHER LESS KNOWN OR EXTINCT MADZAAHIB

IMAM ZAYD IBN ‘ALI IBN HUSSAYN (80 AH – 122 AH)

IMAM LAYTH IBN SA’AD (97 AH – 174 AH)

IMAM SUFYAN AL-TSAURIY (100 AH – 160 AH)

IMAM DAWUD IBN ‘ALI AD-DHAZHIRI (199 AH – 269 AH)

Etc..
)

“WAFAYAT-AL A’YAN AN-BA ABNAZ-ZAMAN” – Ibn Khallikan

“TABAQAT AL-SAFI’IYYAH AL-KUBRA” – As-Subki

“TARIKH BAGHDAD” – Khatib Al-Baghdadi

“TABAQAT” – Ibn Abi Ya’la

“TADZKIRAH AL-HUFFAZ” – Adz-Dzahabiy

)

AND ALLAH KNOWS BEST

)

TO BE CONTINUED

)

All welcome to visit my web-blog:

http://an-naseehah.blogspot.com/
http://introductiontotauhid.blogspot.com/
http://oyoubelievers.blogspot.com/
http://al-amthaal.blogspot.com/
http://zhulkeflee-archive.blogspot.com/
http://criteriaforaholybook-quran.blogspot.com/
http://with-the-truthful.blogspot.com/
http ://muqaddam-nurul.blogspot.com/

) 66

[Slideshare] fiqh-course(sept-2012-batch)-#4b-historyof madzahib -(13-oct-2012)

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