The document discusses the stages of technological development and progress. It outlines four main stages of technology development: 1) research and development, 2) scientific verification and demonstration, 3) system deployment or system evaluation, and 4) implementation, maintenance, and operations. It also discusses three phases of technological progress: 1) invention, 2) innovation, and 3) diffusion. Finally, it provides ten steps for selecting and using technology appropriately, including defining business goals, developing requirements interactively, conducting demonstrations and trials of potential technologies.

1. By
Muhammad Numan Munir
Assistive Technology Support for ASD
Lecture #5: Technological Innovation and Dessemination

2. Technological Development
 Technological Development is the systematic use of
economic, scientific, technical, and commercial
knowledge to meet business requirements,
 Technology development certainly pertains to
something about inventions or improvements. The
result is the technique that takes a product or idea from
a surmise to a usable product.
 The technology development process is completed in
different stages of technology. Development usually
restarts after work finishes. That’s known as a
framework. It means that it determines if technology
prepared the generation for everyday usage.

3.  Importance Of Technological Development:
 Technological Development is essential in increasing
the economic system’s boom price on the micro-level
firms’ macro-level and income and market stocks.
Social Development occurs if a society can make
technological advances and mirror their social and
cultural lives.
 Technological Development is also essential to
innovation, and Information Communication
Technologies (ICTs) represent developing international
nations to foster economic growth.

4.  Entrepreneurship is vital for economic Development
around the world. There are four steps or stages of
technology development. As well as improve stages of
training and education, and cope with gender problems
within society.
 4 Stages of Technology Development Process:
 This framework and blogs can be helpful in the
technology development process. This framework is
essential for every processing system, not just the
technology development process.

5.  What are the four stages of information technology
development?
 01. Research and Development
 02. Scientific Verification & demonstration
 03. System deployment or system evaluation
 04. Implementation, Maintenance & operations

6. 1. Research and Development:
 Research & Development is the centre of the growth
method and our identity as a generation enterprise. We
are dedicated to developing new Innovative
Technologies and locating solutions that meet and
expect marketplace needs in our fields of know-how.
 In pursuing innovation, we’ve widened it to research
and optimize every element contributing to software
performance, including Software Engineering, layout,
and approach optimization.

7.  Agile Unified Process: In its R&D hobby, Memetech employs
an iterative software program and development procedure
framework known as AUP (Agile Unified Process) Technology.
This is the first step in the technology development process.
 This technique describes a simple, clean-to-understand way of
growing commercial enterprise software programs using agile
methods and concepts. Research and Development are the first
stages of technology development.
 Seven disciplines consist of AUP (Agile Unified Process) :
 Model.
 Implementation.
 Deployment.
 Configuration Management.
 Project Management.
 Environment.

8. 2. Scientific Verification & Demonstration:
 A scientific Verification is a process carried out to verify
scientific principles rather than hypothesis checking out or
understanding collecting (even though they were achieved
at the beginning for those functions). This stage is essential
in the steps of the technology development process.
 Most scientific demonstrations are easy laboratory
demonstrations intended to illustrate bodily standards. They
are executed in colleges and universities and often in public
demonstrations, infamous science lectures, and TV
programs aimed at most people. Often exceptionally or
entertainingly.

9.  Many medical & scientific demonstrations are probably
risky and have no longer been tried without large laboratory
enjoy and appropriate protection precautions. Many older,
well-known medical meetups, once the mainstay of
technological know-how education, are impossible to
illustrate to a goal market without breaking health and
safety prison recommendations.
 Scientific Verification & demonstration is the second stage
of technology development. Some older meetups and
allowing the target market to play with liquid mercury are
sufficiently dangerous that nobody has to attempt them
below any instance

10. 3. System Deployment or System Evaluation:
 When an employer or generation deploys a brand new
mainframe device, employer content, or management
gadget, trouble can get up. It is common to encounter
employees who withstand the change, either out of fear that
they may not grasp the new technology or miss out on how
they could benefit from the alternative.
 This is an essential part of the stages of technology
development. However, losing previous plans is
responsible for many deployments resulting in delays or
failures. Here are some steps you must take to ensure a
clean deployment and inspire technology-huge adoption.

11.  System deployment or system classification includes the
capability transition to the final cease-user and the
evolution of aid and upkeep responsibilities to the post-
deployment aid agency or corporations. It might also
encompass a length of reliability demonstration exams and
the phasing out legacy systems that the evolved system
replaces.
 System deployment and evaluation consist of the
procedures used to plot for and manipulate the transition of
new or advanced systems and competencies into
operational use and the transition of aid duties to the
eventual preservation or support enterprise.

12.  he use stage typically represents the most extended
length of a gadget’s existence cycle and, as a result,
commonly debts for the most significant portion of the
existence cycle fee. System evaluation is third in the
list of stages of technology development.
 These activities want to nicely manage to compare the
actual machine’s overall performance, effectiveness,
and price in its intended environment and inside its
particular utilization over its life cycle. Included in the
use basics are the components of personnel training
and certification.

13. 4. Implementation, Maintenance & Operations:
 This segment is initiated after the technology has been
examined and usual via the user. In this segment, the
machine setup supports the supposed enterprise functions.
System performance is compared to overall performance
goals throughout the planning section.
 This stage of technology development includes person
notification, consumer education, set up of hardware,
software programs onto production computer systems, and
machine integration into each day painting approaches.
This section continues until the manufacturing procedure
follows the described consumer necessities.

14.  When the ongoing technology operation, the machine
monitors for persevered performance to user
requirements. Technology Modification is vital for the
operational phase. Operations will continue so long as
the device responds to the agency’s wishes.
 When changes are recognized, the gadget may
additionally reenter the planning
section. Implementation, Maintenance &
operations are the last stages of technology
development.

15. Technological Progress
 Technological progress refers to the discovery of new
and improved methods of producing goods. Changes
in technology lead to an increase in productivity of
labor, capital, and other factors of production.
Technology refers to the process through which inputs
are transformed into outputs.
 A technological change involves the invention of
technologies and their release as open
source via research and development, the continual
improvement of the technologies, and the diffusion of
the technologies throughout the industry or society.

16. Phases of Technological Progress
1. Invention
 Invention is the act of creating new technology. It
involves a new scientific or technical idea, and the
means of its embodiment or accomplishment. To be
patentable, an invention must be novel and have utility.

17.  Innovation
 Innovation may be used synonymously with
“invention” or may refer to discovering a new way in
which to use or apply existing technology. Everett
Rogers thought of innovation as an idea, behavior, or
product that appears new to its potential adopter. There
are five main attributes of innovative technology:
Relative Advantage, Compatibility, Complexity,
Trialability, and Observability.

18. 2. Relative advantage means the product or behavior is
perceived as being better than the alternatives by the
person adopting the innovation. Better can mean a lot
of different things. It can be a device that can peel a
potato faster so it saves time or a seat belt that offers
the advantage of greater safety.
 Compatibility refers to how the innovation aligns with
the adopter’s lifestyle.

19.  Complexity is how easy or difficult innovation is to
understand. The easier an innovation is to understand
and use, the more likely it is to be adopted. Complex
innovations face an additional challenge to mainstream
adoption.
 Trialability refers to the process of testing the
innovation to see if, or how well, it works. Extensive
testing usually occurs before an innovation is adopted
or taken to market.

20.  Observability involves seeing the product or behavior
in action. It can demonstrate how it can be used. It is
easier to get potential adopters to simply observe an
expensive product like a car than it is to get all of them
in one for a test drive. Also, the more people around
you that you see using a product, the more likely you
feel like buying that product too.

21. 3. Diffusion
 Diffusion pertains to the spread of technology
throughout a society or industry. It is the process by
which a new idea, product, or behavior is accepted by
the market. Technology diffusion means the spread of
usage/application of new technology from its current
user to others.
 The diffusion of innovation theory, introduced by
Everett Rogers, explains how different groups of
people adopt innovation in different ways, in order to
best suit their own needs or desires.

22.  It has been observed that the main cause of poverty in
underdeveloped countries is that they suffer from the
technological backwardness.
 A specific level of technological advancement is the
necessary pre-condition for rapid growth.
 Therefore, the task of technological change in
underdeveloped countries is difficult because the social
set up in backward pre-industrial economies is not
conducive to technological improvements on any
significant scale. It is observed that the absence of
proper technological change retards the economic
growth.

23.  Thus, it is imperative either to explore new technology
or import technology from industrially advanced
countries to promote the economic growth. The U.N.
experts observed that, “unless special effort is made,
the process of technological development in the UDC’s
will be relatively slow and the gap in technology will
continue to grow wider as the cumulative scientific
progress of developed countries accelerates.”

24.  Meaning of Technological Change:
 Technological change means the technical knowledge
used in the production of capital and machinery. The
various changes in technology leads to an increase in
the productivity of labour, capital and other production
factors. Technological progress comprises of creation
of skill, new means of production, new uses of raw
materials and the widespread use of machinery.

25.  The technology is the most powerful means of
wresting power from nature in all possible ways. It
strengthens the facilities of man. Prof. Frankel assumes
that the, “Technological change is not a mere
improvement in the technical know-how. It means
much more than this. It should be preceded by
sociological change also, a willingness and desire on
the part of community to modify their social, political
and administrative institutions so as to make them fit
with new techniques of production and faster tempo of
economic activity.”

26.  Technology, according to J. P. Dewhurts, in fact, can
be thought of as the change in the production process
of material and human skills.
 Process of Technological Change:
 Technological changes devise new goods and
techniques of production. The development of new
technical knowledge can be defined as the growth of
the new technique that can produce goods and services
at lesser cost of production.

27.  the process of growth of technical knowledge can be
divided into following stages:
 (a) Formulation of scientific principles
 (b) Application of these principles to give technical
problems
 (c) Development of technical inventions to the point of
commercial exploitation.
 The first stage is the advancement in scientific knowledge,
the second is that of the application of this knowledge to
some useful purposes and third is the commercialization of
invention which is called innovation.

28.  This has a great significance in the process of
development. Schumpeter has distinguished between
invention and innovation. Invention implies the
discovery of new technique while innovation is
practical application of invention in production for
market.

29.  It may be called commercialization that originates
from scientific advancement. Invention is scientific
fact while innovation is economic fact. Inventions are
carried on by the inventors large capital investments at
every stage as it needs not only a scientific attitude but
an attitude of the community and an entrepreneurial
skill of high order with the ability to understand the
possibilities of employing scientific incentives for
commercial purposes.

30. Selection and Use of Technology
 Industry surveys repeatedly show that more than
half of technology projects fail to meet their objectives
– or just fail outright.
 There are many reasons for this, but in my
experience, most technology problems originate in the
critical early stages of an initiative. Once the boat gets
headed in a particular direction, it can be hard to steer
it back on course.
 The right vendor and technology to select for your
digital initiatives is one such critical early choice.
Making the wrong pick doesn’t necessarily doom a
project, but does make success much more difficult to
achieve. Starting with the right foundation bodes well
for an enterprise fully committed to exploiting any new
technology.

31. Tony Byrne
Founder: MarTech Stack Leadership Council at Real Story
Group
Introduced the…
Ten Steps to Better Technology Choices
 Over the past two decades I've helped hundreds of
organizations select technology, either in an advisory
capacity with Real Story Group research subscribers, or as
a more hands-on consultant for some of our larger clients.
 Here's ten lessons I've gleaned and converted into practical
steps for you to follow.

32. 1. Build the Right Team
 Actually, make sure to build a team in the first place! Too
many technology decisions still get made by a single person
or department, which leads to a host of problems down the
road.
 An interdisciplinary team of business and technical
stakeholders is the best way to go. Just make sure that when
selecting workplace or customer-facing technology, the
team is chaired by a business leader.
2. Define Business Success
 You're going somewhere with this new technology. Where?
You'd be surprised how many times an enterprise can't
answer that question.

33.  Instead project leaders tend to articulate tech selection
goals like, "we need to replace our Marketing Automation
platform." OK...that's probably true. But what are you
actually trying to accomplish from a business perspective?
Empower more people internally to send messages to speed
your processes and broaden your reach? Integrate omni-
channel analytics to create better engagement with your
existing base? Save costs by escaping from an overly
expensive solution? Those are different goals that will take
you to different vendors.
 Every selection process that will confront you with
potentially difficult trade-offs. Clearly articulated business
goals provide a consistent touchstone throughout so you
can make the right decisions along the way.

34. 3. Develop Interactive Requirements
 Most tech selection requirements suck. But they don't have
to.
 The first thing to do is close Excel and open Word. Avoid
long check lists of requirements and instead tell digital
stories. You can apply standard User-Centered Design
(UCD) methodologies here, emphasizing use cases, stories,
or top tasks -- it doesn't matter what you call them. Just do
it.
 That way, when vendors pursue a competition that includes
demos and prototypes and training, the experience
becomes interactive (you're getting hands on)
and real (because it's your unique stories).

35. 4. Draft a “Real” RFP/Tender
 Enterprises get anxious about crafting RFPs (often called
"tenders"), and with good reason: they can be nerve-wracking to
develop. The selection team sometimes reacts by overdoing it,
with long check-lists of requirements and vague demands on
bidders.
 You can do this differently. RFPs should be human-friendly,
human scale, and human oriented. Get rid of buzzwords and
share the stories you developed above. Yes, you need to include
technical and architectural requirements, but even those can be
presented as asking more about "how" and less about "what."
Invite an intelligent conversation, and you'll get much better
proposals.
 Just don't put too much weight on written responses, because...

36. 5. Seeing is (Almost) Believing
 Interactive technology will always look different on the
screen than on paper. So it's the demo phase where you can
really start to discriminate among competing offerings.
 Just don't fall for the common mistake of letting vendors
demo their wares in an unstructured way. Set up a tight
process where competing bidders demo your scenarios.
Likewise when you're reviewing integration or other
technical requirements, press the bidders to show you
running code and live examples, rather than just talk to
diagrams or make vague assurances.

37. 6. Doing is Better
 Seeing is good; doing is better. Always schedule a bake-off
among at least two finalists where your diverse team can
get hands-on with the competing systems. This takes effort
on all parts -- not the least because it requires some user
training. You'll likely have to fork over some (modest)
funds here too.
 But the payoff is oh so worth it. Test-driving a system with
your own scenarios and data gives the best indication of
whether the technology -- and the vendor -- offer a good fit.
Critically, it also teaches you first-hand about all the
changes you may need to make internally to fully exploit
the new system.

38. 7. Lose the Formulas
 During this process you're going to make down-select
decisions, essentially voting some solutions off the island.
How best to do that? There are many different legitimate
ways to make decisions: voting, consensus, leadership fiat,
and so on. When working with clients I try to get to a
consensus, though that's not always possible.
 There's one approach you should avoid: mathematical
formulas, where team members score solutions and you
apply weighting percentages to come up with overall
ranking. Such spreadsheets offer the chimera of scientific
validity, but in practice, they almost never represent the real
judgements of the team. What always happens? People
retrofit their scores to reflect their own intuitive rankings.

39.  Instead take a no-BS approach of talking openly during
wrap-up meetings and inviting members to rank-order and
justify their choices, then work to get agreement on which
vendors to push through to the next round. The good news
is that if you've followed an adaptive, empirical approach
as described above, the differences among vendors
typically come into very clear relief.
8. Negotiate Early and Often
 Most customers wait to chose a vendor before they start
negotiating on fees and terms. This disempowers you in
several respects, since you've lost your bargaining power
and now you're on the clock to start using the tool you've
chosen.

40.  Instead, start negotiating with the first RFP responses. You
should insist on comprehensive price proposals and draft
agreements up front. Start whittling away excess fees, thin
SLAs, and unfriendly terms at this point, as a condition for
getting to the demo round. And again from demo to bake-
off. And again at the end of the bake-off before informing
the winner. Your mantra here: "Price and terms are part of
our decision process."
 Vendors will push back. They are experts at this game. You
likely are not an expert, but you're the buyer, so you set the
process and don't worry about hurt feelings. Everything
gets reset once you sign the contract, so get the best
contract you can.

41. 9. Transition the Team
 At the end of the bake-off, get your selection team thinking
about change management, migration, and implementation.
Redefine their mandate as the product steering committee,
to oversee the new technology. They know it best, and can
most effectively educate their peers on how it will impact
the business.
10. Pilot Quickly
 The best way to confirm you made the right choice, as well
as understand how things will be different under this new
technology, is to try it out in a live environment as soon as
possible. While the bake-off was not designed to create a
production instance, in this case you want something you
can actually roll out to customers or your workplace peers.

42.  So pick a good pilot -- not something too complicated,
but still a representation of the value you want out of
the platform. Perhaps you pilot a single country or
department, or just one use case. Proactively capture
learnings before moving on to a broader set of roll-
outs.
The End Goal
 In the end, selecting technology better means selecting
better technology. That's no guarantee of digital
success, but choosing the right tools sets you up to
succeed at all the other changes your team needs to
effect.