This slide is designed by Muhammad Zain, a Jahanzeb college-based student of the political science department Semester 3.
it can help u understand the history and origin of the internet and the circumstances that led to the formation and evolution of the internet.
it can be beneficial for all kinds of students especially computer science, mass communication, media studies, and all other social science.
2. HOMO LOQUENS
(180,000 BC to 3500 BC)
Talking was the first uniquely human medium, and –
setting aside gesture – for more than 150,000
years it was the only medium we knew. There was
no writing, no printing, no audiovisual media, and
no Internet. If you wanted to convey complex
meaning, the only way to do it was by talking to
someone.
5. HOMO VIDENS
HUMANITY inThe Age of Audiovisual Media
(1850s to 1990s)
TV 1927 by PhiloTaylor
Farnswarth
Phonautograph by
Martinville in 1857
Radio in 1896 by Guglielmo
Marconi.
7. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, the ENIAC
made in 1945 was the first electronic computer used for general
purposes, such as solving numerical problems. It was designed
and invented by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the
University of Pennsylvania to calculate Artillery firing tables
for the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory.
8. 1950s there exist batch processing and for a large
amount of data they were kept in a large storage
room, it was time consuming and only useful to
specialists because those Computers were really
laborious and difficult to work on.
After which Remote systems were installed to these
computers and Sharing system were introduced via
which many people at a time was able to use power
of single computer,,
9.
10. Scared of Sputnik
It was in the midst of the ColdWar, October 4
1957, that the Soviets launched the first man
made satellite into space called Sputnik.
As it was the world's first ever artificial object to
float into space, this was alarming for Americans.
The Soviets were not only ahead in science and
technology but they were a threat. Americans
feared that the Soviets would spy on their
enemies, win the ColdWar, and that nuclear
attacks on American soil were possible.
11.
12. Americans started to think more seriously about science
and technology. After the Sputnik wake up call, the space
race began. It was not long after that in 1958 the US
Administration funded various agencies, one of them
being ARPA.
ARPA stands for Advanced Research Project Agency,
It was there that the vision of J.C.R. Licklider, one of the
directors of ARPA, would start to form in the years to
come.
Without ARPA the Internet would not exist. It was
because of this institution that the very first version of
the Internet was created – ARPANET.
ARPA
13. Although Licklider left ARPA a few years before
ARPANET was created, his ideas and his vision laid the
foundation and building blocks to create the Internet.
The fact that it has become what we know today we
may take for granted.
Computers at the time were not as we know them now.
They were massive and extremely expensive.They were
seen as number-crunching machines and mostly as
calculators, and they could only perform a limited
number of tasks.
So in the era of mainframe computers, each one could
only run a specific task. For an experiment to take place
that required multiple tasks, it would require more than
one computer. But that meant buying more expensive
hardware.
14. Creating a Global Network of
Computers
Idea of a 'global network' that Licklider proposed
and then popularized in the early 1960's was
Connecting multiple computers to the same
network and getting those different systems to
speak the same language in order to
communicate with one another.
15. Till the end of 1960s data was sent via the telephone line
using a method called "Circuit switching".
This method worked just fine for phone calls but was very
inefficient for computers and the Internet.
This method was researched by different scientists, but the ideas
of Paul Baran on distributed networks were later adopted by
ARPANET.
Baran was trying to figure out a communication system that could
survive a nuclear attack. Essentially he wanted to discover a
communication system that could handle failure.
He came to the conclusion that networks can be built around two
types of structures: centralised and distributed, he choose the
latter and discovered Packet switched network.
Building a Distributed Packet
Switched Network
16.
17.
18. How ARPANETWas Built?
What started off as a response to a ColdWar threat was
turning into something different.The first prototype of
the Internet slowly began to take shape and the first
computer network was built, ARPANET.
ARPANET was the network that became the basis for
the Internet. Based on a concept first published in 1967,
ARPANET was developed under the direction of the U.S.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). In 1969,
the idea of Liclider Computer network became a modest
reality with the interconnection of four university
computers
19.
20. As time passed, more independent packet switched networks
emerged that were not related to ARPANET (which existed on an
international level and started to multiply by the 1970's) . That
was a new challenge.
These different networks had their own dialects, and their own
standards for how data was transferred. It was impossible for
them to integrate into this larger network, the Internet we know
today.
Getting these different networks to speak to one another – or
Internetworking, a term scientists used for this process – proved
to be a challenge.
21. A Need for Common Standards
From the early days at ARPANET, it still lacked a common
language for computers outside its own network to be able
to communicate with computers on its own network. Even
though it was a secure and reliable packet-switched network.
How could these early networks communicate with one
another?
We needed the network to expand even more for the vision
of an 'global network' to become a reality.
To build an open network of networks, a general protocol
was needed.That is, a set of rules.
Those rules had to be strict enough for secure data transfer
but also loose enough to accommodate all the ways that
data was transferred.
22. TCP/IP Saves the Day.
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn began working on the design
of what we now call the Internet. In 1978 theTransmission
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol were created,
otherwise known as TCP/IP.
The rules for the Interconnection were:
•The independent networks were not required to change
•There was an effort to achieve communication
•Internal networks would exist in addition with gateways
that would connect these networks.Their job would be to
translate between the networks.There would be one
universal, agreed upon protocol for that.
•There would be no central control, no one person or
organization in charge.
23. TO SUMMARIZE
The work on internet was started on the cold war of russia
and america. America want to communicate with its armed
forces.The project was hand over the DARPA (Defence
Advance Research Project Agency). DARPA started
connecting computer at different universities and defence
companies via Packed switched ARPANET. After few years,
all netwrok of universities and reaserch organization were
connected by ARPANET with each other to make world
biggest network.This netwok is known as internet
24. Internet stands for international network.
It is large collection of computers all over the world that are
all connected to one other.
It is a global network of computer .These computers are
connected through different communication links:
Phone line
Fiber optic
Satellite and wireless communication
Internet is used to find stored information on the computer
called host or server.These computers use common
protocol calledTCP/IP for communication. each computer
connected to the internet act a host. A host computer
provide information to the people.
