The document discusses different manners of articulation for English consonants. It describes stops as sounds involving complete closure of the oral cavity, while continuants allow continuous air flow. Continuants include fricatives and approximants. Sounds are also classified as sonorants, which involve continuous airflow, versus obstruents, which cause airflow obstruction and turbulence. The document outlines a system for distinguishing consonants based on whether they are continuants or stops, and whether they are sonorants or obstruents.

1. Phonetics and Phonology of
English

2. English Consonants continued –
 Manners of Articulation -
 According to the degree of constriction of the
articulators -
 Complete closure, - stops or plosives
 Close approximation -fricatives
 Open approximation – approximants
 Affricates, taps and trills.


3.  Manners of Articulation: new features
 Stops and Continuants
 Sonorants and Obstruents

4.  A stop (or plosives) is a sound that involves
complete closure of the oral cavity at some point
by the articulators
 – e.g. - pat, bat, tie, die, cat, get, met, net, sing.

5.  Continuants – the air stream is not totally
blocked in the oral cavity, it can escape
continuously through the mouth –
 e.g. - fan, van, thin, then, soon, zoom, show,
measure, hat, yes, wet, run, lie.
 All the vowel sounds

6.  mutually undivided, restrictive.
 if it is not a continuant, it is a stop, and vice
versa.
 Continuant and Noncontinuent.
 Noncontinuant is automatically a stop.

7.  According to binary features (or distinctive
features) – to describe each individual phoneme
according to natural class, voicing and manner.
 - these sounds can be distinguished as -
 [+ continuant] vs [– continuant]

8.  Sonorants and Obstruents –
 Sonorant – its phonetic content is predominantly
made up by the sound waves produced by its
voicing.
 Produced by continuous non turbulent air flow in
the vocal tract.
 No friction is caused –
 men, night, sing, yes, wet, lie , rain, all vowel
sounds

9.  All are voiced sounds
 But all voiced consonants are not sonorants

10.  Obstruents articulation involves an obstruction of
the air stream that produces a phonetic effect
independent of voicing.
 Do cause turbulence of air flow.
 So obstruents can be either voiced or voiceless
sounds. Pen, ten, bin, den, key, get, thing, then,
see, zoo, fan, van, ship, measure

11.  - these sounds can be distinguished as -
 [+ sonorants] vs [– sonorants]

12.  A. [– continuant]
 [+sonorant ]
 B. [– continuant]
 [- sonorant ]

13.  C. [+continuant]
 [- sonorant ]
 D. [+continuant]
 [+sonorant ]

14.  A. [– continuant]
 [+sonorant ]
 Nasal stops

15.  B. [– continuant]
 [- sonorant ]
 Oral Stops or Plosives

16.  C. [+continuant]
 [- sonorant ]
 Fricatives

17.  D. [+continuant]
 [+sonorant ]
 Approximants

18.  Liquids – [l], [ɹ], [r] –approximant sounds which
are not semi-vowels.
 Semi-vowels – also known as glides. [j],[w], -
yes, wet-
 phonetically similar to a vowel sound but
functions as the syllable boundary (non-syllabic),
rather than the nucleus of a syllable.
 They are shorter in duration than vowels,

19.  Sibilants – strong fricatives, s, ʃ, z, ӡ.
 Inter-dental – tongue tip brought between the
upper and lower incisors - θ, ð.