Blogger pdf english book novo

2011
By Zenilda Barbosa Silva
English easy is with Grammar Focus
http://grammarfocus-easy.blogspot.com/
ENGLISH X PORTUGUESE

http://grammarfocus-easy.blogspot.com/ 2
1 Personal pronouns........................................................................................................ 5
2 Possessive adjectives and pronouns.............................................................................. 7
3 To be (present tense )..................................................................................................... 8
4 To be (past tense)………………………….……………………………………….…….. 11
5 There to be (present/past)...……………….………………………..…………………... 13
6 The indefinite articles: a/an………….……………………….……...………………….. 14
7 Demonstratives ………………………………………………………………………….. 15
8 Plural of nouns…………………………………………………………………….…….. 17
9 Nouns: gender ……………………………………………….................................... …. 19
10 Genitive case ……………………………………………………………………….……. 20
11 Present continuous tense – I …………………………………………………….……… 22
12 Present continuous tense – II ...………………………………………………………. 24
13 Past continuous tense – I ………………………………………………………………. 26
14 Past continuous tense – II ………….…………………………….………………......... 28
15 Going to (present) …………………….……………………………….………………. 29
16 Going to (past) …………………………………………………………………………… 31
17 Simple future tense ……………………………………………………..………………. 33
18 Imperative …………………………………………………………………………….… 35
19 Simple present tense – I ……………………………………….………………………. 37
20 Simple present tense – II ………………………………………………………………. 40
21 Simple present tense – III …………………………………………………….……...... 42
22 Quantitative (much-many) …………………….………………………………………... 44
23 Preposition – I …………………………………………………………………………... 46
24 Simple past tense – I……………………………………………………………………. 50
25 Simple past tense – II…………………………….……………………………………. 52
26 Simple past tense – III…………………………………………………………………. 53
27 Verb Tense review.………….……………………………….………………….………. 55
28 To have.…………………………………………………………………………………. 56
29 Future continuous tense….……………………………………………………………. 60
30 Indefinites (some/any/no)…..…………………………….…………………….……… 62
INDICE
Grammar Units

31 Compounds of some/any/no…………………………………………………..…………. 64
32 Reflexive Pronouns – I………………………………………………………….…….... 66
33 Reflexive Pronouns – II ................................................................................................ 68
34 Definite Article : The - I................................................................................................. 70
35 Definite Article : The – II .............................................................................................. 72
36 Prepositons – II .............................................................................................................. 74
37 Adjetives / adverbs – I ...................................................................................................... 76
38 Adjectives / adverbs – II ................................................................................................. 78
39 Degrees of Comparison – I .......................................................................................... 80
40 Degrees of comparison – II ............................................................................................ 82
41 Degrees of comparison – III ……………………………………………………………. 84
42 Present perfect tense – I ................................................................................................. 86
43 Present perfect tense – II ……………………………………………………………….. 88
44 Present perfect tense – III .............................................................................................. 90
45 Present perfect tense continous tense ………………………………………………….. 92
46 Past perfect tense ………………………………………………………………….…….. 94
47 Relative pronouns – I…………………………………………………………………….. 96
48 Relative pronouns - II……………………………………………………………………. 98
49 Relative pronouns - III…………………………………………………………………. 100
50 Prepositions - III…………………………………………………………………….….. 102
51 Future perfect tense……………………………………………………………………… 104
52 Conditional tenses……………………………………………………………………… 106
53 Conditional sentences - I……………………………………………………………….. 108
54 Condicional sentences - II………………………………………………………............ 110
55 Conditional sentences – III……………………………………………………….…….. 112
56 Anomalous verbs - I……………………………………………………………………… 114
57 Anomalous verbs - II…………………………………………………………………….. 117
58 Anomalous verbs - III……………………………………………………………………. 120
59 Interrogatives…………………………………………………………………………….. 122
60 Tag Endings – I…………………………………………………………………............. 124
61 Tag Endings – II (question tags page 61 and 62).………………………………………. 125
62 Passive voice - I…………………………………………………………………………. 128
63 Passive voice - II…………………………………………………………………………. 129
64 Preposition - IV…………………………………………………………………............. 131
65 Direct and indirect speech – I (reported speech)………………………….………….. 132

66 Direct and indirect speech – II………………………………………………………….. 135
67 Direct and indirect speech – III………………………………………………………….. 137
68 Causative use of have……………………………………………………………..……… 138
69 It takes…………………………………………………………………………………… 140
70 Gerund…………………………………………………………………………………… 141
71 Infinitive........................................................................................................................... 142
72 Infiniteve and gerund...................................................................................................... 144
73 Would rather / had better…………………………………………………………………. 146

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
- Pronome sujeito: é usado como sujeito da oração.
Ex.: I am Brazilian.
- Pronome objeto: é usado como objeto direto ou objeto indireto.
Ex.: Bob loves her.
Orações com dois objetos:
Ex.: He gave me some flowers. (Enfatiza o objeto direto)
He gave some flowers to me. (enfatiza o objeto indireto)
ELEMENTARY
Choose the correct alternative.
1 – (We, Us) offers get up early.
2 – I usually meet (him, he) at school.
3 – What is the problem with (they, them)?
LESSON ONE

INTERMEDIATE
Substitute the correct pronouns for the underlined word(s).
1 – Apes are very intelligent animals.
2 – The teacher is doing her work in the teachers’ room.
3 - What’s the problem with the girls?
ADVANCED
Transform the sentences.
Ex.: She is making a cake for Dad (him).
She is making him a cake.
1 – He is writing a card to her.
2 – They are buying a birthday present to their mother.
3 – He always asks difficult questions to us

POSSESSEVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Your Yours
Their theirs
- Adjetivo possessive: precede o substantivo.
Ex: This is my book.
- Pronome possessivo: substitui o substantivo.
Ex.: That book is mine.
- Os possessivos geralmente concordam com o possuidor
Ex.: I love my girl, you love yours.
► She is a friend of mine. (one of my friends)
ELEMENTARY
1 – I am doing (my, mine) homework.
2 – (our, ours) magazine is here, where are (their, theirs)?
3 – Sally is reading (her, hers) English book, Tom is reading (his, its).
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the correct possessives.
1 – John writes-------------composition and we don’t write-----------.
2 – The boys are waiting for -----------girlfriends.
3 - Ted, are those some of ----------friends?
ADVANCED
Supply the correct possessives for the words in italics.
1 – Mary’s books are on the table. Where are our books?
2 – The girls’ shoes aren’t here.
3 – This is Tom’s skate. I can’t find your skate.
LESSON TWO

THE VERB TO BE (ser/estar)
►Quero salientar, logo de início, que, além dos significados básicos de
ser e estar, o verbo to be é muito usado no sentido de ficar (tornar-se).
TO BE (present tense).
►Neste emprego do verbo to be devem insister porque a maioria das
pessoas que aprendem English costuma associar o to be apenas com ser
e estar, jamais com o verbo ficar.
Exemple: John is my friend. (O John é meu amigo)
They are American actors. (Eles são atores (norte-)
americanos.)
Peter and Susan were in a hurry. (O peter e a Susan estavam com
pressa)
They will be at the club. (eles estarão no clube)
Mary was upset when she heard the news.
(Mary ficou contrariada quando ouviu a notícia.)
Ou ainda, não esteve ou estava, nem foi ou era
I would be very grateful to you.
Eu lhe ficaria muito grato. (não seria ou estaria)
TO BE (Present tense):
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I am I am not Am I?
You are You are not Are you?
He is He is not Is he?
She is She is not Is she?
It is It is not Is it?
We are We are not Are we?
You are You are not Are you?
They are They are not Are they?
► Forma-se o negativo colocando-se not após o verbo.
► Forma-se a interrogativa colocando-se o verbo antes do sujeito.
► Formas abreviadas: ‘re (are), ‘s (is), isn’t (is not), aren’t (are not).
LESSON THREE

ELEMENTARY
Supply the verb to be in the Present Tense.
1 – Jack-----------hungry.
2 – Mr. Lee and I ---------very good friends.
3 – My house--------------on Lincoln Street.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the verb to be in the Present Tense.
1 – Our company------------- on Copley Road.
2 – I ------------Brazilian. My hometown -----------Recife.
3 - ------------your shoes in the closet?
ADVANCED
Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the
interrogative form.
1 – They are at home.
2 – Frank’s our best friend.
3 – Apples are expensive this week.
4 - I’m angry with you.
5 – My answers are correct.
6 – Their book is on the table.
OBSERVATION:
► We use ‘be’ to talk about names, age, nationality, states,
description, location, etc.

He is the same age as me.
I’m worried.
You are my favorite sister.
► We use the present simple to talk about everyday routines and
things we do repeatedly.
I get up at dawn.
What time does she get up?
At night, we often stay up late by the fire.
► We also use the present simple to talk about situations that are
permanent.
Where does she live?
She lives in Mexico.
Present simple:
This is the form of the present simple ( with like + noun and with dislikes like + -ing)
►We use the present simple of like to talk about things we like or don’t like.
Marina likes burges.
I don’t like my school uniform.
Do you like yellow?
►We often use like + -ing to talk about things we like or dislike doing.
I like watching TV.
I don’t like playing tennis.
Does Jade like cycling?
Attention People!

TO BE (past tense)
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I was I was not Was I?
You were You were not Were you?
He was He was not Was he?
She was She was not Was she?
It was It was not Was it?
We were We were not Were we?
You were You were not Were you?
They were They were not Were they?
► Forma-se a negativa colocando-se not após o verbo.
► Forma-se a interrogativa colocando-se o verbo antes do sujeito.
► Formas abreviadas: wasn‘t (was not), weren‘t (were not).
ELEMENTARY
Supply the verb to be in the Past Tense.
1 – I -----------tired last night.
2 – They ---------last for school.
3 – She --------------very happy at her birthday party.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the verb to be in the Past Tense.
1 – The old school building------------- near my house, it was far away.
2 – ------------the scientists tired after the meeting?
3 - Summer ------------very hot last year.
LESSON FOUR

ADVANCED
Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the
interrogative form.
1 – We were absent from class yesterday.
2 – The boxes were at the correct place.
3 – I was very angry at you.
4 – The policemen were near the corner.
5 – The red fish was out of the fish bowl.
6 – My name was the first on the list.
Observação: Já que o simple past corresponde ao nosso pretérito perfeito
e ao imperfeito, conseqüentemete I was, you were, he was etc. significam
também eu fui, você foi (tu foste), ele foi etc. Como saber, estão, qual dos
dois tempos está sendo usado ou mentalizado, em English? Analisando
qual dos dois, no contexto, faz mais sentido.
I was tired last night.
(eu estava cansado ontem á noite.)
They were in the kitchen.
(eles estavam na cozinha.)
It was the most important decision of my career.
(foi a decisão mais importante da minha carreira.)

THERE TO BE (Present/past)
PRESENT PAST
Singular There is (Há) There was (Havia)
Plural There are (Há) There were (Havia)
► Formas afirmativas: there is, there are, there was, there were.
► Forma interrogativas is there?, are there?, was there?, were there?
► Formas negativas: there is not, there are not, and there was not, there
were not.
►Formas abreviadas: there‘s (there is), there isn’t (there is not), there
aren’t (there are not), there wasn‘t (there was not), there weren’t (there
were not).
ELEMENTARY
Put sentences in negative and interrogative form.
1 – I There is homework for tomorrow.
2 – There were science books in our class.
3 – There is a lemon in the refrigerator.
INTERMEDIATE
1 – What (is there, there is) under the chair?
2 – (There is, There was) a police car here a minute ago.
3 – What (are there, was there) empty boxes in the garage.
ADVANCED
Supply the correct form of there to be in the sentences below.
1 – ………………….an accident on First Avenue yesterday.
2 – …………………anybody in room 201 now?
3 – …………………double about your project last week.
LESSON FIVE

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A/AN
► A (um, uma): usado antes de palavras que iniciam com som de consoante.
Ex.: a boy a horse a year a university a chair
► An (um, uma): usado antes de palavras que iniciam com som de vogal.
Ex.: an egg an umbrella an hour
► A e An não são usados antes de substantivos no plural e de substantivos
incontáveis (uncontable).
Ex.: Horses are mammals.
Would you like some Bread?
I need some money.
ELEMENTARY
1 – (A, An) bird can fly.
2 – He is (a, an) old man.
3 – There is (a, an) child in my room.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply a or an.
1 – She is ……………..woman in love.
2 – ……wife is …………woman.
3 – …………writer writes books.
ADVANCED
Supply a or an when necessary.
1 - ………. flies are………insects.
2- They are……… Italian. They like ……. macaroni.
3- We can make ………. cake with………. egg and………milk
LESSON SIX

DEMONSTRATIVES
► This (este, esta, isto) refere-se a algo que está próximo. O plural de this
é these.
Ex.: This book is interesting.
These books are interesting.
► That (aquele, aquela, aquilo) refere-se a algo que está longe. O plural
de that é those.
Ex.: That girl over there is my sister.
Those girls over there are my sisters.
ELEMENTARY
1 – (That, Those) are the shoes I want.
2 – I’m tired of (this, these) job.
3 – Let’s play with (that, those) children.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply this or that in questions 1 a 3 and these or those in questions 4 a 6.
1 – Look!…………..is my girlfriend inside the restaurant.
2 – …… isn’t my book. My book is over there on the table.
3 – Guess, what is ……….in my bands?
4 – …………flowers behind that house are beautiful.
5 – Let’s help ……… little boys near that tree.
6 – What are……….black spots on my fingers, doctor?
LESSON SERVEN

ADVANCED
Put the sentences into the plural form.
1 - What is that paper in the drawer?
2- This is his favorite rock band.
3- My sister likes that film.

PLURAL OF NOUNS
► De maneira geral, faz-se o plural acrescentando-se -s à forma do
singular.
Ex.: table – tables firl – firls chief – chiefs safe – safes.
► Substantivos terminados em – s, - ch, -sh, -x, - z e –o recebem –es.
Ex.: bus - buses church – churches brush - brushes.
Box – boxes buzz – buzzes tomato tomatoes
► Plural irregular:
Man – men
Foot - feet
woman - women
tooth – teeth
mouse - mice
child - children
►Alguns substantivos terminados em –f ou –fe mudam o - f ou - fe
para -v e recebem –es:
Calf - calves
Half - halves
Knife - knives
Leaf - leaves
life-lives
loaf - loaves
sheaf – sheaves
sheaf – sheaves
shelf - shelves
thief - thieves
wife - wives
wolf – wolves
►Palavras estrangeiras abreviadas terminadas em –o recebem –s .
Casino - casinos
Photo - photos
hippo - hippos
piano - pianos
►Algumas palavras estrangeiras conservam o plural de origem.
Bacterium - bactéria
Datum - data
crisis - crises
basis - bases
genius - geni
nucleus - nuclei
ELEMENTARY
Write the plural of the following nouns.
1 – policeman………………………………………………………...
LESSON EIGHT

2 – door……………………………………………………………….
3 – century…………………………………………………………….
INTERMEDIATE
Put the sentences into the plural form.
1 – This is an old woman.
2 –That Frenchman is buying a hat.
3 – The lady is near the church.

NOUNS: GENDER
► Há quatro gêneros em inglês: masculino (man, king, Lion), feminino
(woman, lady , hen), neutro (usado para coisas inanimadas:table, door,
etc.) e comum (usado para ambos os sexos: person, neighbor, etc.).
►O gênero é indicado por:
Ex.:
boy – girl
Father - mother
Man -
woman
brother - sister
horse – mare
nephew - niece
hull - cow
husband - wife
son – daughter
cock - hen
king - queen
uncle- aunt
►Terminação diferente:
Ex.:
actor - actress
steward - stewarde
waiter - waitress
lion - lioness
heir - heire
ancestor - ancestress
►Anteposição ou posposição de palavras:
Ex.:
Frenchman - Frenchwoman
Bull-elephant - cow-lephant
he-bear - she-bear
grandfather - grandmother
ELEMENTARY
Write the masculine of the following nouns.
1 – niece………………………………………………………...
2 – lioness……………………………………………………………….
3 – sister…………………………………………………………….
INTERMEDIATE
Rewrite supplying the feminine.
1 – My father is waiting for his brother.
2 – Look at that bull near the horse.
3 – The actor is sick.
LESSON NINE

GENITIVE CASE
► O caso genitivo expressa posse e é usado para pessoas e animais.
Ex.: the boy’s name (the name of the boy)
the cat’s eyes (the name of the boy)
► É formado pelo acréscimo de ‘s ao possuidor.
Ex.: Jack’s car Charles’s book the children’s book the men’s
house
►Quando o substantivo termina em –s, usar-se apenas o apóstrofo ( ‘ ):
Ex.: the girls’ room the ladies’ dresses
►substantivos compostos são tratados como substantivos simples:
Ex.: my father-in-law’s car
►O caso genitive também é usado para se referir a lugares.
►Anteposição ou posposição de palavras:
Ex.: I’m going to Grandma’s. (Grandma’s house)
He’s going to the baker’s. (the baker’s shop)
►Pode-se usar o caso genitivo para indicar coisas personificadas ou
dignificadas.
Ex.: the beauty’s Queen the earth’s surface
►Quando há mais de um possuidor:
a) para indicar posse comum, apenas o último possuidor recebe o
genitivo.
Ex.: Jack and Peter’s father (o mesmo pai)
b) para indicar posse individual, usa-se o genitivo para cada um dos
possuidores.
Ex.: Joe’s and Jane’s fathers (pais diferentes)
ELEMENTARY
Supply ‘ or ‘s.
1 – Don………car is in the garage.
2 – Mr. Simpson………secretary is outside.
3 – They sell ladies………hats in this store.
LESSON TEN

INTERMEDIATE
Put into the Genitive Case.
1 – The dresses of the girls --------------------------------------------------.
2 – The tail of the dog --------------------------------------------------.
3 – The cat of the students -------------------------------------------------.
ADVANCED
Rewrite supplying ‘ or ‘s where necessary.
1- (The boy and the girl) trousers are dirty.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 - We can meet at (Bob).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 - She is going to the (dentist).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE - I
► Como se forma: presente do verbo to be(estar) + o particípio presente
do verbo principal (verbo+ - ing).
I am studying
You are studying
She is studying
We are studying
You are studying
They are studying
► O pressente contínuo é usado para expressar ações que estão
acontecendo. É geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo: now,
at this moment, currently, today, etc.
►O present contínuo pode expressar também ações futuras.
Ex.: I am working next Saturday.
She is leaving tomorrow.
ELEMENTARY
Supply the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – My sister and I …………..(do) our homework now.
2 – My neighbors……………(travel) around the world.
3 – The cat………….. (sleep) in the garden.
INTERMEDIATE
Insert the verbs below in the correct places.
are studying am reading is ringing
1 – We --------------------------hard because we have a test tomorrow.
2 – I ------------------------a book on ancient Greece.
3 – Listen, the telephone --------------------------------.
LESSON ELEVEN

ADVANCED
Supply the correct form of the Present Continuous Tense of the
following verbs.
Teach play clean
1- Jene ------------------Portuguese in my school next year.
2- Where--------------the boys-----------football?
3- Jill ----------------------the bathroom. She is leaning her bedroom.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE – II
► Forma afirmativa: She is reading.
 Forma negative: She is not reading.
 Forma interrogative: Is she reading?
► Formas abreviadas: isn’t (is not), aren’t (are not).
► Geralmente os verbos não sofrem modificações ao receber a
terminação com –ing.
Porém:
a) se o verbo termina em –e, ele perde o –e ao receber – ing.
Ex.: drive - driving write - writing Love - loving
b) se o verbo termina em consoante /vogal/consoante, dobra-se a
última consoante e acrescenta-se - ing.
Ex.: cut - cutting swim – swimming run - running
ELEMENTARY
Put the sentences into the negative form.
1 – The boys are writing letters
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 – Karen is making a cake.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 – The cat is running around the table.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
INTERMEDIATE
Put the sentences from exercise I into the interrogative form.
1 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.
3 – ------------------------------------------------------------------------.
LESSON TWELVE

ADVANCED
Supply the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
4- The children--------------------------------------(swim) in the lake.
5- I-----------------------------------(cut) apples to make a pie.
6- He --------------------------------(take) a walk.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE – I
► Como se forma: passado do verbo to be + o particípio presente do verbo
principal (verbo+ -ing).
I was studying
You were studying
He was studying
She was studying
We were studying
You were studying
They were studying
► Afirmativa: They were studying.
Negativa: They were not studying.
Interrogativa: Were they studying?
► Formas abreviadas: wasn’t (was not), weren’t (were not).
They weren’t studying
ELEMENTARY
Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative form.
1 – She was walking to school.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 – They were playing chess.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 – The cat was sleeping under the bed.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Put the here sentences interrogative for.
1 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.
3 – ------------------------------------------------------------------------.
LESSON THIRTEEN

INTERMEDIATE
Supply the Past Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
7- The children--------------------------------------(cry) 5 minutes ago.
8- I-----------------------------------(study) geography.
9- Jane --------------------------------(prepare) dinner

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE – II
► O passado continuo é usado para expressar:
a) Ações que estavam acontecendo num determinado momento do
passado.
Ex.: They were studying five minutes ago
I was working yesterday morning.
b) Ações que estavam acontecendo quando uma outra ação ocorreu.
Ex.: They were studying when I arrived.
I was working when you called.
c) Duas ações que estavam acontecendo no mesmo momento.
Ex.: They were studying while I was working.
ELEMENTARY
Supply the Past Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – They --------------------(travel) to Japan when the accident happened.
2 – When you arrived, I ---------------------(take) a bath.
3 – The sun---------------------------(shine) when I got up this morning.
INTERMEDIATE
Insert the verbs in parentheses in the correct place.
1 – He --------------------a walk when he ----------- you. (was taking/saw)
2 – When she ------------, I ----------------------- lunch. (was having/arrived)
3 – The accident----------, when they------------home. (were driving /
happened)
ADVENCED
Supply the Simple Past or the Past Continuous Tense.
1 – The bird ----------------------(try) to fly when the cat caught it.
2 - I-----------------------------------(eat) piece of cake when mother
----------------------(not look).
3 - When she called us we -------------------(correct) our exercises.
LESSON FOUTEEN

GOING TO (PRESENT)
► Como se forma: presente do verbo to be + going + infinitivo do verbo
principal.
I am going to study
You are going to study
He is going to study
She is going to study
We are going to study
You are going to study
They are going to study
► Afirmativa: She is going to study.
Negativa: She is not (isn’t) going to study.
Interrogativa: Is she going to study?
► Going to (Present) é usado para expressar:
a) Ações que vão ocorrer no futuro próximo;
b) Planos ou intenções;
c) Probabilidade.
ELEMENTARY
1 – Donald (is going, is going to) meet me at 3 o’clock.
2 – What (is, are) you going to do tomorrow?
3 – My sister is going (to drive, to driving) her new car.
INTERMEDIATE
Put the verbs is parentheses into the Going to (Present) form.
1 – Henry --------------------(work) tomorrow morning.
2 – ------------, Jene ----------------------- (play) volleyball with us?
3 – What -------------you------------(have) for dessert?
LESSON FIFTEEN

ADVENCED
Write sentences. Follow the example.
Example: George – suit tomorrow night.
George is going to wear his new suit tomorrow night.
1 - My brother – buy – bicycle - next Saturday.
------------------------------------------------------------.
2 - Those gentlemen – eat – desert – outside.
------------------------------------------------------------.
3 - Jenet - bring – baby – tonight?
-----------------------------------------------------------.

GOING TO (PAST)
► Como se forma: passado do verbo to be +going + infinitivo do verbo
principal. Going to informa intentions and predictions
I was going to study
You were going to study
He was going to study
She was going to study
We were going to study
You were going to study
They were going to study
► Afirmativa: They were going to study.
Negativa: They were not (weren’t) going to study.
Interrogativa: were they going to study?
► We use going to to talk about something we have already decided todo or
somenting we intend to do in the future.
I’m going to be nicer to my sister.
I’m not going to eat so much chocolate.
A: What color is here going to paint his room?
B: He’s going to paint it purple.
How is He going to fix his sunglasses?
► Going to (Past) é usado para expressar uma ação planejada no passado, mas
que não aconteceu:
Ex.: I was going to study, but I was too tired.
ELEMENTARY
1 – Doris and Bob (was, were) going to travel.
2 – We (were going, was going) to clean the garage.
3 – Where (was he, he was) going to buy those books?
LESSON SIXTEEN

INTERMEDIATE
Put the verbs is parentheses into the Going to (Past) form.
1 – Tom --------------------(study) yesterday, but he couldn’t.
2 – ------------, you ----------------------- (work) last night?
3 – What -------------you------------(tell) m this morning?
ADVENCED
Answer the questions. Use the words in parentheses.
1- What was he going to do? (work).
------------------------------------------------------------.
2- What were you going to buy? (fruit).
------------------------------------------------------------.
3- What was she going to give you? (a present)
-----------------------------------------------------------.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (will – predictions)
► Como se forma: will + verbo principal.
I will study
You will study
He will study
She will study
We will study
You will study
They will study
► Afirmativa: They will (They’ll) study.
Negativa: They will not (won’t) study.
Interrogativa: Will they study?
► Formas abreviadas: ‘ll (will); won’t ( will not).
► O future simples é usado para expressar uma ação futura.
Ex.: They will arrive tomorrow.
► We use Will to talk about what we think or know Will happen in the
future.
Ex.: Will you be married in 2050?
There won’t be any cars in the future.
We’ll read fewer books in the future.
► We often use think, believe, in my opinion to talk about predictions with
Will.
Ex.: I think we’ll watch more TV.
I believe we’ll eat less candy.
In my opinion, we’ll eat more fast food.
ELEMENTARY
Change sentences 1 to 3 to the negative and 4 a 6 to the interrogative
form.
1- We will see you in the morning.
------------------------------------------------------------.
2- You will learn mathematics.
------------------------------------------------------------.
3- Sally will make a cake.
LESSON SEVENTEEN

----------------------------------------------------------.
4- They will help us tomorrow.
------------------------------------------------------------.
5- He will invite you.
------------------------------------------------------------.
6- She will work hard.
-----------------------------------------------------------.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the Future Tense.
1 – I --------------------(arrive) at 10 o’clock .
2 – ------------, it ----------------------- (cost) much money?
3 – We -------------(be) ready in ten minutes.
ADVENCED
Answer the questions. Use the words in parentheses.
7- Where will they work? (at home)
------------------------------------------------------------.
8- What will she do? (work)
------------------------------------------------------------.
9- How will tom travel? (by plane)
-----------------------------------------------------------.

IMPERATIVE
► Como se forma: verbo no infinitivo sem to.
Ex.: Come! Go! Speak! Help!
► Afirmativa: Go home!
Negativa: Don’t go home!
► O imperativo é usado para expressar uma ordem ou um pedido.
Ex.: Clean your room!
Please, help me!
►A forma imperativa let’s + verbo é usada para expressar uma
proposta ou um convite.
►Afirmativa: Let’s visit Nancy.
Negativa: Let’s not visit Nancy today.
ELEMENTARY
I - Change these sentences form the affirmative to the negative form.
1- Go outside.
------------------------------------------------------------.
2- Give this to him.
------------------------------------------------------------.
3- Put your books on the table.
----------------------------------------------------------.
II – Change these sentences from the negative to the affirmative form.
1 – Don’t open the door.
-------------------------------------------------------------.
2 – Let’s not visit her.
-------------------------------------------------------------.
3 - Don’t help him.
-----------------------------------------------------------.
LESSON EITHTEEN

INTERMEDIATE
1 – Don’t (open, wait) the window.
2 – Let1s not (invite, buy) her
3 – (wait, Go) for me.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - I
►Como se forma: verbo no infinitivo sem to. Na 3ª pessoa do singular
recebe –s ou -es.
I walk
You walk
He walks
She walks
It walks
We walk
You walk
They walk
► O presente simples é usado para expressar ações habituais. É geralmente
empegado com advérbios de tempo: always, often, usually, frequently ,
sometimes, never, every day, on Mondays, etc
Ex.: I usually walk to school.
He works walk to school.
►O presente simples pode expressar também verdades universais e ações
futuras planejadas.
Ex.: Birds fly.
The train leaves in five minutes.
ELEMENTARY
Supply the Simple Present Tense.
1 – Dogs------------------------(bark).
2 – I usually ------------(walk) to school.
3 – He ----------------(work) near his house.
INTERMEDIATE
1 – I (work, works) downtown.
2 – She usually (talk, talks) to him.
LESSON NINETEEN

3 – John (love, loves) you.
ADVANCED
Supply the following verb forms.
eats - have - visits
1 – Little Peter ----------------- fruit every morning.
2 - we --------------------------- breakfast at 7 o’clock.
3 – She ------------------- her parents every Sunday.
In foods use well countable and uncountable.
SPECIFIC GENERAL
Countable I’m buying an orange* I love oranges. Oranges are delicious.
Uncountable I’m buying some broccoli. I like. Broccoli is good for you.
*Note: singular = “I’m buying an orange. “ Plural = “I’m buying some
oranges.”
Attention People!

GRAMMAR FOCUS:
SOME AND ANY
Do we need any meat? We need some hamburger meat. We don’t need any clicken.
Do we need any soda? Yes, let’s get some soda. No. we don’t need any soda.
Yes, let’s get some. No, we don’t need any.
Note: some and any are also used with plural countable nouns:
“Do you want some bananas?” “No, I don’t want any.”
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
I always eat breakfast. Do you ever have fish for breakfast? 100% always
usually Yes, I always do. usually
often Sometimes I do. often
Sometimes No, I never do.
sometimes
seldom seldom
Sometimes I eat breakfast. 0% never

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – II
► Para forma a 3ª pessoa do singular de alguns verbos acrescenta-se -s
Ex.: walk - walks
► Se o verbo terminar em –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, - ou – o, acrescenta-se –es.
Ex.: Kiss – kisses wash – washes watch – watches
Fix – fixes buzz – buzzes GO - goes
► Se o verbo terminar em -y precedido de consoante, troca-se o –y por –
i e acrescenta-se –es.
Ex.: try - tries hurry - hurries study - studies
ELEMENTARY
Change the following sentences to 3rd
person singular.
1 – I hurry to the club every week.
2 – You often study hard.
3 – We watch TV In the evening.
____________________________________________________________
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the Simple Present Tense.
1– Jane------------(try) to learn how to swim every day.
2 – She always ----------------(wait) for me in front of school.
3 – They often -------------(dance) in the club on weekends.
LESSOTWENTY

ADVANCED
Supply the Simple Present Tense or the Present Continuous Tense.
1 - Linda……….. (study) now.
2- They ……… (live) in a big city.
3- I usually ……….. (get) up early.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – III
► Afirmativa: You study. He studies
Negativa: You do not study. He does not study.
Interrogativa: Do you study? Does He study?
► Foram abreviadas: don’t (do not) , doesn’t (does not).
► Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, em que se usa o verbo auxiliar
(do/does), o verbo principal fica no infinitivo, sem to.
► Frases iniciadas por palavras interrogativas como what, when,
where, how, why, etc. seguem as mesmas regras das frases
interrogativas.
ELEMENTARY
I - Turn into the negative form.
1 – We tell them about our plans.
2 – He eats lunch in the cafeteria.
3 – She lives in New York
____________________________________________________________
II – Turn the sentences from exercise I into the interrogative form.
1 - _________________________________________________________
2 - _________________________________________________________
3- _________________________________________________________
LESSON TWENTY ONE

INTERMEDIATE
Supply do or does to complete the following questions.
1– Where ----------he live?
2 – What ------------they usually eat?
3 – How much ----------------this usually eat?
ADVANCED
Ask questions. Use the words in parentheses.
1 - They meet Paul in the park. (where).
______________________________________
2- You travel by car. (how)
______________________________________
3- It rains in the spring.(when)
______________________________________

QUANTITATIVES (MUCH – MANY)
► Much (muito) e little (pouco) são usados com substantivos
incontáveis (geralmente no singular).
Ex.: much love, much milk , little coffee, little time
► Many (muitos) e few (poucos) são usados com substantivos
contáveis (geralmente no plural).
Ex.: many books, many boys, few pencils, few girls
OBSERVATION:
► Much e many, em frases afirmativa, podem ser substituídos por a
lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, lots of.
► Less (menos) é usado com substantivos incontáveis.
Fewer (menos) é usado com substantivos contáveis.
Ex.: She has less time to study than her brother.
She has fewer books than her father.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply much or many.
1 – There was ________ work yesterday.
2 - There are_________ old beliefs among us today.
3 - ____________single girls were at the dance yesterday.
II – Supply few or little.
1 – We have _______ time to study.
2 - _________ people agree with him.
3 – The baby drank ________ milk yesterday.
III – Supply less or fewer.
1 – I have ______ time to study than you.
LESSON TWENTY TWO

2 – We invited _________ friends than Joyce.
3 – Charles had _____ money than John, so he bought _____ oranges.
3 – How much ----------------this usually eat?
ADVANCED
1 - They meet Paul in the park. (where).
______________________________________
2- You travel by car. (how)
______________________________________
3- It rains in the spring.(when)
______________________________________

How much; how many; how old; how far; how long; ...
São expressões relacionadas com quantidade, dimensão, freqüência,
tempo etc., muito comuns na linguagem corrente. Aprenda a usar as
seguintes, que são as principais:
How much – quanto
How much did you pay for your shoes?
Quanto você pagou por seus sapatos?
How much is that câmera?
Quanto custa essa câmera?
How many – quantos, quantas
How many bananas o Jimmy comeu?
How many CDs você tem?
Quantos CDs você tem?
How old – quantos anos, que idade
How old is your fahter?
Quantos anos tem seu pai?
How wide – que largura, qual a largura
How wide is this river?
Que largura tem este rio?
How far – qual a distância
How far is it from Brasília to Rio?
Qual a distância de Brasília ao Rio?
How often – com que freqüência
How often do you go to church?
Com que freqüência você vai à igreja?
How long – qual o comprimento: quanto tempo
How long is this street?
Qual o comprimento desta rua?
How long Will you stay in New York?
Quanto tempo você vai ficar em Nova Iorque?
Observações:
a) Levando em conta a distinção entre os countable e uncountable nouns,
observe a diferença:
How much moneu do you want?
Quanto dinheiro você quer?
How many dollars do you have in your wallet?
Quantos dólares você tem em sua carteira?
How much beer did he drink?
Quanta cerveja ele bebeu?
How many sugar do we need?
De quanto açúcar precisamos?
How many kilos of sugar do we need?
De quantos quilos de açúcar precisamos?
b) Todas as expressões com how apresentadas anteriormente podem ser
empregadas também em perguntas indiretas.
Attention People!

Charles asked me how old I was.
O Charles me perguntou qual era a minha idade.
She wanted to know how far the airport was.
Ela queria saber qual era a distância até o aeroporto.
c) Finalmente, observe o uso de how:
►►na expressão how about (que tal?), equivalente a what about.
How about a cup of tea?
Que tal uma xícara de chá?
How about going to the movies?
Que tal irmos ao cinema?
►►Em frases exclamativas.
How interesting? Mas► What na interesting book!
Que interessante! Que livro interessante!
How foolish! Mas ► What a foolish Idea!
Que bobagem! Que idéia boba!
How exciting! Mas ► What na exciting movie!
Que empolgante! Que filme empolgante!
Como você deve ter percebido, how é usado apenas com adjetivos. Quando a frase
exclamtiva contém um substantivo, qualificado ou não, você é obrigado a começar
com what, sempre seguindo de um artigo indefinido, desde que o substantivo esteja
no singular.

PREPOSITION - I
TEMPO LUGAR
In (em;
dentro
Século (in the 20th
century) Continente (in Africa)
Década (in the 60’s) País (in England)
ano (in 1996) Estado (in Minis
Gerais)
Estação do ano ( in summer) Cidade ( in Curitiba)
Mês (in June) Bairro (in Ipanema)
Períodos do dia, exceto night
(in the morning)
Rua (in the street)
On (sobre;
em; em
cima.
Dia do mês (on May 2nd
) Nome de rua (on Main
Street)
de) Dia da semana (on Monday) Avenida (on 5th
Avenue)
Data específica (on Christmas
Day)
Praça (on Times
Square)
At
(em)
Hora (at 7 o’clock) Rua com número (at 54
Main Street)
Data específica sem a palavra
day (at Christimas)
Local específico (at
school. At church, at
home)
►among: entre (vários)
► around: ao redor de, em volta de
►Behind: atrás de
►Between: entre (dois)
► in front of : na frente de
►out of : fora de
►to: para
►under: embaixo de
Prepositions of time:
We use on, in, at in these ways:
►On + day, date
What are you doing on Saturday?
My birthday’s on September 5th
.
►In + a part of the day, month, year.
LESSON TWENTY THREE

I’m going shopping in the afternoon.
Where are you going in July?
We’re going to Paris in 2008.
►At + time of day
I get up at 7:30.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply the appropriate prepositions.
1 – Walk three times ________ the pool.
2 - Helen is_________ home.
3 – The books are ____________the floor___________ the chair.
4 – He is studying _____ Paris.
5 – Wait for me _________of the cinema.
6 – The girls are ________ the tree and the house.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - I
Como se forma: de modo geral, acrescentar-se –ed ao infinitivo dos
verbos. (see lesson 54)
I walked
You walked
He walked
She walked
It walked
We walked
You walked
They walked
►O passado simples é usado para expressar ações acabadas em um
tempo definido.
É geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo: yesterday, ago, last
... etc.
Ex.: The walked to school yesterday.
Pessoas! Eu já havia esclarecido bem lá no inicio destas
lições que as regras de português valem e é igual a nossa
gramática.... Inclusive sobre os marcadores temporais baseado na
régua.
► O passado simples pode expressar também hábitos passados.
Ex.: I always walked to school when I was five years old.
ELEMENTARY
I - Choose the correct alternative.
1 – I (listened, listen) to the weather forecast 5 minutes ago.
2 – She (waters; watered) the flowers very early this morning.
3 – He (shout; watered) at me in the middle of the street.
INTERMEDIATE
LESSON TWENTY FOUR

Supply the Simple Past Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – Glenda____________(talk) to me and hour ago.
2 – We ____________(walk) to school yesterday.
3 – I ___________ (enter) this group in January.
ADVANCED
Passed cleaned played
1 – He always __________ his examinations when he was young.
2 – I ____________ my room before going to school.
3 – They ________the piano very well years ago.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - II
► Em english há verbos regulares e irregulares.
►Para se formar o passado simples dos verbos regulares acrescenta-se
- d / -ed ao verbo.
Ex.: Love - loved change - changed talk - talked play - played
►Se o verbo terminar em -y precedido de consoante, troca-se o –y
por – ied.
Ex.: cary - carried study - studied hurry - hurried
►Se o verbo terminar em sílaba forte formada por consoante / vogal /
consoantes, dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se - ed.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply the Simple Paste Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – I__________ (try) to talk to Helen last night.
2 – The fire __________ (occur) while we were out of the house.
3 – He ___________ (love) his old dog very much.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the Simple Past Tense of the irregular verbs in parentheses.
1 – She____________(bring) many friends to our party.
2 – I ____________(meet) her five minutes ago.
3 – I ___________ (leave) home very early yesterday.
ADVANCED
Passed cleaned played
1 – He always __________ his examinations when he was young.
2 – I ____________ my room before going to school.
3 – They ________the piano very well years ago.
LESSON TWENTY FIVE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - III
► Afirmativa: He studied. He spoke.
Negativa: He did not study. He did not speak.
Interrogativa: Did he study? Did he speak?
► Forma abreviada: didn’t (did not).
►Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, em que se usa o verbo
auxiliar (did), o verbo principal fica no infinitivo, sem to.
ELEMENTARY
Put the sentences into the interrogative form.
1 – They worked together for many years.
2 – I studied English yesterday.
3 – She went to school by car.
II – Put the sentences above into the negative form.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
INTERMEDIATE
1 – Where did he (go, went)?
2 – When did they (came, come) from work?
3 – What time did you (arrived, arrive) last night?
ADVANCED
LESSON TWENTY SIX

1 – He went to the movies. (Where)
2 – She taught French last year. (When)
3 – We traveled by plane. (How)

REVIEW
► ALL STILL NOW
ELEMENTARY
Put the sentences into the interrogative form.
1 – They worked together for many years.
2 – I studied English yesterday.
3 – She went to school by car.
II – Put the sentences above into the negative form.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
INTERMEDIATE
1 – Where did he (go, went)?
2 – When did they (came, come) from work?
3 – What time did you (arrived, arrive) last night?
ADVANCED
1 – He went to the movies. (Where)
2 – She taught French last year. (When)
3 – We traveled by plane. (How)
LESSON TWENTY SEVEN

TO HAVE
► Presente (present) ► Passado (past)
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
You have
They have
I had
You had
He had
She had
It had
We had
You had
They had
► To have pode ser usado como verbo comum.
► Afirmativa: You have a car.
Interrogativa: Do you have a car?
Negativa: You don’t have a car.
► To have também pode ser usado como verbo auxiliar na formação
de tempos perfeitos (presente perfeito, passado perfeito, etc.).
Ex.: I have seen Mary.
He has worked very much.
► Particularidade
Como verbo comum, have pode dispensar o auxiliar (do, does,
did) nas formas interrogativa e negativa.
Ex.: Have you a car?
You haven’t a car.
ELEMENTARY
1 – We (have, has) many things in common.
2 – They (have, didn’t have) a good time yesterday.
3 – She (hasn’t, doesn’t) any money.
INTERMEDIATE
Choose the following sentences from past to present.
LESSON TWENTY EIGHT

1 – She had a sister and a brother.
2 – Mary and Tom had an old car.
3 – The room had two doors.
ADVANCED
Put the following sentences into the affirmative form.
1 – He didn’t have a car.
2 – Does Dr. Adams have many patients?
3 – I don’t have blue eyes.

THE VERB TO HAVE (O VERBO TER)
The verb TO HAVE (ter) é o auxiliar utilizado para composto do perfect tenses,
verbo principal e modal verb (have to).
TO HAVE – como verbo principal (ter, possuir).
To have – vem sempre seguido de um substantivo, que pode ser precedido por
um adjetivo, ou por um pronome.
Como todo verbo principal, to have (no infinitivo) pede o auxiliar do para
compor a forma negativa e a interrogativa.
Simple present (presente) TO HAVE (eu tenho) - nas formas:
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
– 3ª pessoa do singular; e have – demais
pessoas.
- does not (doesn’t) have – 3ª pessoas do
singular; e do not (don’t) have – demais
pessoas.
- Does + sujeito + have – 3ª pessoa do
singular.
Do + sujeito + have - demais pessoas.
Simple past (pretérito perfeito/imperfeito) - HAD (eles
tinham) nas formas:
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
- had – todas as pessoas
- did not have – todas as pessoas (did’nt)
- did + sujeito + have – todas as pessoas
Simple future (futuro do presente) – WILL HAVE (eu terei) nas
formas:
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
- will have – todas as pessoas
- will not have – todas as pessoas (won’t)
- will + sujeito + have – todas as pessoas
OBS.: Como o verbo principal, to have, além de expressar posse, pode
expressar também ação relacionada a uma refeição, substituindo to drink
(beber, tomar) e to eat (comer).
1) I had breakfast at seven o’clock. a) Let’s have lunch together! b) What
are you going to have: wine or beer?
- No sentido de posse, já sabemos que to have não aceita gerúndio. Porém
quando substitui to drink ou to eat, o gerúndio pode ser usado. a) I’m
having dinner. b) He’s having a cup of coffee.
2) Além desses dois usos, to have pode ainda, ser utilizado em algumas
expressões:
a) Have a good time! b) Have a good test! c) Have a nice weekend!
Attention People!

Empregado no sentido de ter de, ter que, expressando obrigação,
necessidade, have vem sempre seguindo de um verbo no infinitivo (com to).
Nesse caso, to have comporta-se do mesmo modo que um verbo principal na
forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.
Simple present - verbo no infinitivo
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
I have to do my homework. (tenho que fazer)
She doesn’t have to set the table. (não tem que)
Do you have to go now? (tem que ir)
Simple past - verbo no infinitivo
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
I had to tell dim the truth. (tive que contar )
He didn’t have to pay the fine. (não teve que
pagar)
Did they have to walk ten kilometers?
(tiveram que caminhar)
Simple future - verbo no infinitivo
Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
Tom will have to go by bus. (terá que ir)
Tom won’t have to go by bus. (não terá que
ir)
Will Tom have to go by bus? (terá que ir)
HAVE, HAVE TO; HAVE GOT; HAVE GOT TO
To have, como você sabe, significa ter, possuir, e, seguido de to, significa ter
de, ter que, no sentido de obrigação, necessidade.
Em ambos os casos, os native speakers freqüentemente acrescentam got
(particípio de get) depois de have. No sentido de possuir em nada altera o
significado. Porém, no sentido de obrigação, necessidade, reforça e dá maior
ênfase.
LUCY has got two brothers and three sisters. (tem)
Have you got five dollars to lend me? (tem)
I’ ve got to be there at 5 pm. (tenho que)
They’ve got to help you! (têm que)
OBS.: Essa construção com got só pode ser empregada no presente. Nos
demais tempos, emprega-se apenas to have.
Charles had to leave early. (teve) ;
We had a good opportunity. (tivemos)
Susan will have to see a doctor. (terá);
I don’t know if I passed; I’ll have an answer tomorrow.(terei)
Attention People!

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
► Como se forma: future do verbo to be (will be) + o verbo principal no
particípio presente (verbo + -ing).
I will be working
You will be working
He will be working
She will be working
It will be working
We will be working
You will be working
They will be working
► Afirmativa: I will be working.
Interrogativa: Will I be working?
Negativa: I Will not be working.
► Forma abreviada: won’t (Will not).
ELEMENTARY
Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and 4 to 6 into the interrogative form.
1 – I will be studying at 5 o’clock.
__________________________________
2 – You will be lining in Japan next year.
_______________________________
3 – We will be living in Japan next year.
_______________________________
4 - I will be moving to L.A. by May.
______________________________
5 – They will be leaving when you arrive.
_______________________________
6 – She will be arriving by 4 o’clock
LESSON TWENTY NINE

INTERMEDIATE
Put the following sentences into the Future Continuous Tense.
1 – We will have dinner at 8 o’clock.
_____________________________
2 – He will wait for you on the corner.
________________________________
3 – Tom and I will talk to you in an hour.
_______________________________
ADVANCED
Supply the future Continuous form of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – Tomorrow at this time I ------------------------(fly) to Italy.
2 – When you arrive, she-----------------(cook) lunch.
3 – When we get there, they--------------(prepare) our sandwiches.

INDEFINITES (SOME/ ANY/ NO)
► Usa-se some (algum, alguns, algumas, algumas) em frase afirmativa.
► Usa-se no (nenhum, nenhuma) em frases negativas.
► Usa-se any (algum, alguns, algumas, algumas, nenhum, nenhuma)
em frases negativas e interrogativas.
Ex.: There are some books here.
There are no books here.
There aren’t any books here.
Are there any books here?
► Some é usado em frases interrogativas apenas em caso
de oferecimento ou quando se espera uma resposta
afirmativa.
Ex.: Would you like some coffee?
Have you lost some Money?
►any é usado em frases afirmativas quando:
a) Aparecer após a palavra IF.
If you have any questions, ask me.
b) Significar qualquer.
Take any book you need.
c) Houver palavra de sentido negativo na frase, como
seldom, never, rarely, without, etc.
He left without any money.
ELEMENTARY
I – Supply some or any.
1 – Give me ________ coffee.
2 – There aren’t _______good books here.
3 – I brought you _________aspirins.
II - Supply any or no.
1 – We have ________money to buy a car.
LESSON THIRTY

2 – We haven’t ______money to go to the movies.
3 - There are _________ boys in the garden.
INTERMEDIATE
1 – He seldom has (no, any) money.
2 – Would you like (some, no) tea?
3 – They never bring (no, any) food home.

COMPOUNDS OF SOME/ ANY/ NO
► Os compostos de some, any e no seguem as mesmas regras de uso
destes.
► Compostos de some: somebody, someone, something, somewhere.
► Compostos de no: nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere.
► Compostos de any: anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere.
Ex.: There is somebody in that room.
There is nobody in that room.
There isn’t anybody in that room.
Is there anybody in that room?
INTERMEDIATE
Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. (Use a
compound of no from 1 to 3 and a compound of any from 4 to 6.)
1 – I have something to tell you.
______________________________
2 – There is somebody sleeping.
______________________________
3 – The children are somewhere in the house.
_____________________________
4 – I lost my watch somewhere in the garden.
_____________________________
5 – He told us something about his life.
_________________________
6 – Karen went somewhere near the lake.
_________________________
LESSON THIRTY ONE

ADVAMCED
Supply some, any, no or compounds.
1 – I haven’t _________time to help you.
2 – That poor boy has__________ to wear.
3 – he can’t see_________ without his glasses.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – I
Personal Pronouns: Reflexive Pronouns:
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Yourselves
Themselves
► O pronome reflexivo pode ter função reflexiva, indicando que a
ação do verbo recai sobre o próprio sujeito. Nesse caso o pronome vem
após o verbo e concorda com o sujeito.
Ex.: He hurt himself in the game.
► Quando o sujeito for um pronome indefinido (some, any, no
ou seus compostos), a concordâncias é feita com a 3ª pessoa do
singular. Sempre no masculino.
Ex.: Nobody hurt himself.
ELEMENTARY
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns.
1 – James drinks too much. He is destroying ______________.
2 – We wash ____________ in the morning.
3 - The boy hurt ____________ when he fell from a tree.
INTERMEDIATE
LESSON THIRTY TWO

1 – You must all behave_____________ at the table.
2 – I was thinking to ____________ when Ingrid entered the room.
3 – Has anybody here hurt _____________from the game?

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS - II
►Os pronomes reflexivos podem ter função idiomática. Nesse caso o
pronome vem precedido de by e significa “sozinho”, “sem ajuda”.
Ex.: I live by myself.
► Os pronomes reflexivos também podem ter função enfática. Nesse
caso eles concordam com a pessoa ou coisa que se quer enfatizar.
Ex.: She talked to the President. (frase sem nenhuma enface)
She herself talked to the President. (enface no sujeito)
She talked to the Present herself. (enface no sujeito)
She talked to the President himself. (ênfase no objeto)
ELEMENTARY
Substitute the word alone. Use reflexive pronouns idiomatically.
1 – The princess lives in the castle alone.
_________________________
2 – I want to do that work alone.
_________________________
3 - Nobody will help you. Do it alone.
_________________________
INTERMEDIATE
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. Use them emphatically.
1 – Mr. Gordon_____________ prepared the examination.
2 – The children ____________ built the doghouse.
3 – I painted the room_____________.
LESSON THIRTY THREE

ADVANCED
1 – He ____________prefers to cook lunch.
2- The boys cut __________ in the garden.
3 – I hurt___________ during the game.

DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE – I
► The: o, a, os, as
► O artigo definido é usado:
a) Antes de substantivos precedidos
ou não por adjetivos.
Ex.: the boy the sad boy
b) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de família.
Ex.: the violin the Kennedys
c) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas
(plural), países (plural), hotéis cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.
Ex.: the Pacific the United States the Himalayas
the Caribbean the Hilton Hotel the Bahamas
the Amazon River the Roxy the Titanic
d) antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.
Ex.: the rich the poor the dead
e) antes de um substantive único na espécie, ou quando
particularizado.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply a, an or the.
1 – ………Browns like to play …………guitar.
2 – There was…………boy near…………corner.
3 – ……….Andes are………….highest mountains in South America.
ADVANCED
I – Supply a , an or the.
1- I bought ……… book ……………book cost 10 dollars.
LESSON THIRTY FOUR

2- We had……….very good time at………picnic.
3- I found……. Dog in …….street and took ……… dog home.
II - Supply a, an or the where necessary.
1 - ………Krakatoa, which east………. Island in ……… Indonesia
exploded.
2-……….sun rises in……….east and sets in………..west.
3- Before…………war, I worked for……….insurance company.

DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE – II
► O artigo definido é omitido:
a) Antes de nomes próprios e de nomes de ciências e línguas.
Ex.: Mary Bob mathematics Spanish
b) Antes de substantivos usados no sentido geral e de substantivos
incontáveis.
Ex.: honesty gold money man coffee wood]
c) Antes de possessivos.
Ex.: our car his house their children
d) Antes de alguns substantivos como home, church, school,
hospital, bed, prison, quando usados para o seu propósito
original.
Ex.: I went to church (to pray).
I went to school (to study).
I went to hospital 9because I was sick).
► O artigo definido é usado:
a)Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos.
Ex.: the boy the sad boy
b) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de família.
Ex.: the violin the Kennedys
c) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas
(plural), países (plural), hotéis cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.
Ex.: the Pacific the United States the Himalayas
the Caribbean the Hilton Hotel the Bahamas
the Amazon River the Roxy the Titanic
d) antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.
Ex.: the rich the poor the dead
e) antes de um substantive único na espécie, ou quando
particularizado.
Ex.: I went to church (to pray).
I went to school (to study).
I went to hospital (because I was sick).
LESSON THIRTY FIVE

INTERMEDIATE
Supply a, an or the where necessary.
1 – ………moon was shining beautifully in …………sky.
2 –…………silver is used to make…………watches.
3 – ……….honesty of that woman is surprising.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the where necessary.
4- ……… boys are usually stronger than ……………girls.
5- ……….accident happened when we were entering……restaurant.
6- They like……. cheese …….milk, and ……… Switzerland.
II - Supply a, an or the where necessary.
1 - ………lead in heavy.
2-……….James Watt reinvented……….steam engine in 1760.
3- …………gold and……….silver are scare.

PREPOSITION - II
► ABOUT: aproximadamente; sobre
► ABOVE: acima
► AFTER: após
►AGAINST: contra
►BEFORE: antes; diante de
► FOR: por, para
► FROM: por, para
►INTO: em; para dentro
►OF: de (indicando posse)
►THROUGH: através
For this preposition have verbs followed by prepositions
INTERMEDIATE
I complete the sentences with the following prepositions:
Against - about - above - after
1 – It is difficult to run………the wind.
2 –He talked…………his old friend.
3 –The bird flew ………. The old friend.
II – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:
From - For - Before
1 – Turn right……….. you get to the post office.
2 – She baked a cake……….. her daughter.
3 – He is……………China.
III - Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:
Into - Of - Through
1 – He went……… The house, took his sunglasses, and went to the
park.
LESSON THIRTY SIX

2 – She cut the cake…………. four pieces.
3 - He is the only son …………. My friend;
ADVANCED
I – Supply the appropriate prepositions.
1- Walk straight ahead; then take the first street……… the museum.
2- The package……….Tom has just arrived.
3- Our office is open…………..nine to one every day.

ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS - I
► Os adjetivos modificam substantivos:
Ex.: a good friend a pretty girl
► Os advérbios modificam verbos, adjetivos ou outros advérbios.
Ex.: She walks slowly.
They are very stupid.
You drive tôo fast.
► Muitos advérbios são formados acrescentando-se -ly ao adjetivo ou
um prefixo ou sufixo ao substantivo.
Ex.: sincere - sincerely board - aboard week - weekly
►Algumas palavras como hand, fast, late, early, far e much podem
ser adjetivos e advérbios.
Ex.: This is a fast car.
►Alguns advérbios apresentam duas formas com significados
diferentes:
Late – lately near - really hard - hardly
Ex.: Jack lives near the school. (perto)
We nearly had an accident yesterday. (quase)
ELEMENTARY
1 – Jeff is an (intelligent, intelligently) student.
2 – He lives (near, nearly) the school.
3 – Can you speak more (clear, clearly), please?
INTERMEDIATE
I - complete the sentences with the following words:
silently - kind - curious - normally
LESSON THIRTY SERVEN

1 – The accident happened because he was driving too………….. .
2 – Why don’t you ask that …………man?
3 – He opened the door so ………. That nobody noticed it.
II – Complete the sentences with the following words:
near - hardly - nearby - nearly - hard
1 – Mark fell from the bicycle and ……….. broke his arm.
2 – Our last exam was very…………. .
3 – Louise had to go to a ……………store to buy sugar.
ADVANCED
I – Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.
1- Girl - a - Martha - is - smart
______________________________________.
2- Letter - kindly - he - answered - my.
______________________________________.
3- We - supermarket - buy – never - that - vegetables - at.
______________________________________.

ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS - II
► Os adjetivos de tempo (now, today, yesterday, etc.) e os de lugar
(there, here, etc.) geralmente vêm no final d frase.
Ex.: She is studying now. He lives there.
► Os advérbios de frequência (always, seldom, rarely, already, often,
never, etc.) são colocados antes do verbo principal, mas sempre após o
verbo auxiliar.
Ex.: They always walk toschool. He is often smiling.
I don’t usually walk to school. I have never seen her here.
► Quando há vários advérbios, eles são colocados no final da frase, na
seguinte ordem: modo –lugar - tempo (exceto com o verbo to GO:
lugar – modo – tempo).
Ex.: He walked very slowly to school yesterday.
They went to school happily this morning.
►Quando há vários advérbios de tempo ou de lugar, a unidade menor
vem primeiro.
Ex.: He gets up at seven forty-five in the morning.
I live in a small village in Arizona.
ELEMENTARY
I – Complete the sentences with the following adverbs:
Really - slowly - here - usually - ever
1 – Billy……………..writes cards to his parents on their birthdays.
2 – It’s hard to understand Mrs. Brown because she speaks very……. .
3 – Have you…………………..seen a ghost?
II – Complete the sentences with the following adverbs:
Everywhere - seldom - just - yesterday - never
1 – Little children must………………… go out at night.
2 – It …………………..rains in a desert. Only about three times a year.
LESSON THIRTY EIGHT

3 – Her car broke………………………….
INTERMEDIATE
I – Put the adverbs in parentheses into the correct place.
1 – Harold went…..…… (by bus / this morning / to school)
_________________________________________________
2 –Jane speaks………… (very / always /fast)
_________________________________________________
3 –They want to go…… (to Rio / next week / by car).
_________________________________________________
ADVANCED
I – Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.
1- is - his - Willy - doing - already - homework.
______________________________________.
2- Sundays - visit - on - Grandma - always - we.
______________________________________.
3- Susan - rarely - noon – I - here - see - at.
______________________________________.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON - I
►Em inglês os adjetivos e os advérbios podem aparecer nos graus
normal, comparativo e superlativo.
► Comparativo de igualdade: é formado com as ... as (em freses
afirmativas) e not so .... as ( em frases negativas).
Ex.: Shirley is as tall as Tom. (affirmative) .
Shirley is not so tall as Bob. (negativa).
► Comparativo e superlativo de inferioridade: são formados com
less... than e the least.
Ex.: Shirley is less tall than Bob.
Fred is the least tall in our class.
► Comparativo e superlativo de superioridade de adjetivos ou
advérbios com mais de uma sílaba: são formados com more... than e
the most.
Ex.: Helen is more intelligent than Bob.
Sylvia is the most intelligent girl I know.
►Than significa “do que” e aparece sempre nos
comparativos de inferioridade e de superioridade.
Ex.: He reads more books than you.
My book is less expensive than yours.
►The sempre aparece com superlativos de inferioridade ou de
superioridade.
Ex.: This is the least expensive pen you can buy.
Mr. Taylor is the most intelligent man I know.
ELEMENTARY
I – Supply the comparative of equality of the adjectives or adverbs in
parentheses.
1 – Peter is……………..(smart) his friend Bill.
2 – My car is not……. … (old) your truck.
LESSON THIRTY NINE

3 – Lucy is…………………..(pretty) Jane.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Choose the correct alternative.
1 – My sister speaks English (less, the least) fluently than my brother.
2 –Can you write (so fast, as fast as) you can read?
3 – Who is (the most, the less) intelligent student in your class?
ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct comparative or superlative of the adjectives or
adverbs I parentheses.
1- Is Patrick……………….. (tall) as you?
2- I think Kelly does not live…………………. (far) as Jane.
3- This exercise is not………………. (easy) the previous one.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON - II
►Comparativo e superlativo de superioridade de adjetivos e advérbios
com uma só sílaba: são formados com as terminações -er e –est,
respectivamente.
Ex.: tall - taller - the tallest hot – hotter - the hottest
► Comparação irregular
Ex.: good – better - the Best much – more – the most
bad - worse - the worst many – more – the most
little - less - the least far - farther - the farthest
further – the furthest
► Palavras terminadas em consoante / vogal/ consoante dobram
a última consoante antes de receber –er ou –est.
Ex.: hot – hotter - the hottest big - bigger - the
biggest
► Palavras terminadas em –e recebem apenas –r e –st.
Ex.: large – larger - the largest wide – wider - the widest
► Palavras terminadas em - y precedido de consoante troam o -
y por – i ao receber – er e – est.
Ex.: happy – happier – the happiest ugly – uglier – the
ugliest
ELEMENTARY
1 – The climate in Amazonas is (warmer, the warmest) than in São
Paulo.
2 – Nancy in the ( happier, happiest) girl today. It’s her birthday.
3 – My brother is (tall than, taller) than the boys.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the correct comparative or superlative of superiority of the
adjective in parentheses.
LESSON FORTY

1 – This room is …………. (dark) than that room.
2 – Is this the……………..(wide) street in this city?
3 – Bob in feeling ……………….(good) now than he was yesterday.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the comparative and superlative of superiority.
1. Spring water is ……………….. (pure) tap water.
2. Mark is…………………. (funny) his brother Jason.
3. Betty bought………………. (little) food than she needed.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON - III
EXCEÇÕES:
►As palavras Just, real, right e wrong formam o comparativo e o
superlativo de superioridade com more e the most. Diferentemente das
demais palavras de uma só sílaba.
Ex.: Just - more Just - the most Just.
► Palavras dissílabas terminadas em –ful, - ous, - re, - ing e – Ed
formam o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com more e
the most.
Ex.: hopeful - more hopeful - the most hopeful.
► Palavras dissílabas terminadas em – le , - ow, -er, e - y formam
o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com – er e –est.
Ex.: narrow - narrowe - the narrowest
Construções especiais feitas com comparativos:
► He is getting fatter and fatter. ( cada vez mais gordo)
Gasoline is more and more expensive every year. (cada vez
mais cara)
► The hotter, the better. (Quanto mais quente melhor)
The more I see you, the more I Love you. (Quanto mais eu te
vejo, mais eu te amo.)
ELEMENTARY
Supply the comparative or superlative of superiority
1 – Grace is………………………….. (wonderful) girl in my class.
2 – The table is ………………… (heavy) the chair.
3 – This is …………………. (hitter) drink I have ever tasted.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Complete the sentences. Use special comparative constructions.
1 – These exercises are getting …………. (difficult).
LESSON FORTY ONE

2 – The sooner you arrive……………..(good) .
3 – The more he works. ……………….(rich) he gets.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct degree of comparison or comparative
construction.
1- The less he tries, the ……………….. (little) he gets.
2- The sick person is getting…………………. (bad).
3- Have you heard………………. (late) news?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – I
Como se forma: presente do verbo to have + particípio passado do
verbo principal.
I have studied
You have studied
He has studied
She has studied
We have studied
You have studied
They have studied
► Afirmativa: They have studied.
Negativa: They have not studied.
Interrogativa: Have they studied?
► Formas abreviada: haven’t (have not), hasn’t (has not).
► O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual ao passado
simples.
Ex.: studied played
►O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares não segue regras.
(ver a lista de verbos irregulares no final do livro.)
ELEMENTARY
I – Turn into the negative form.
1. I have worked hard.
___________________________________________
2 – You have talked a lot.
___________________________________________
3 – She has washed the dishes.
___________________________________________
LESSON FORTY TWO

II – Turn into the interrogative form.
1 – They have built many buildings.
___________________________________________
2 – I have told him the truth.
___________________________________________
3 - She has bought our friends.
__________________________________________
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – That man …………………… (build) another house.
2 – We…………….. (go) to the country by car.
3 – She. ……………….(cook) much money.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – II
O presente perfeito é usado para expressar:
► ações que começaram no passado e continuam até o presente.
Ex.: I have lived here since 1990.
► ações que aconteceram num tempo indefinido no passado. (se for
mencionado ou sugerido o tempo exato em que a ação ocorreu, usa-se o
passado simples.)
Ex.: I have studied English. (tempo indefinido)
I studied English yesterday. (tempo exato)
► ações que aconteceram várias vezes no passado.
Ex.: We have seen that film many times.
ELEMENTARY
1 – Paul (wrote - has written) his name in my book.
2 – I (visited - have visited) Miami many times.
3 – He (went – has gone) to Miami last week.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the simple past or the Present Perfect Tense.
1 – I …………………… (finish) my homework.
2 – John…………….. (lose) his car keys .
3 – We. ……………….(do) this exercise before.
LESSON FORTY THREE

ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct answer. Use the following verb forms.
has slept has eaten arrived have heard spoke
drove won have drunk have seen has sung
1- The less he tries, the ……………….. (little) he gets.
2- The sick person is getting…………………. (bad).
3- Have you heard………………. (late) news?
II - Supply the Simple Past, the Simple or the Present Perfect Tense.
1 – He always ……….(give) me beautiful presents.
2 – John……………..(come) to the party alone last night.
3 - He……….. (keep) her photo I his drawer.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – III
O presente perfeito é também usado com as seguintes palavras:
► since (desde): I have studied english since April.
► for (durante): I have studied english for two years.
► Just (acabar de): They have Just arrived from London.
►already (já): They have already arrived.
Have they already arrived?
► yet (já, ainda): They haven’t arrived yet.
Have they arrived yet?
ELEMENTARY
I Supply since or for.
1 – We have lived there………………… two years.
2 – We have lived there……………….. last year.
3 – The bell has rung…………………. Half an hour.
II – Supply yet or already.
1 – I’ve………………….done my exercises.
2 – She hasn’t answered the question………….. .
3 – They’ve……………….. talked to me.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – Karl ………………just…………… (arrive).
2 – I…………….. (wait) for you for two hours .
LESSON FORTY FOUR

3 – He. ……………….(attract) me since I was a girl.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the correct verb tense.
1- He…………………. (sit) on that sofa three hours ago.
2- I………………. (read) that book there times.
3- The baby…….……….. (sleep) now.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINOUS TENSE
Como se forma: presente perfeito do verbo to be + particípio do verbo
principal (forma –ing).
I have been studying
You have been studying
He has been studying
She has been studying
We have been studying
You have been studying
They have been studying
►Afirmativa: They have been studying
► Negativa: They have not been studying
► Interrogativa: Have they been studying?
► O presente perfeito contínuo, assim como o presente perfeito,
é usado para expressar coes que começaram no passado e
continuam até o presente, porém enfatiza a continuidade das
ações.
Ex.: I’m very tired because I’ve been working since eight in the
morning.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 – She………………… (work) in the factory for many years.
2 – He……………….. (travel) around the world.
3 – They………………….(look) for you.
LESSON FORTY FIVE

INTERMEDIATE
I – Put the sentences into the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1 – Has she lived here for a long time?
_________________________________________
2 – They have cried for two hours.
_________________________________________
3 – We haven’t studied French since February.
_________________________________________
ADVANCED
I – Supply the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous
Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1- It…………………. (rain) hard for two days.
2- I………………. (wait) for him since 4 o’clock.
3- The children…….……….. (play) in the garden since this morning.

PAST PERFECT TENSE
Como se forma: passado do verbo to have + particípio passado
principal:
I had studied
You had studied
He had studied
She had studied
We had studied
You had studied
They had studied
► Afirmativa: They had Studied.
Negativa: They had not studied.
Interrogative: Had they studied?
► Formas abreviada: hadn’t (had not).
► O passado perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação que aconteceu
antes de outra ação no passado.
Ex.: When I arrived, the teacher had spoken for an hour.
►O passado perfeito contínuo é formado pelo passado perfeito
do verbo to be + o particípio presente do verbo principal (forma
–ing).
Ex.: When I arrived, the teacher had been speaking for an
hour.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – I dressed after I ………………… (wash).
2 – They ……………….. (do) nothing before they met me.
LESSON FORTY
SIX
IX

3 – I thanked him for what he …………………. (do).
INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – She lost the book he_________________(give) her.
2 – He____________(paint) the house after he had bought it.
3 – I________(write) two letters before the secretary entered the room.
ADVANCED
I – Supply the Past Tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1- They………. (drink) two beers before they ………(start) dinner.
2- I…………. (sleep) for one hour when he……(knok) at the door.
3- The girl…….……….. (ask) me what…………(happen).

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - I
►Os pronomes relativos introduzem orações subordinadas adjetivas
(restritivas ou explicativas). Essas orações definem. Limitam ou
acrescentam algo ao significado
► Who, whom e that (que, quem) são usados quando o antecedente
for pessoa.
Usa-se Who ou that quando o pronome é sujeito do verbo.
Ex.: The girl Who arrived is beautiful. (people)
The girl that arrived is beautiful. (choose)
Personas! Neste exemplo não se esqueçam de que
Who (é para pessoas) that (é para coisas) e quando for testes
(prova) de conhecimento gramatical (Grammar Focus) não use
that para ambos.
► Usa-se Who, whom, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é
objeto do verbo.
Ex.: The girl who I saw is beautiful.
The girl whom I saw is beautiful.
The girl that I saw is beautiful.
The girl I saw is beautiful.
►Quando a oração subordinada não for essencial para o significado
do período:
a) Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;
b) B) não se pode usar that;
c) Não se pode omitir o pronome.
Ex.: Mr. Allen. Who/whom you saw yesterday, is a American
citizen.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply who and / or whom.
LESSON FORTY SERVEN

1 – The girl …………………read the pal of my hand was a gypsy.
2 – She is the person ……………he has invited.
3 – People ………………come from Europe are called European.
INTERMEDIATE
Choose the correct alternatives.
1 – The girl (who, whom, that, ---) is beside him is his daughter.
2 – The man (who, whom, that, ----) you showed me is my teacher.
3 – Where is the person (who, whom, that, ---) I was talking to are
actresses.
ADVANCED
I – Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1- Mrs. Brown,……….I very old, is studying nuclear radiation.
2- Greg, ………we have just met, is a very kind man.
3- That man is the doctor……… you are going to work with.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - II
►Usa-se which ou that quando pronome é sujeito do verbo.
Ex.: the dog which entered the room is sick.
The dog that entered the room is sick.
► Use-se which, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é objeto do
verbo.
Ex.: The dog which you saw is sick.
The dog that you saw is sick.
The dog you saw is sick.
►Quando a oração subordinada não é essencial para o
significado do período:
a) Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;
b) Não se pode usar that;
c) Não se pode omitir o pronome.
Ex.: Swimming, which I like very much, is a good sport.
ELEMENTARY
I - Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1 – The book ………………you lent me is very interesting.
2 – The chair ……………is broken is in that room.
3 – The dogs………………entered the room are mine.
INTERMEDIATE
Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1 – Smoking,……………is very popular, is a bad habit.
LESSON FORTY EIGHT

2 – Sally’s mother, …………we have just met, likes you very much.
3 – Computers,……………..I have, may help us a lot.
ADVANCED
I – Combine the sentences. Supply a relative pronoun.
1- The car is in your garage. The car is stolen.
_____________________________________
2- The house is in your garden. The horse ate your lilies.
______________________________________
3- The San Diego Zoo is in California. The books have disappeared.
__________________________________________

http://grammarfocus-easy.blogspot.com/100
RELATIVE PRONOUNS - III
►Whose (cujo , cuja, cujos, cujas) indica posse, é usado com qualquer
antecedente e não pode ser omitido.
Ex.: The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend.
Shakespeare, whose plays are famous, was an English author.
► That (que, quem) é o único pronome relativo usado:
a) Quando há antecedentes diferentes.
Ex.: The girl and the dog that I saw on the beach are at home
now.
b) Após superlativos e palavras como some, any, no, everything,
much, little, only, all.
Ex.: He is the best doctor that I know.
She is the only girl that loves you.
►Omissão: quando that for objeto do verbo, ele pode ser omitido.
►Quando houver preposição antes do pronome relativo usa-se whom
(pessoa) ou which (coisa ou animal).
Ex.: The girl about whom you are talking is my sister.
The book about which you are talking is expensive.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Combine the sentences using whose.
Ex.: That man is a good writer. His books are famous.
That man whose books are famous is a good writer.
1 – The woman is a careful mother. Hr baby is sleeping.
___________________________________
2 – The man is very sad. His wife has run away.
___________________________________
LESSON FORTY NINE

3 – Mr. Ford is here. His daughter is called Helen.
_________________________________
II - Supply all possible relative pronouns.
1 – He was speaking about the books and the writers……… he likes.
2 – The man no …………you gave the money has died.
3 – The table on ……………..you put your shoes cost 300 dollars.

PREPOSITIONS - III
►across: através; do outro lado
► along: ao longo de
►below: abaixo
►by: por; ao lado de; por volta de
►during: durante
► inside: dentro
► near: perto
► off: fora; à parte
► outside: fora
► over: acima; sobre
►until/ till: até
►upon / on: sobre
INTERMEDIATE
I – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions.
Across - by - along - below
1 – The little girl ran………the street because her mother was on the
opposite side.
2 – He saw the barbershop………….the street.
3 – They will arrive……….ten o´clock.
1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.
2 – There are many trees …………the new school.
3 – Keep ……………..the grass!
III – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:
until - over - outside - upon
LESSON FIFTY

1 – There was a sign ……. The inn door.
2 – I will be absent…… January.
3 – She was standing…….. the door in the rain.
ADVANCED
Supply the correct prepositions.
1 – You shouldn’t smoke……. gasoline.
2 - He placed his hat……… his head.
3 – we should be back………ten.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
► Como se forma: futuro do verbo to have (Will have) + particípio
passado do verbo principal.
I Will have studied
You Will have studied
He will have studied
She will have studied
We will have studied
You will have studied
They will have studied
► Afirmativa: They Will have studied.
Negativa: They will not have studied.
Interrogativa: Will they have studied?
► Forma abreviada: won’t (Will not).
►O futuro perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação que terá terminado
num determinado momento no futuro.
Ex.: In December I Will have finished my English course.
ELEMENTARY
I – Put the sentences into the interrogative form.
1 – The plane will have landed by 4 o’clock.
__________________________________
2 – They will have met her tomorrow at this time.
__________________________________
3 – She will have been in this town for two years next June.
___________________________________
II – Put the sentences from exercise I into the negative form.
1 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.
LESSON FIFTY ONE

2 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.
3 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.
INTERMEDIATE
I – Choose the correct alternative.
1 – When mother comers, I will (cleaned, have cleaned) my room.
2 – By midnight they (will be finished, will have finished) their
homework.
3 – She (will have written, has written) the letter tomorrow morning.
1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.
2 – There are many trees …………the new school.
3 – Keep ……………..the grass!
ADVANCED
Combine the sentences using the expression by the time.
Ex.: Lucy will leave for Chicago at. Jim will arrive at 6.
By the time Jim arrives, Lucy will have left for Chicago.
1 – The rain will stop in a few minutes. Bob will come in an hour.
------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2 - I will read my book tomorrow. The teacher will give the rest next
week.
------------------------------------------------------------------------.
3 – You will fix my radio in the morning. I’ll get home by noon.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------.

CONDITIONAL TENSES
► Como se forma: world + verbo principal sem to.
► Afirmativa: She would + go to the movies.
Negativa: She would go to the movies.
Interrogativa: Would she go to the movies?
► Forma abreviada: wouldn’t (would not).
Condicional perfeito
►Como se forma: would have + particípio passado do verbo
principal.
► Afirmativa: She would have gone to the movies.
Negativa: She would not have gone to the movies.
Interrogativa: Would she have gone to the movies?
► Forma abreviada: wouldn’t (would not).
ELEMENTARY
I – Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the
interrogative form.
1 – They would have punished you.
__________________________________
2 – You would see me.
__________________________________
3 – She would work hard.
___________________________________
4 – I would have found the book.
------------------------------------------------------.
5- She would go to Mexico.
------------------------------------------------------.
6 – I would have gone shopping with you.
-------------------------------------------------------.
LESSON FIFTY TWO

INTERMEDIATE
I – Supply the simple conditional tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – I …………… (sing) that song.
2 – They ……………… (call) me in the morning.
3 – Sally……………….. (take) the wrong bus.
II – supply the conditional perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 – She………… (write) that letter.
2 – They ………… (build) a new house.
3 – Tom …………….. (study) hard.
ADVANCED
Complete the sentences. Use the following verb forms.
cook write play
have spent have given have gone
1 – I would………………………..dinner tonight.
2 - We would…………………….mother a present.
3 – I would……………………….my vacation in Europe.

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