This document provides an introduction to political science, defining it as the systematic study of states and governments. It outlines the objectives of understanding the basic concepts of political science and developing critical thinking skills. It discusses key concepts like what constitutes a state, differences between terms like nation and state, citizenship and nationality. It also summarizes theories of the origin of the state and the key elements and duties of the state like sovereignty, government, territory and people.

1. POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
WITH CONSTITUTION:
INTRODUCTION 1

2. OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic concept of political
science

To develop a critical way of thinking in
interpreting Politics and Government

To evaluate how they know and understand the
topic

3. INTRODUCTION TO
POLITICAL SCIENCE
WHAT IS POLITICAL
SCIENCE??

4. POLITICAL SCIENCE
(DE LEON, 1999)

Systematic study of state and government

POLITICAL- derived from the Greek word “POLIS” –
meaning a city or the sovereign state

SCIENCE- comes from the Latin “SCIRE”-means “to
know”

5. SCIENCE OF POLITICS
1.
It is the basic knowledge and understanding of the
state and the principles and ideals which underlie
its organization and activities
2.
It is primarily concerned with the association of
human beings into ‘body politic’ or in a political
community
3.
It deals with those relations among men and groups
which are subject to control by the state with the
relations of men and groups to the state itself and
the relations of the state to other state

7. INTERPRETATION OF THE
DIAGRAM
PEOPLE as the FOCAL of all areas of POLITICS,
GOVERNMENT and CONSTITUTION because it is
the human individual who is the revolving actor
of the state, it is to people why there is an
existent laws. The right is vested to and it simply
denotes that the he/she is the MAIN ACTOR.

8. SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1.
Political Theory-the entire body of the doctrines relating to the
form, behavior and purposes of the state are dealt with in this
study
2.
Public Law- the
a.
Organization of governments
b.
Limitations upon government authority
c.
Powers and Duty of government offices and officers

9. STAGES IN THE STUDY OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE

Religious Stage – the government, it’s leaders
and laws was considered as divine or divinely
inspired.

Metaphysical Stage – the state was considered
as a human institution and it is therefore
absolute (cannot be changed).

Modern Stage – the state was deemed capable
of being improved by rulers and subjects
according to certain principles and laws.

10. DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE

Aristotle



wrote “Politics”, the first systematic work on political
affairs.
Father of Political Science
Niccolo Machiavelli



wrote “The Prince”, a handbook for rulers in the art of
government.
Father of Modern Political Science
Prof. Francis Lieber

wrote “Manual of Political Ethics”; the first systematic
treatise in political science

11. WHAT IS A STATE?

A group of persons, more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of
external control, and possessing a government to which a
great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.

12. ELEMENTS OF A STATE

People

Territory

Government

Sovereignty

13. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN NATION AND STATE?

State is a legal or juristic concept, while Nation is an ethnic or
racial concept.

Nasci = to be born indicates a relation of birth or origin and
implies a common race.

Thus, a nation may comprise several states Example: Egypt,
Iraq, Saudi, Lebanon, Jordan, etc. belong to Arab nation.

14. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN NATION AND STATE?

It is also possible for a single state to be made up of more
than one nation, e.g. US which was the “melting pot” of many
nations that were eventually combined into the “American
nation”

15. A. PEOPLE
Different meanings as used in the 1987 Constitution:

–
–
Citizens (secs. 1 & 4, Art II; sec 7, art. III);
–

Inhabitants (sec. 2, Art III; sec. 1, Art. XIII);
Electors (sec. 4, Art. VII)
As a requisite for Statehood, there should be an adequate
number for self-sufficiency and defense; of both sexes for
perpetuity.

16. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN CITIZENSHIP AND
NATIONALITY?
Citizenship
• Legal or juristic
• Can be
changed or
taken-back
Nationality
• Ethnic or racial
• Absolute,
Innate

17. B. TERRITORY
The National Territory
Sec. 1, Art. I: The national territory comprises the
Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and
waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over which the Philippines has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its
terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including
its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas.”

18. COMPONENTS OF PHILIPPINE
TERRITORY :

Terrestrial = land

Fluvial = internal waters

Aerial domains = aerospace

Marine = external waters both
surface and sub-aquatic

19. C. GOVERNMENT

The agency or instrumentality through which the will of the
State is formulated, expressed and realized.

Our Constitution, however, requires our government to be
democratic and republican.

20. C. GOVERNMENT
Section 1, Art II. The Philippines is a democratic and
republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates
from them.
REPUBLICAN

It is one wherein all government authority
emanates from the people and is exercised by
representatives chosen by the people.

21. C. GOVERNMENT
DEMOCRATIC

This emphasizes that the Philippines has some aspects of
direct democracy such as initiative and referendum.

initiative -- Initiative" is the power of the people to
propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose
and enact legislations through an election called for the
purpose.

Referendum-- is the power of the electorate to approve or
reject a legislation through an election called for the
purpose

22. D. SOVEREIGNTY

The supreme and uncontrollable power innate in a State by
which that State is governed.

Sovereignty resides in the people and all government
authority emanates from them. (Sec. 1 Art.II)

23. DUTIES OF THE STATE

Peace and Order

Political Harmony (Good
Laws)

Social Justice

Economic Development

24. THEORIES OF STATE
ORIGIN

Divine Theory – the state is of divine origin, all
political authority emanates from God.

Social Contract Theory - this theory states that
men agreed among themselves to live under one
civil society or body politic. A person surrendered
his natural liberty but gained in return the
protection and civil rights guaranteed by the
governments.

Force Theory – the state has arisen through
sheer force; a tribe conquering other tribes to
form a kingdom.

25. REFERENCES
Political Law, Isagani Cruz
Philippine Constitution De Leon 1997
Chan Robles Virtual Law Library
Law Phil Project
Great Politcal Theories