This work presents a preliminary large scale analysis of the relationship between collaboration and mobility indicators at the country level, taking into account the scientific capacities of countries.

1. A large scale comparison of the position of
countries in international collaboration and
mobility according to their scientific
capacities
STI 2017, 6-8 September, Paris, France
Zaida Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Lili Miao, Dakota Murray, Nicolás Robinson-
García, Rodrigo Costas and Cassidy R. Sugimoto

2. Research Agenda
What is the Relationship between collaboration
and mobility?
How does this relate to a nation’s scientific and
economic capacity?
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3. Dimensions of Connectivity
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Mobility…serves to both
strengthen the scientific
capacity of the countries
and benefit the scientific
careers of individual
researchers (OECD 2008)

4. Dimensions of Connectivity
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International collaboration
plays an important role in
fostering high-quality
knowledge production (Royal
Society 2011)
Mobility…serves to both
strengthen the scientific
capacity of the countries
and benefit the scientific
careers of individual
researchers (OECD 2008)

5. Dimensions of Connectivity
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International collaboration
plays an important role in
fostering high-quality
knowledge production (Royal
Society 2011)
Mobility…serves to both
strengthen the scientific
capacity of the countries
and benefit the scientific
careers of individual
researchers (OECD 2008)
…mobility has been advocated as key to
increasing the efficiency and effectiveness
of research (Van Noorden, 2012: Scellato
et al. 2015)

6. Many Institutions Believe
International partnerships are
important
Such partnerships improve science
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7. International Partnership
• Traditionally, large-scale analyses have
examined only collaboration or mobility
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8. Well-studied “elite” countries
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9. Understudied Periphery
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10. Moving away from the elite
• To understand the
global system of
science, we must move
away from the “elite”
and towards a new
comprehensive analysis
of international
scientific partnership
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11. Our Goal
Introduce new indicators and approaches
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12. Our Goal
Introduce new indicators and approaches
Demonstrate how they can help to understand
global system of science
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13. ESTABLISH A TERMINOLOGY
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14. International Partnerships
Collaboration
Co-Affiliation
Migration
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15. Collaboration
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16. Example: this paper!
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17. Other forms of mobility
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18. International co-affiliation
Holding more than one affiliation in two
countries during a period of study
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19. t0
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20. t1
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21. Linked by co-affiliation
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22. International Migration
More permanent movements between
affiliations in 2 or more countries
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23. t0
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24. t1
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25. t2
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26. Linked by migration
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27. Scientific Mobility
both co-affiliation and migration
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28. For a more thorough treatment
• Careers & Mobility (2)
• Thursday 7 Sept. 11:30 – 13:00 – Session 222 –
Room 2
• Unveiling the multiple faces of mobility: Towards
a taxonomy of scientific mobility types based on
bibliometric data
• Nicolas Robinson-Garcia, Cassidy R. Sugimoto, Dakota Murray, Alfredo Yegros-Yegros, Vincent Larivière and
Rodrigo Costas.
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29. COUNTRY-LEVEL CLASSIFICATIONS
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30. Scientific capacity of nations
• Scientific Capacity is
the ability to use
specialized knowledge
and exploit it to
conduct research,
(Wagner et al 2001).
• Investment,
infrastructure, and
output
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31. Income level
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32. Research Questions
• What is the relationship between the
international mobility and collaboration of a
country?
• What is the relationship between the number of
collaborative and mobility links between
countries?
• To what extent do these relationships vary by the
scientific and economic capacity of the country?
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33. DATA
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34. Web of Science
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2008 – 2015

35. Web of Science
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2008 – 2015
First publication in 2008 – 2015

36. Web of Science
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2008 – 2015
First publication in 2008 – 2015

37. Disambiguation
Caron and van Eck (2014)
John Smith
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38. Disambiguation
Caron and van Eck (2014)
WoS includes emails
during starting 2008
John Smith
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39. Final Dataset
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3,251,797

40. Final Dataset
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3,251,797 14,097,939

41. Final Dataset
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3,251,797 14,097,939 213 Countries

42. METHODS AND RESULTS
Lili Miao
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43. Total number of publications
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+8

44. Number of international publications
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+3+1

45. Total number of active researchers
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+5

46. Number of mobile researchers
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+1+2

47. Percentage of international
collaboration
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#international pubs
#all pubs

48. Percentage of mobile researchers
linked to other counties
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#mobile researchers
#all researchers

49. Number of countries linked in
collaboration
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+1+1

50. Number of countries linked in mobility
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+1+1

51. An overview of collaboration and mobility patterns
Results (I)

52. Correlation between percent of mobile authors and percent of internationally co-authored
publications for (a) all countries, (c) more prolific countries and (d) less prolific countries
Size matters. Strong size-dependence relationship

53. Correlation between percent of mobile authors and percent of internationally co-authored
publications for (a) all countries, (c) more prolific countries and (d) less prolific countries
Size matters. Strong size-dependence relationship

54. Correlation between percent of mobile authors and percent of internationally co-authored
publications for (a) all countries, and (b) number of countries with which a country has established
mobility links by the number of countries with which that country has collaboration co-authored
publications
Higher collaboration shares reach the fewer number of countries

55. Mean average of mobile authors and
international publications by group.
The smaller the country, the more dependence on connectivity
Scientific relationships are highly resource-dependent

56. Mean average of mobile authors and
international publications by group.
The smaller the country, the more dependence on connectivity
Scientific relationships are highly resource-dependent

57. Mean average of countries with mobile
authors and international publications by
group.
Mobile researchers in
advanced countries
reach 68 % of
collaborative partners,
whereas in lagging
countries, they hardly
reach 29%
The number of countries with mobility is fe
wer than collaborative partners

58. Distributions of mobility and international collaboration by group.
Partnerships, preferences, or possibilities?

59. Group-specific analysis according to their scientific
and technological capacities
Results (II)

60. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically advanced countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

61. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically advanced countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

62. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically advanced countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

63. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically advanced countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

64. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically advanced countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

65. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically developing countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

66. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically developing countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

67. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically developing countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

68. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically developing countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

69. Percentages (left) and number of countries (right) in international mobility and in
collaboration among the scientifically lagging countries
Legend: The central axes show the mean average of percentages and number of countries in
each group. The colours refer to the income level: (green: high, blue: upper-middle, orange:
low-middle and red: low)

70. SUMMARY
Dakota Murray
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71. Introduced indicators
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72. Collaboration related to mobility
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73. But not the same
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74. Partnership preferences
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75. Heterogeneity of the “global brain”
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76. IMPLICATIONS
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77. ≠
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Not all partnerships are equal

78. Deviance from assumptions
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79. Heterogeneity
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80. Many perspectives needed
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81. Revisiting classifications
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82. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
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83. Heterogeneity
• Preliminary, large-scale
analysis
• No consideration of
disciplinary context
• Size-dependent
indicators
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84. Causality
• Mobility ≠ Collaboration, but
they are related
• does mobility cause
collaboration, or vice versa?
• Are the people who are mobile
the same people who are
collaborating?
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85. Future Approaches
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86. Future Approaches
Network analysis
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87. Future Approaches
Network analysis
Time dimension
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88. Future Approaches
Network analysis
Time dimension
Diverse Indicators
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89. Future Approaches
Network analysis
Time dimension
Diverse Indicators
Mobility Flows
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90. Future Approaches
Network analysis
Time dimension
Diverse Indicators
Mobility Flows
Size-independent
indicators
• Affinity Indices
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91. Acknowledgements
• Zaida Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Nicolás Robinson-
García, Rodrigo Costas and Cassidy R.
Sugimoto
• CWTS for insights and data
• STI 2017 Paris
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92. STI 2017, 6-8 September, Paris, France
A large-scale comparison of the position of
countries in international collaboration and
mobility according to their scientific
capacities
Thanks for your attention!
Questions?