Pesticides have been linked to a number of health problems, including neurologic and endocrine (hormone) system disorders, birth defects, cancer, and other diseases.
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PESTICIDES RESIDUES
1. Dept. Of Veterinary Public Health Postgraduate Studies
Meat & Milk Hygiene Division MSc
PESTICIDES RESIDUES IN MEAT/MILK AND ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON CONSUMER
HEALTH
A Seminar
Submitted To The Scientific Committee Of The Dep. Of Vet. Publ. Health in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree
of MSc in Meat and Milk Hygiene
By
Pshtiwan Abdulla Abdurrahman
Supervised by Assist. Prof.
DR. Zuhair Ahmed Mohammed
MSc. & PhD
Meat Hygiene
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2. Pesticides Residues in Meat/Milk and Its Adverse
Effects on Consumer Health
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3. Pesticides are chemicals used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural pests
that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity.
Types of Pesticides
A. Chemical Pesticides:
1.Organophosphate Pesticides - These pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting
the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.
2.Organochlorine Insecticides were commonly used in the past, but many have been
removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects and their
persistence (e.g. DDT and chlordane).
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4. 3.Carbamate Pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that
regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually reversible.
4.Pyrethroid Pesticides were developed as a synthetic version of the naturally occurring
pesticide pyrethrin, which is found in chrysanthemums.
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5. B-Pesticides can also be classified by:
1.Target organism (e.g. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides).
2.Physical state (e.g. Gaseous (fumigant).
3.Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides.
4.Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals", have been developing quickly.
These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that
includes strychnine and scilliroside.
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6. The most commonly applied pesticides are:-
1. Insecticides (to kill insects)
2.Herbicides (to kill weeds)
3.Rodenticides (to kill rodents)
4.And fungicides (to control fungi, and mold,).
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9. The latest US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) information on US pesticide
usage, from 2013, reports that over 1.4 billion tons of pesticides are used in the US
every year.
This is 22%of the estimated 6.2 billion pounds of pesticides used worldwide.
Agricultural use accounted for 80% of pesticide use in the US.
Of the pesticide classes, herbicides are the most widely used in all US sectors.
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10. Pesticides are tested and approved for use by the EPA, which establishes
“tolerances,” or maximum residue levels (MRL), that describe the amount of a
given pesticide that can safely remain in or on a food.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is then responsible for monitoring
pesticide levels on fruits and vegetables, while the US Department of Agriculture
(USDA) is charged with the task of surveying pesticide residues in meat, eggs, and
dairy products.
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11. There are over 350,000 current and historic pesticide products registered in the
United States, and the pesticide business is a 12.5 billion dollar industry in the US
alone.
According to Cornell entomologist David Pimentel, “it has been estimated that only
0.1% of applied pesticides reach the target pests, leaving the bulk of the pesticides
(99.9%) to impact the environment.
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12. Harmful environmental impacts of pesticide use include:
1. Loss of biodiversity and elimination of key species (e.g., bees)
2.Water pollution
3. Soil contamination
4. Pest resistance, resulting in the need for increased application of pesticides, or
formulation of alternate pesticides.
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15. Pesticides and Public Health
Pesticides have been linked to a number of health problems, including neurologic
and endocrine (hormone) system disorders, birth defects, cancer, and other
diseases.
In children, exposure to certain pesticides from residues in food can cause
delayed development; disruptions to the reproductive, endocrine, and immune
systems; certain types of cancer; and damage to other organ.
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17. Several studies have found that pesticide levels in children dropped to low or
undetectable levels when test subjects consumed an organic diet.
Farmworkers are also highly vulnerable to these health threats due to intensive
exposure to a variety of pesticides, either from applying these chemicals or from
harvesting pesticide-sprayed agricultural products.
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18. Pesticides and Animal Feed
Approximately 80% of the corn and 22% of the wheat produced in the US
every year is used for animal feed, while 30 million tons of US-produced soy
meal is consumed annually as livestock feed.
In addition to causing environmental damage, when grain is grown with
pesticides and then fed to livestock, pesticide residues can accumulate in the
animals' fatty tissue and milk.
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19. Minimizing Pesticide Residues in Food
For meat and dairy products, it is best to consume foods that contain less fat, since
pesticides typically accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals.
Purchase skim milk or low-fat dairy products and remove the fat from cuts of meat
before you cook them.
The best way to avoid consuming pesticides along with your food is to eat organic
produce, meat, and dairy products.
Organic food is grown and processed without being treated with pesticides.
Washing fruits and vegetables helps remove some pesticide residues – but only for
certain pesticides (others are not affected by washing).
Peeling fruits and vegetables is a more effective method of removing pesticide
residue
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20. To ensure the safety of food supply, EPA sets tolerances, or maximum residue limits
(MRL), on the amount of pesticide residue that can lawfully remain in or on each
treated food commodity.
In establishing tolerances, EPA considers the toxicity of each pesticide, how much of
the pesticide is applied and how often, and how much of the pesticide (i.e., the
residues) remains in or on food. An added margin of safety ensures that residues
remaining in foods are many times lower than amounts that could actually cause
adverse health effects
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