Several MultiConnect technologies are actively discussed in research today. MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) is capable of splitting one flow into subflows and balance the load across multiple access technologies. Multihoming is an older technology that makes it possible for network providers to balance load across multiple up- and down-links dynamically. Finally, Software Defined Networking (SDN) achieves the ultimate flexibility of connection and routing decisions. However, none of these technologies enable true (network or otherwise) resource-pooling in communications within arbitrary size user groups such as occur in meetings, class discussions, and ad-hoc communities in the wild. This paper proposes the concept of a Virtual Wireless User (VWU) which represents the entire group and appears as single user to an over-the-network service. Each group member is capable of MultiConnect using Wi-Fi Direct in parallel with any other connection method. Modeling based on real measurements shows that VWUs can achieve throughput in the order of tens of Mbps even if throughput of individual users is very low. The paper also formulates a formal optimiation problem in relation to VWU.

2. .
.
Connectivity: Defaults and
Paralliziation
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
2 /22
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3. .
.
The Reality of Connectivity
LAN
WiFi
Direct
3G
Wireless
WINNER In presence of two connection
possibilities, defaults to WINNER.
The two connections can be
JOIN
used together ( joined ).
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
WLAN
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
3 /22
3/22

4. .
.
WiFi Direct: What Is It?
• a
new standard for local wireless connectivity 15
no access point
• direct wireless -◦ for printers, file transfer, etc.
simplify auth
• attempt to
routines -- remember this party for future use?
• technologically the standard is twofold
Hotspot 2.0 Specification
◦ P2P WiFi 1.0 Specification
◦
• implemented by many smartphones and tablets, but not many notebooks
•
incredibly fast! --- compared to Bluetooth 4.0 or even traditional WiFi
15 "Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer: Best Practical Guide" Wi-Fi Alliance (2010)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
4 /22
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5. .
.
Proposal: Basic Form
.
The Basic Idea is...
.
... to
external connections -- hence the multiconnect -- of group members
pool
using WiFi Direct as a glue that makes the group appear at one person
.
• a kind of virtualization -- different from virtualization on a single device
05
• WiFi Direct is sufficiently fast to stand up to the challenge
• practical in many kinds of
12
group communications -- classes, discussions, etc.
05 K.Yap+6 "Making use of all the networks around us: a case study in android" ACM SIGCOMM CellNet (2012)
12 myself+0 "Experiments on practical WLAN designs for digital classrooms" IEICE ComEx (2013)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
5 /22
5/22

6. .
.
MultiConnect Paradigms
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
6 /22
6/22

7. .
.
MultiConnect Paradigms
•
MPTCP: MultiPath TCP
◦ there is a Linux kernel 04
◦ well studied including wireless 03
•
P2P streaming -- aggregation of content from multiple peers 11
◦ a fundamental concept
◦ can be applied to clouds 11, browsers 13, etc.
• good overview/taxonomy in 06
.
Shared feature...
.
... is that both are
.
single source multiple route paradigms
04 "MultiPath TCP: Linux Kernel Implementation" http://multipath-tcp.org (2013)
03 Y.Chen+5 "A Measurement...of MultiPath TCP Performance over Wireless Networks" ACM SIGCOMM IMC (2013)
11 myself+0 "Multi-Source Stream Aggregation in the Cloud" Wiley Book (2013)
11 myself+0 "Multi-Source Stream Aggregation in the Cloud" Wiley Book (2013)
13 myself+0 "Experiments with application throughput in a browser with full HTML5 support" IEICE ComEx (2013)
06 A.Makela+2 "Comparison of load-balancing approaches for multipath connectivity" Elsevier (2012)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
7 /22
7/22

8. .
.
Real Life Experiments
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
8 /22
8/22

9. .
.
Experiments: Settings
real 3G
• three
connections, several months
◦ one has a 300kbps cap (cheaper contract)
◦ one is a new provider in Japan
• simple throughput test -- download a 0.5M file
◦ but huge files (up to 1Gb) for WiFi Direct)
• various combinations
◦ 3G only
◦ WiFi Direct only
◦ parallel connectivity
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
9 /22
9/22

10. .
.
3G Performance
ISP3
Color-filled area: +/- 1 sigma
ISP2
Holiday 1
•
1400
Throughput (kbps)
Throughput (kbps)
1400
1050
700
350
0
1050
700
•
350
5
10
Hour
15
20
0
5
10
Hour
15
20
•
Workday
Saturday
1050
700
350
0
1050
700
•
350
0
0
5
10
Hour
15
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
20
0
5
10
Hour
15
20
trends:
◦ matters which day
◦ time of day, morning rise and
fall, etc.
1400
Throughput (kbps)
1400
aggregation 1: week days,
1-day holidays (also
Sunday), and 3+ day
holidays plots
aggregation 2: hour of
day
0
0
Throughput (kbps)
ISP1
Holiday 3+
biggest lesson: under
1Mbps throughputs, much
lower in some cases!
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
10 /22
10/22

11. .
.
Standalone WiFi Direct
Other info
1m
10m
18
12
6
1m
10m
27
21.6
10m
WiFi Direct: Deterioration effect of distance (%)
24
Throughput ratio ( WiFi Direct / Bluetooth)
Avg. throughput (Mbps)
1m
32.4
30
Bluetooth
WiFi Direct
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
16.2
0
0
2
4
6
8
No. of files
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
10
0
2
4
6
8
No. of files
10
0
2
4
6
8
No. of files
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
10
11 /22
11/22

12. .
.
WiFi Direct + ( 3G | WiFi)
Gx: WiFi Direct and 3G for X files
G5
25
G10
Intranet throughput (Mbps)
Intranet throughput (Mbps)
25
20
G10
G5
15
G1
10
W5
5
G5
W1
W10
W10W5
W1
G1
0
25
15
10
W5
W1
W10
G1
0
0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21
Internet throughput (Mbps)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Distance: 10m
G10
20
5
Wx: WiFi Direct and Tranditional WiFi for X files
Distance:1m
Intranet throughput (Mbps)
All data
20
G10
G5
15
G1
10
5
W10W5
W1
0
0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21
Internet throughput (Mbps)
0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21
Internet throughput (Mbps)
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
12 /22
12/22

13. .
.
VWU: Virtual Wireless User
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
13 /22
13/22

14. .
.
MultiConnect Paradigms (again)
.
(new) Parallel Multiconnect Definition
.
multi-source/dest multi-connectivity parallel
... is
communications
.
•
•
•
biggest change: single-source → multi-source
example A: distributed sync 07
example B: shared cloud storage -- multi-source means different files through
different users/peers/etc.
07 "OpenVSwitch project" http://openvswitch.org/ (2013)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
14 /22
14/22

15. .
.
VWU: Putting It All Together
•
VWU: Virtual Wireless User -- the main proposal
• put 30Mbps of WiFi Direct to practical use --
intranet
• pool internet connections of all users
• virtualization: appear as one user to whatever the service
◦ could even be internal (locally shared files)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
15 /22
15/22

16. .
.
VWU: Visual Model
Service
Service
Provider
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Service
traffic
Application
Virtual
Wireless
User
Wireless
User
Wireless
User
Wireless
User
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
16 /22
16/22

17. .
.
VWU: Another Visual Model
• as long as application (internal) traffic is
larger than aggregate service traffic, VWU
works!
Service
Provider
Virtual
Virtual
Users
Real
Users
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
17 /22
17/22

18. .
.
VWU: The Realistic Model
best case, by interference
best case, by time of day, 3G only
25.5
70
60
Ratio (inter/intra, %)
Ratio (inter/intra, %)
80
25
50
40
30
...
20
10
0
20.4
5
10
15
Hour of day
0
20
...
1
0
10
15
Hour of day
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
20
10000
15000
20000
25000
worst case, by interference
14
cannot overwhelm the
VWU
• plots show performance
12
extremes for time
day and wireless
10
8
25
6
2
1
0
of
interference
...
4
0
5
5000
Intranet throughput (kbps)
Ratio (inter/intra, %)
Ratio (inter/intra, %)
25
• even 25-member groups
1
0
wost case, by time of day, 3G only
22.4
19.6
16.8
14
11.2
8.4
5.6
2.8
0
...
5.1
real
data -- presented above
25
10.2
1
0
• a model based on
15.3
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Intranet throughput (kbps)
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
18 /22
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19. .
.
That’s all, thank you ...
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
19 /22
19/22

20. .
.
ADD: VWU + DTN = multihop
• modern
DTN is fit for delay-constrained messages 10
• P2P streaming is one example where flows consist of small pieces
• VWU + DTN is currently
in development
10 A.Balasubramanian+2 "DTN Routing as a Resource Allocation Problem" SIGCOMM (2007)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
20 /22
20/22

21. .
.
ADD: Another Model (Floor-Sky)
The
cloud
The
cloud
ISP3
ISP3
ISP1
ISP1
ISP2
ISP2
Master
copy
Clone
User B
User B
User A
User A
User C
Virtual
User
Group
leader
User D
User D
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
21 /22
21/22

22. .
.
ADD: Implementation as Middleware
Applications
aaggsync
(Asymmetric Aggregation Sync)
Wi-Fi
Direct
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Legacy
Wi-Fi
3G,
LTE
Land
Line
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
22 /22
22/22

23. .
.
[01] T.Hau+2 (2011)
Multihoming, Content Delivery Networks, and The Market for Internet Connectivity
Elsevier
[02] P.Schmidt+2 (2012)
A first look at multi-access connectivity for mobile networking
ACM CSWS
[03] Y.Chen+5 (2013)
A Measurement...of MultiPath TCP Performance over Wireless Networks
ACM SIGCOMM IMC
[04]
(2013)
MultiPath TCP: Linux Kernel Implementation
http://multipath-tcp.org
[05] K.Yap+6 (2012)
Making use of all the networks around us: a case study in android
ACM SIGCOMM CellNet
[06] A.Makela+2 (2012)
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
22 /22
22/22

24. .
.
Comparison of load-balancing approaches for multipath connectivity
Elsevier
[07]
(2013)
OpenVSwitch project
http://openvswitch.org/
[08] E.Kohler+4 (2000)
The Click Modular Router
ACM TOCS
[09] A.Vasilakos+2 (2011)
Delay Tolerant Networks: Protocols and Applications
CRC Press
[10] A.Balasubramanian+2 (2007)
DTN Routing as a Resource Allocation Problem
SIGCOMM
[11] myself+0 (2013)
Multi-Source Stream Aggregation in the Cloud
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
22 /22
22/22

25. .
.
Wiley Book
[12] myself+0 (2013)
Experiments on practical WLAN designs for digital classrooms
IEICE ComEx
[13] myself+0 (2013)
Experiments with application throughput in a browser with full HTML5 support
IEICE ComEx
[14] myself+0 (2013)
Experiences from Measuring Per-Packet Cost of Software Defined Networking
IEICE SC Techreport
[15]
(2010)
Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer: Best Practical Guide
Wi-Fi Alliance
M.Zhanikeev -- maratishe@gmail.com --
Virtual Wireless User: Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct -- http://tinyurl.com/marat131204b ---
22 /22
22/22