901131 examples

C++ Program
A sequence of structured statements written by
programmer using C++ language to solve a problem.
Using Visual C++ to write your program
1- Start  Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6  Microsoft Visual C++ 6
2- File  New  Files  C++ Source file  oK
3- Write your program using C++ statements
4- Compilation: Ctrl + F7 to see if the program has error's
5- Execution: to display the program’s result

General form of C++ Program
#include <iostream.h>
void main() {
.
.
C++ statements
.
.
}
Remark: C++ language is case sensitive

Problem : Compute and print the summation
of two numbers.
Program
void main() {
int a, b, s;
cout<<"Please Enter two numbers:";
cin>>a>>b;
s = a + b;
cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;
}

Remarks:
- iostream.h: C++ library that contains all
input/output statements and other constrols.
- main(): the main function of the program which
represents the program’s life time.
- a, b, and s are three variables of type integer.
Their values can be any integer and can be
changed.
- cin>>: C++ statement to take value(s) from the
user.
- cout<<: C++ statements to display value(s) to
the output screen.
- “ ”: must be around any character constants.
- n or endl: to start new line at output screen.

Variables
• Variables:
- Variable is one memory location.
-The name of the location is the variable name.
-The location content is the value of the variable
- You can change the content of the variable at any
time in the statements of the algorithm.
e.g.
Name of the location Inside Memory location
employee_name “Ali Ahmed”
age 35
hourly_rate 3.25

Predefined Data Types:
• int : values (e.g. 5 , -321 , 12)
operations (e.g. + , - , * , / , % , >, <, = =, !=, > =, <= )
• float (double) : values (e.g. 3.2 , 1.23E+5 , 0.34E-2)
operations (e.g. +, -, *, /, , >, <, = =, !=, > =, <= )
• bool : values (true , false)
operations (e.g. AND, OR, NOT)
• char : values (e.g. ‘A’ , ‘t’ , ‘(‘ , ‘5’ , ‘;’ )
operations (e.g. <, > , ≤, etc.)
Data Types
Variable declaration
Type Variable_name

Constant Values: can be numerical (3, 100, -5,
3.14) or string (‘A’, ‘$’, ‘Ahmad’, Amman).
Constant identifier: one memory location take a
value at a first time, which can not be changed.
const float pi = 3.14

Variable names
• int X,x,Number, IF,If,iF,a7,Total_sum;
• float _abc;

Problem : Compute and print the average of
three numbers.
Program
void main() {
int n1, n2, n3;
float s, average;
cout<<"Please Enter three integers: ";
cin>>n1>>n2>>n3;
s = n1 + n2 + n3;
average = s / 3;
cout<<"n Average = t"<<average<<endl;
}
Remark: t to leave tab spaces

Problem : Compute the area of the circle.
Where area = π x R2
Program
void main() {
const double Pi = 3.14;
int r;
cout<<"n Please enter r";
cin>>r;
double a;
a = Pi * r * r;
cout<<"n Circle's Area = "<<a<<endl;
}

Examples on integer division
void main( )
{
int x;
x=1/3*3; // 1/3=0
cout<<x<<endl;
x=1.0/3*3;
cout<<x<<endl;
}

Boolean variables and relational
operations
void main( )
{
bool x,y;
x= 5 > 7;
cout<<x<<endl;
y= 5 < 7;
cout<<y<<endl;
x=true;
cout<<x<<endl;
y=false;
cout<<y<<endl;
x=5;
cout<<x;
}

Misleading examples
X= 7 > 5 > 3;
This expression gives false because its evaluated
as follows
X=(7>5) >3;
= 1 > 3; // False;
The relational operations are executed from left to
right
< ,<= ,> , >= have the same priority
== , != have lower priority than the above.
X = 1 == 1>3;
X = 3>4 == 4>3;

Priority
• * , / , % have the same priority ( High )
• + , - have the same priority (Low)

Examples on arithmetic operations
X= 5 + 2 * 3 – 7;
The order of execution is as follows:
* , then + , then -
X= 5 + 2 * 3 – 7 / 3
Execution order : * , + , / , -
X= 5+2*3/4%1-7/3
……………………..

If Statement in C++
One way if
if ( Condition )
statement;
if ( Condition ) {
statements; }

Problem : Read any number from the user,
then print positive if it is positive.
Program
void main() {
int Num;
cout<<"n Please Enter an integer number:";
cin>>Num;
if (Num > 0)
cout<<" Positiven";
}

Another Version
void main() {
int Num;
bool w;
cout<<"n Please Enter an integer number:";
cin>>Num;
w=Num>0;
if (w)
cout<<" Positiven";
}

If Statement in C++
Two way if
if ( Condition )
statement;
else
statement;
if ( Condition ) {
statements; }
else {
statements;}

Write a program that reads a mark,
if mark is 60 or greater, the program
prints PASS, else it will print FAIL
void main() {
int mark;
cout<<"n Please Enter your mark: ";
cin>>mark;
if (mark>=60)
cout<<" PASSn";
else
cout<<"FAILn";

More than one statement in the if
void main() {
int mark;
cout<<"n Please Enter your mark: ";
cin>>mark;
if (mark>=60)
{
cout<<" PASSn";
cout<<“ you can take Object course nown”;
}
else
{
cout<<"FAIL";
cout<<“You must take this course againn”;
}
}

Write a program that prints the
fraction a/b in the form c d/b
Example: 7/3 = 2 1/3
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d;
cout<<“To convert the fraction from the format a/b
to c d/b, Enter a,b”;
cin>>a>>b;
c=a/b;
d=a%b;
cout<<a<<“/”<<b<<“=“<<c<<“ “<<d<<“/”<<b<<endl;
}

Enhancement on the previous example
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d;
cout<<“To convert the fraction from the format a/b to c d/b,
Enter a,b”;
cin>>a>>b;
c=a/b;
d=a%b;
cout<<a<<“/”<<b<<“=“;
if ( c != 0)
cout<<c;
if (d!=0)
cout<<“ “<<d<<“/”<<b;
cout<<endl;
}

Condition
Condition: An expression that is evaluated to
produce only true or false values.
Arithmetic Expressions
- It is composed of operands and arithmetic
operations ( + , - , *, /, %).
- Its result is a numeric value
(e.g. 3 + 4 gives 7)
- Operands may be numbers and/or identifiers that have
numeric values.

Relational Expressions
- It is composed from operands and operators.
- Operands may be numbers and/or identifiers
that have numeric values
- Its result is a logical value (true or false).
- Operators are relational operators:
< , > , <= , >= , = =, !=
e.g.
(a < b) gives true, if value of a is less than value of b
false, if value of a is not less than value of b
(x != y) also gives true or false according to the values of x
and y

Logical Expressions
- It is called also Boolean expression.
- It is composed from operands and operators.
- Operands are identifiers that have logical values
- Its result is a logical value (true or false) (see later).
- Operators are logical: &&(AND) , ||(OR), !(NOT)
e.g.
X && Y
a && b || c

Evaluating Logical
Expressions
• The truth table
(1) AND table
&& True False
True True False
False False False

(2) OR table
|| True False
True True True
False True False
(3) NOT table
! True False
False True

Arithmetic  Relational  Logical
• NOTES
1) A relational expression may contain arithmetic sub
expressions,
e.g. ( 3 + 7 ) < (12 * 4 )
3 + 7 < 12 * 4
2) A logical expression may contain relational and
arithmetic subexpressions,
e.g.
1- x && y && ( a > b )
2- (2 + t ) < (6 * w ) && ( p = =q )

Operator Precedence
Operator Description Precedence
( ) parentheses Highest
+, – , ! unary plus, unary minus,
Not
*, /, %
+ , - Binary plus, binary minus
<, <=, >, >=
== , != Equal, not equal
&&
||
= Assignment Lowest

Examples
• Find the value of the following expression:
(1) 5 + 8 * 2 / 4
16
4
9 (This is the final result)

Find the value of the following expression
( 9 + 3 ) - 6 / 3 + 5
12
2
10`
15 (this is the final result)

Find the value of the following Expression
If x = True, y = False, z = False, find the value of the
expression x && y || z
x && y || z
False
False (the final result)

Another example
• X=true, Y=false, Z= true
X || Y && Z
true
• X=true, Y=false, Z= false
X || Y && Z
true

If a = 3, b = 5, x = true, y = false, find the value of the
expression: ( a < b ) AND y OR x
( a < b ) && y || x
True
False
True (the final result)
Find the value of the following Expression

What is the output of the following code:
Program
void main() {
int a=10, b=3;
cout<<"n a+b= t"<<a+b;
cout<<"n a+b*2= t"<<a+b*2;
cout<<"n (a+b)*2 t"<<(a+b)*2<<endl;
cout<<a<<“<“<<b<<" ist"<<(a<b);
cout<<"n a+b != a+3 is t"<<(a+b != a+3);
cout<<"n a+b >= b*2 || a>b+9 is t"<<(a+b >= b*2 || a>b+9);
cout<<endl;
}

Problem : Read any number from the user,
then print positive if it is positive and print
negative otherwise.
Program
void main() {
int Num;
cout<<"nPlease Enter Number:";
cin>>Num;
if (Num < 0)
cout<<"nNegativen";
else
cout<<"nPositiven";
}

Problem : Read Two numbers from the user,
then print the greatest one.
Program
void main() {
int x,y;
cout<<"nPlease Enter two numbers:";
cin>>x>>y;
cout<<"Max = ";
if (x > y)
cout<<x<<endl;
else
cout<<y<<endl;
}

Problem : Read three numbers to print the
smallest one.
Program
void main() {
int a, b, c;
cout<<"nPlease Enter three numbers:";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"nMin= ";
if ((a < b) && (a < c))
cout<<a;
if ((b < a) && (b < c))
cout<<b;
if ((c < a) && (c < b))
cout<<c;
cout<<endl;
}

Program2 (Nested if)
void main() {
int a, b, c;
cout<<"nPlease Enter three numbers:";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"nMin= ";
if (a < b)
if (a < c)
cout<<a;
else
cout<<c;
else
if (b < c)
cout<<b;
else
cout<<c;
cout<<endl;
}

Problem : Read number, if it is positive, Add
number 10 to it and print the Number “is positive”, but
otherwise, subtract number 10 from it and print the
Number “is negative”.
Program
void main() {
int Number;
cout<<"nPlease enter Number:";
cin>>Number;
if (Number>0) {
Number = Number + 10;
cout<<Number<<" is Positiven";}
else {
Number = Number - 10;
cout<<Number<<" is Negativen";}
}

Example on dangling else
if ( x>y)
if ( x<z)
cout<<“ Hello”;
else
cout<<“Hi”;

Another idea
if ( x>y)
{if ( x<z)
cout<<“ Hello”;}
else
cout<<“Hi”;

Assignment Statement
Simple Assignment:
Max = 5 ;
Max = A ;
F = A+B*2;
Compound Assignment:
A += 10 ;  A = A + 10;
A -= C ;  A = A – C;
I *= 4 ;  I = I * 4;
r /= 2;  r = r / 2;
S %= 3 ;  S = S % 3 ;
B &= true;  B = B && true;
B |= true;  B = B || true;

Increment and Decrement
Postfix
C++;  use the value of C, then increment (C = C+1) it.
C--;  use the value of C, then decrement (C = C-1) it.
Prefix
++C; increment the value of C (C = C+1), then use it .
--C; Decrement the value of C (C = C-1), then use it .

What is the output of the following C++
Source Code
Program#include <iostream.h>
void main( ) {
int A=10, B=4, R;
cout<<"A="<<A<<"tB="<<B;
A += B;
B *= 2;
cout<<"nA="<<A<<"tB="<<B;
R = ++A % B--;
cout<<"nR="<<R;
R = A++ + --B ;
cout<<"nA="<<A<<"tB="<<B<<"tR="<<R;
bool a=true, b=false;
a &= b;
if (a == 0)
cout<<"n a = falsen";
else
cout<<"n a = truen";
}

Examples
X=5;
Y=7;
Z=X++ + Y; // Z=X+Y; X=X+1;
cout<<X<<“ “<<Y<<“ “<<Z<<endl;
Z=++X +Y; // X=X+1; Z=X+Y;
cout<<X<<“ “<<Y<<“ “<<Z<<endl;
Z=X++ + Y++; // Z=X+Y; X++;Y++;
cout<<X<<“ “<<Y<<“ “<<Z<<endl;

Loop (iteration statements)
used to repeat subcode number of times
there three loop techniques:
1- for Loop.
2- while Loop.
3- do … while Loop

For Loop Technique
General Form:
for (counter_var=initial_val; condition; increasing or decreasing counter_var)
{
.
Statement(s);
.
}
Statements will be executed repeatedly while condition is true. When the
condition become false, the loop will be terminated and the execution
sequence will go the first statement after for loop.
If the loop body contains only one statement, there is no need to
begin{ and end } the loop body.

Problem : Print the word “Amman” five
times.
Program
void main( ) {
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
cout<<"Ammann";
}
Another Program
void main() {
for (int i=5; i>=1; i--)
cout<<"Ammann";
}

Problem : Print the following numbers.
1 3 5 7 9 11
Program
void main( ) {
for (int k=1; k<=11; k+=2)
cout<<k<<“t”;
cout<<endl;
}

20 17 14 11 8 5 2
Program
void main() {
for (int m=20; m>=2; m-=3)
cout<<m<<“t”;
cout<<endl;
}

Another Version of the previous
example
void main( ) {
int m;
for (m=20; m>=2; m-=3)
cout<<m<<“t”;
cout<<endl;
}

1 2 3 4 … n(entered by user)
Program
void main() {
int n;
cout<<"nPlease enter the upper limit:";
cin>>n;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
cout<<i<<“t”;
cout<<endl;
}

L (entered By user) (L+1) (L+2) … U (entered By user)
void main() {
int L,U;
cout<<"nPlease enter the Lower limit:";
cin>>L;
cout<<"nPlease enter the Upper limit:";
cin>>U;
for (int i=L; i<=U; i++)
cout<<i<<“t”;
cout<<endl;
}

Problem : Read five numbers from the user and print
the positive numbers only.
Program
void main()
{
int num;
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
{ cout<<"nPlease Enter No"<<i<<':';
cin>>num;
if (num > 0)
cout<<num;
}
}

Program
void main() {
int num;
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++) {
cout<<"nPlease enter the next number:";
cin>>num;
if (num<0)
continue;
cout<<num; }
}

Problem : Compute and print S, Where
S = 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5
Program
void main() {
int S=0;
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
S+=i;
cout<<"nS="<<S<<endl;
}

Sum = 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+ … + n
Program
void main() {
int Sum=0, n;
cout<<"nPlease Enter n";
cin>>n;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i+=2)
Sum+=i;
cout<<"nSum="<<Sum<<endl;
}

Problem : Compute and print the summation
of any 10 numbers entered by the user.
Program
void main() {
int S=0, N;
for (int i=10; i>=1; i--) {
cout<<"nPlease Enter the next number:";
cin>>N;
S+=N;}
cout<<"nS="<<S<<endl;
}

Problem : Compute and Print the factorial of
the number 5. (Fact = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1)
Program
void main( ) {
int Fact=1;
for (int j=5; j>=1; j--)
Fact *= j;
cout<<"5!= "<<Fact<<endl;
}

A program to find n!
void main( ) {
int Fact=1,n;
cout<<“Enter an integer to find its
factorial”;
cin>>n;
for (int j=n; j>=1; j--)
Fact *= j;
cout<<n<<"!= "<<Fact<<endl;
}
Try it on n = 17 ???

Problem : Compute and Print the value of M
where M = 2 * 4 * 6 * … * n
Program
void main( ) {
long M=1;
int n;
cout<<"please enter the upper Limit:";
cin>>n;
for (int i=2; i<=n; i+=2)
M *= i;
cout<<"M= "<<M<<endl;
}

Problem : Compute and Print Mn
Program
void main() {
long Result=1;
int M, n;
cout<<"please enter the Base number:";
cin>>M;
cout<<"nplease enter the exponent:";
cin>>n;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
Result *= M;
cout<<"nResult= "<<Result<<endl;
}

Write a program that finds Mn
for
positive & negative n
• H.W.

Print the following shape
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
cin>>n;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ for (int j=1;j<=n;j++)
cout<<“*”;
cout<<endl;
}
Nested for

Problem : Draw the following shape
*
**
***
****
*****
void main( ) {
for (int raw=1; raw<=5; raw++)
{
for (int C=1; C<=raw; C++)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl;
}
}
Nested for

*****
****
***
**
*
void main() {
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++) {
for (int j=i; j<=5; j++)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl; }
}

What is the output for the following
program
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for (int j=1;j<=5;j++)
if (i==j) cout<<“*”;
else
if (i+j==6)
cout<<“*“;
else
cout<<“ “;
Cout<<endl;}

Problem : display the multiplication table for
the number 3.
void main() {
for (int i=1; i<=10; i++)
cout<<"3 x "<<i<<" = "<<3*i<<endl;
}

Problem : display the multiplication table for
the numbers from 1 to 5.
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20
5 10 15 20 25

for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
cout<<i*j<<“t”;
cout<<endl;
}

Problem : Read any number from the user
and print Prime if it is a prime number, or
Not prime otherwise.
void main() {
bool Prime = true;
int i, num;
cout<<"Please enter the number:";
cin>>num;
for ( i=2; i<num; i++)
if (num%i==0) {
Prime = false;
break; }
if (Prime)
cout<<num<<" is a Prime numbern";
else
cout<<num<<" is not a Prime numbern";
}

S=m0
+ m1
+ … +mn
void main()
{int s=0,n,m;
int t=1;
cout<<"Enter m please ";
cin>>m;
cout<<"Enter n please ";
cin>>n;
for (int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{ t=1;
for (int j=1;j<=i;j++)
t=t*m;
s=s+t;
}
cout<<s<<endl;

void main()
{int s=0,n,m;
int t=1;
cout<<"Enter m please ";
cin>>m;
cout<<"Enter n please ";
cin>>n;
for (int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
s=s+t;
t=t*m;
}
cout<<s<<endl;
}

While Technique
General Form:
while (Condition) {
.
Statement(s);
.
}
sequence will go to the first statement after While loop.
If the loop body contains only one statement, there is no need to
begin{ and end } the loop body.

times.
Program
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i<=5)
{
cout<<"Ammann";
i++;
}
}

void main() {
int i=1;
while (i++<=5)
{
cout<<"Ammann";
}
cout<<i<<endl;
}

1 3 5 7 9 11
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i <= 11) {
cout<<i<<'t';
i+=2; }
}
Remark:
Write ((i+=2) <= 11 ) condition instead of the above one.
What changes you have to do to produce the same
output.

20 17 14 … n
Program
void main() {
int n, k=20;
cout<<"Enter the lower limit:";
cin>>n;
while ( k >= n) {
cout<<k<<'t';
k -= 3; }
}
Remark:
Write k-=3 instead of k in the above condition. What you
have to do to produce the same output.

Program
void main() {
int num, j=0;
while ( j++ < 5 ) {
cout<<"Enter the next num:";
cin>>num;
if (num > 0)
cout<<num<<endl; }
}
Remark:
Solve the above problem by using continue statement.

void main() {
int sum=0,i,x,y;
cout<<"Enter x,y please: ";
cin>>x>>y;
i=x;
while ( i <=y) {
sum=sum+i;
i=i+1;
}
cout<<"The Sum for the numbers from "<<x<<" to
"<<y<<" = "<<sum<<endl;
}

Sum = 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+ … + n
Program
void main() {
int n, Sum=0, i=1;
cout<<"Enter the upper limit:";
cin>>n;
while ( i <= n ) {
Sum += i;
i += 2; }
cout<<"nSum="<<Sum;
}

Problem : Read 10 numbers by the user and
compute and print the summation of
numbers, which are divisible by 3.
Program
void main() {
int Num, Sum=0, i=1;
while ( i <= 10 ) {
cout<<"Enter a number:";
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 3 == 0)
Sum += Num;
i++;
}
cout<<"nSum="<<Sum;
}

Problem : Compute and Print the value of M
where M = 2 * 4 * 6 * … * n
Program
void main() {
int N, M=1, i=2;
cin>>N;
while ( i <= N ) {
M *= i;
i += 2; }
cout<<"nM="<<M;
}

void main() {
int N, M=1, i=2;
cin>>N;
cout<<"nM=1";
while ( i <= N ) {
M *= i;
cout<<"x "<<i;
i += 2; }
cout<<"="<<M<<endl;
}

Nested Loops
void main() {
int i,j=1;
while(j<=4){
i=1;
while(i<=4){
cout<<i<<"t";
i++;
}
j++;
cout<<endl;
}
}
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

*
**
***
****
*****
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i<=5) {
int j=1;
while (j<=i)
{
cout<<'*';
j++;}
cout<<endl;
i++; }
}

Do .. While Technique
General Form:
do {
.
Statement(s);
.
} while (Condition) ;
sequence will go to the first statement after the loop.
The loop body will be executed at least one.

times.
Program
void main() {
int i = 1;
do {
cout<<"Ammann";
i++;
} while (i <= 5);
}

Execute the following program
void main() {
int Choice, Num;
do {
cout<<"n Enter the New Number";
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 2 == 0)
cout<<Num<<" is Evenn";
else
cout<<Num<<" is Oddn";
cout<<"Select your choice.n";
cout<<"1- Exit. (Terminate the Run)n";
cout<<"2- Enter New Number to Check.n";
cin>>Choice;
} while (Choice != 1);
}

void main() {
int Num; char Choice;
do {
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 2 == 0)
else
cout<<“Enter Y to continue, any other character to
exit n”;
cin>>Choice;
} while (Choice == ‘Y’);
}

void main() {
int Num; char Choice;
do {
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 2 == 0)
else
cout<<"Enter Y to continue, any other character to exit n";
cin>>Choice;
} while ((Choice == 'Y') || (Choice=='y'));
}

Homework
Resolve all problems in the presentation 5 and 6 by using the
three loop techniques: For, While, and Do … while Loops.

1
1 2
1 2 4
1 2 4 8
{int x=1;
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{cout<<x<<“ “;
x=x*2;}
cout<<endl;}

{for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
{int x=1;
for( int k=1;k<=j;k++)
x=2*x;
cout<<x<<“ “;}
cout<<endl;}

Topics to be covered
• C++ pre defined functions:
– Math library functions
– Random function
– Examples on rand with switch statments
• User Functions:
– Function proto type
– Function definition:
• Square, Cube examples
• Examples on the four forms of functions, And their
meaning ( when to use each form):
– void F(void)
– void F(int)
– int F(void)
– int F(int)

• Call by value & call By reference
• Functions on arrays
• Scope of variables &Global variables
• Recursion :
– Factorial
– Febonacci,
– Sum of numbers from x to y

• Math library functions:
– ceil(x),floor(x)
– fabs(x), fmod(x,y), pow(x,y),sqrt(x)
– sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)
• These functions are of type double, and
take also double arguments
• They belong to the library
– #include <cmath>

Examples
cout<<ceil(5.2);
ceil(0.1);
ceil(-0.1);
ceil(-1.1);
floor(5.2);
floor(0.1);
floor(-0.1);
floor(-1.1);
ceil(5.2/3);
floor(ceil(5.2/3));
fabs(-17.231);
fmod(5,3) ≡ 5%3
fmod(4.2,2);
fmod(5.1,2.5)
double Y;
Y=pow( 5,4);
Y=pow(5,-4);
Y=pow(5.2,3);
Y=pow(16,0.25);
Y=pow(0.01,0.5);
Y=pow(-4,0.5); runtime error
Y=pow(x*3/7,y-1);
Y=pow(floor(x/3),ceil(x/4));
Y=sqrt(9);
Y=sqrt(10);
Y=sqrt(0.09);

#include <cmath>
void main()
{
double A,B,C,X,Y;
cout<<"Enter a number :";
cin>>X;
Y=X/180*3.141592;
A=sin(Y);
B=cos(Y);
C=tan(Y);
cout<<“sin("<<X<<") = "<<A<<endl;
cout<<"cos("<<X<<") = "<<B<<endl;
cout<<"tan("<<X<<") = "<<C<<endl;
}

Problem : Read any number from the user
and print it is prime if it is, or not prime
otherwise.
#include <cmath>
void main() {
bool Prime = true;
int i, num;
cout<<"Please enter the number:";
cin>>num;
for ( i=2; i<=sqrt(num); i++)
if (num%i==0) {
Prime = false;
break; }
if (Prime)
cout<<num<<" is a Prime numbern";
else
cout<<num<<" is not a Prime numbern";
}

Random number generator
• #include <cstdlib>
• X=rand(); // gives a random number
// between 0.. 32767

#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x;
for( int i=1;i<=100;i++)
{x=rand();
cout<<x<<endl;}
}

Generate 20 random numbers
between 0 - 9
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x;
for( int i=1;i<=20;i++)
{x=rand()%10;
cout<<x<<endl;}
}

20 numbers between 1 - 10
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x;
for( int i=1;i<=20;i++)
{x=rand()%10+1;
cout<<x<<endl;}
}

Generate 10 integer random
numbers between 5 - 7

Using srand function
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x,seed;
cout<<"Enter the seed for the random generater ";
cin>>seed;
srand(seed);
for( int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
x=rand();
cout<<x<<endl;}
}

Q: Write a program that generates
1200 random numbers between 1-6,
and also counts the occurrence of
each number?
Its expected that the occurrence of
each number will be about 200 times.
But remember we are talking about
random number. No exact values.

#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,count1=0, count2=0, count3=0, count4=0, count5=0, count6=0;
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
if (x==1) count1++;
if (x==2) count2++;
if (x==3) count3++;
if (x==4) count4++;
if (x==5) count5++;
if (x==6) count6++;
cout<<x<<endl;}
cout<<1<<" : "<<count1<<endl;
}

#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,count[7]={0};
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
if (x==1) count[1]++;
if (x==2) count[2]++;
if (x==3) count[3]++;
if (x==4) count[4]++;
if (x==5) count[5]++;
if (x==6) count[6]++;
cout<<x<<endl;}
for(i=1;i<=6;i++)
cout<<i<<" : "<<count[i]<<endl;
}
A program to count
the occurrence of
each random number

The same example
using Switch statement
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,count[7]={0};
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
switch(x)
{
case 1: count[1]++;
break;
case 2: count[2]++;
break;
case 3: count[3]++;
break;
case 4: count[4]++;
break;
case 5: count[5]++;
break;
case 6: count[6]++;
}
}
for(i=1;i<=6;i++)
}

• Do the same prev. example,
• Count the number of even numbers, and
the number of odd numbers.

#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,even=0,odd=0;
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
switch(x)
{
case 1:
case 3:
case 5: odd++;
break;
case 2:
case 4:
case 6: even++;
}
}
cout<<"Even count is "<<even<<endl;
cout<<"Odd count is "<<odd<<endl;
}

#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x,count[7]={0};
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
count[x]++;
cout<<x<<endl;}
for(i=1;i<=6;i++)
}

User Defined Functions
• Write a function that calculates and
returns the square value of a double
number:

double square(double); // function prototype
void main( )
{double x,y;
cout<<“Enter a number :”;
cin>>x;
y=square(x);
cout<<x<<“ squared = “<<y<<endl;
}
double square(double a)
{ double b;
b=a*a;
return b;
}

Another user defined function
• Write a program to calculate and print a
rectangle area, the program should use a
function to calculate and returns the area
of a rectangle to the main program?
• This function should take the length and
the width , and should return the area

double area(double,double); // function prototype
void main( ){
double L,W,A;
cout<<“Enter the length:”;
cin>>L;
cout<<“Enter the width:”;
cin>>W;
A=area(L,W);
cout<<“The area of the recangle is “<<A;
}
double area(double X,double Y)
{ double Z;
Z=X*Y;
return Z;
}

• Write a program that finds and prints the
maximum of three integer numbers, The
program should use a function to find the
maximum value.

int max(int,int,int);
void main(){
int x,y,z;
cout<<"Enter 3 numbers please :";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
cout<<"The Maximum is "<<max(x,y,z)<<endl;
}
int max(int a,int b,int c)
{int m;
m=a;
if (m<b) m=b;
if (m<c) m=c;
return m;}

#include <cmath>
bool prime(int);
void main(){
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number please :";
cin>>x;
if (prime(x))
cout<<x<<" is a prime numbern";
else
cout<<x<<" is not a prime numbern";
}
bool prime(int a)
{bool p=true;
for(int i=2;i<=sqrt(a);i++)
if (a%i==0)
{ p=false;
break;}
return p;}

Build your own fabs function
double fabs(double);
void main(void)
{
double x,y;
cout<<"Enter a number ";
cin>>x;
y=fabs(x);
cout<<"The absolute value of "<<x<<" is "<<y<<endl;
}
double fabs(double m)
{
if (m>=0)
return m;
else
return -m;
}

Forms of functions
• Functions that take inputs and returns output:
– double square(double), int max(int a, int b, int c) ….
• Functions that take inputs but don’t return output
– void Printsum(int x,int y)
• Functions that don’t take any inputs but returns an
output:
• int Read_number(void);
• Functions that don’t take and inputs and don’t
return any input
• void Print_hello(void);

Write a program that uses a function to
calculate and print the sum of two numbers.
void print_sum(int,int);
void main()
{int x,y;
cout<<“Enter two numbers please :”;
cin>>x>>y;
print_sum(x,y);
}
void print_sum(int x,int y)
{int s;
s=x+y;
cout<<x<<“+”<<y<<“ = “<<s<<endl;
}

Write a program that reads two numbers
and prints the sum of them,
This program should use a function to read
the numbers and use another function to
calculate and print the sum of two numbers

void print_sum(int,int);
int read_number(void);
void main()
{int x,y;
x=read_number();
y=read_number();
print_sum(x,y);
}
void print_sum(int x,int y)
{int s;
s=x+y;
cout<<x<<“+”<<y<<“ = “<<s<<endl;
}
int read_number(void)
{int A;
cout<<“Enter a number please “;
cin>>A;
return A;
}

Write a progam that uses a function
to print a welcome message
void print_welcome(void);
void main(){
print_welcome();
}
void print_welcome(void)
{
cout<<“Hello, Welcome in C++ functionsn”;
}

• Modify the previous example, make the
main calls the print function 10 times
• Also, make the print_welcome function
print a random message from 3 different
messages

#include<cstdlib>
void print_welcome(void);
void main(){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
print_welcome();
}
void print_welcome(void)
{int x=rand()%3;
switch(x)
{case 0: cout<<“Hello n”; break;
case 1: cout<<“Welcome n”;break;
case 2: cout<<“Hi, how are u n”;
}
}

Inputs for any function
• The inputs for a function could be:
– constants: x=sqrt( 9);
– Variables x=sqrt(y);
– Expression x=sqrt(y+3*z);
– Or even another function x=sqrt(ceil(y/3));
• This is valid for library functions , and user
defined functions also

Scope of variables with functions
int x=10; // global variables
int f1(int);
void f2(int);
int f3(void); // int f3();
void main(void)
{cout<<x<<endl;
int x=15;
cout<<x<<endl;
cout<<::x<<endl;
for (int i=1;i<3;i++)
{
int x=5;
int y=x+::x;
cout<<y<<" "<<x<<" "<<::x<<endl;
}
cout<<x<<endl;
cout<<f1(x)<<endl;
cout<<::x<<endl;
}

int f1(int a)
{
cout<<x<<endl;
int x=13;
cout<<x<<endl;
f2(x);
cout<<::x<<endl;
return x+a;
}
void f2(int b)
{cout<<x<<endl;
x=x-b;
cout<<x<<endl;
}

Aliasing
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int x;
int &y=x;
x=5;
int &z=y;
cout<<x<<"t"<<y<<"t"<<z<<endl;
y=7;
y=x+z-3;
return 0;
}

Call By value & call By reference
int square(int);
void main()
{
int x,y;
cin>>x;
y=square(x);
cout<<x<<" squared is "<<y<<endl;
}
int square(int a) // call by value
{
a=a*a;
return a; }

void square(int &);
void main()
{
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<x<<" squared is “;
square(x);
cout<<x<<endl;
}
void square(int & a) // call by reference
{
a=a*a;
}

#include<iostream.h>
void read_two_numbers(int &,int &);
void main()
{int x,y;
read_two_numbers (x,y);
cout<<x<<" "<<y<<endl;
}
void read_two_numbers (int & a,int &b)
{
cout<<“Enter two numbers please “
cin>>a>>b;
}

Static variables and default
arguments
void f(int x=10 );
void main()
{
f();
f(5);
f(7);
}
void f(int x)
{static int abc=17;
abc++;
cout<<abc<<"t"<<x<<endl;
}

Recursive functions
• Factorial
• Febonacci series
• Sum between X, Y

int fact(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate its factorial ";
cin>>x;
cout<<x<<"! = "<<fact(x)<<endl;
}
int fact(int n)
{
if (n==1)
return 1;
else
return n*fact(n-1);
}
Recursive fact

Recursive fact
int fact(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cin>>x;
}
int fact(int n)
{
if (n==1)
{cout<<"Now returning fact 1n";
return 1;
}
else
{cout<<"Now calling fact "<<n-1<<endl;
return n*fact(n-1);
}
}

int fact(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cin>>x;
}
int fact(int n)
{
if (n==1)
{cout<<"Now returning fact 1n";
return 1;
}
else
{cout<<"Now calling fact "<<n-1<<endl;
int m= n*fact(n-1);
cout<<"Returning "<<n<<"!="<<m<<endl;
return m;
}
}

• Feb(0)=0
• Feb(1)=1
• Feb(n)=feb(n-1)+feb(n-2)

int feb(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate its febonacci ";
cin>>x;
cout<<"Feb("<<x<<") = "<<feb(x)<<endl;
}
int feb(int n)
{
if (n==0)
return 0;
else
if (n==1)
return 1;
else
return feb(n-1)+feb(n-2);
}

int feb(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<feb(x)<<endl;
}
int feb(int n){
if (n==0) return 0;
else
if (n==1) return 1;
else
return feb(n-1)+feb(n-2);
}

Febonacci using for
int feb(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<feb(x)<<endl;
}
int feb(int n){
int fn_2=0;
int fn_1=1;
int fn;
for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)
{fn=fn_2+fn_1;
fn_2=fn_1;
fn_1=fn;
}
return fn;
}

Sum of numbers from 1 to n
int sum(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate the sum ";
cin>>x;
cout<<“Sum of the series “<<sum(x)<<endl;
}
int sum(int n)
{
if (n==1)
return 1;
else
return n+sum(n-1);
}

• Write a function that returns the sum of
numbers from X to Y. The function should
calculate the sum recursively
• ∑ i = y+ ∑ i
i=x
y
i=x
y-1

Sum of numbers from X to Y
int sum(int,int);
void main()
{
int x,y;
cout<<"Enter two numbers to calculate the sum ";
cin>>x>>y;
cout<<“Sum of the series “<<sum(x,y)<<endl;
}
int sum (int a, int b)
{
if (a==b)
return b;
else
return b+sum(a,b-1);
}

ArrayArray
Array is a set of adjacent memory locations of the same data type. All of
them have one name, which is the array name. each location has subscript
number started by zero.
One Dimensional arrayOne Dimensional array
Data_Type array_name[How many elements] ;
Two Dimensional arrayTwo Dimensional array
Data_Type array_name[#Rows][#Columns] ;

One Dimensional arrayOne Dimensional array
int List[5];
100 30 10 -20 5
List[0] List[1] list[2] list[3] list[4]
Read Elements
List[0] = 100;
List[1] = 30;
List[2] = 10;
List[3] = -20;
List[4] = 5;
Print Elements
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<List[i];

Definitions and initial values
int X[4]={4,2,3,1};
int A[10]={0};
int B[100]={1};
int C[7]={1,2,6};
int d[5];
int E[ ]={4,6,2};

Not accepted Statements
int A[4]={4,2,4,5,2};
int E[ ];
int n=5;
int X[n];
Corrected by:
const int n=5;
int X[n];

void main() {
int A[5] = {10,20,15,100,30};
for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<A[i]<<'t';
for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
cout<<"nPlease Enter A["<<i<<"]:";
cin>>A[i]; }
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<A[i]<<'t';
cout<<endl;
}

void main() {
const int Size = 10;
char KeyBSym[Size]={ ')', '!', '@', '#', '$', '%', '^', '&', '*', '(' };
for (int i=0; i<Size; i++)
cout<<"Shift + number "<<i<<" Give Symbol
"<<KeyBSym[i]<<endl;
}

const int S = 10;
void main() {
int A[S];
for(int i=0; i<S; i++) {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]:";
cin>>A[i]; }
int PositiveSum = 0, EvenSum = 0,
Gthan10_Count = 0;
for (i=0; i<S; i++) {
if (A[i]>0)
PositiveSum += A[i];
if (A[i]%2 == 0)
EvenSum += A[i];
if (A[i]>10)
Gthan10_Count++;
}
cout<<"nSummation of positive Elements: "<<PositiveSum;
cout<<"nSummation of Even Elements: "<<EvenSum;
cout<<"n# Element, which are greater than 10: "<<Gthan10_Count;
cout<<endl;
}

const int S = 10;
void main() {
int A[S];
for(int i=0; i<S; i++) {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]:";
cin>>A[i]; }
long Even_Position_Mul = 1, Odd_Position_Mul = 1;
for (i=0; i<S; i++)
if(i%2==0)
Even_Position_Mul *= A[i];
else
Odd_Position_Mul *=A[i];
cout<<"nMultiplication of elements at Even position: "<<Even_Position_Mul;
cout<<"nMultiplication of elements at Odd position: "<<Odd_Position_Mul;
cout<<endl;
}

Find the Maximum elementFind the Maximum element
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
for(int i=0; i<Size; i++)
cin>>Vector[i];
for(i=0; i<Size; i++)
cout<<Vector[i]<<'t';
cout<<endl;
int Max = Vector[0];
if (Max<Vector[i])
Max=Vector[i];
cout<<"nMax= "<<Max<<endl;
}

SearchSearch
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cin>>Vector[i];
cout<<endl;
int Element;
cout<<"What is the element that you looking for";
cin>>Element;
bool Found = false;
if(Element = = Vector[i]){
Found = true;
break; }
cout<<endl;
if (Found)
cout<<Element<<" Found at position "<<i<<endl;
else
cout<<Element<<" is not in the array n";}

Another version of search exampleAnother version of search example
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cin>>Vector[i];
cout<<endl;
int Element;
cout<<"What is the element that you are looking for: ";
cin>>Element;
bool Found = false;
if(Element == Vector[i]){
cout<<Element<<" is found at position "<<i<<endl;
Found=true; }
if (!Found)
cout<<Element<<" is not in the array n";
}

Sort the elements:Sort the elements:#include <iostream.h>
const int Size = 5;
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cin>>Vector[i];
cout<<endl;
for(i=0; i<Size - 1; i++)
for(int j=i+1; j<Size; j++)
if (Vector[i]>Vector[j]) {
int Temp = Vector[i];
Vector[i] = Vector[j];
Vector[j] = Temp;}
cout<<endl; }

build a swap function function
void swap(int & x,int & y)
{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}

Bubble sort using
the swap
function
void swap(int &,int &);
const int Size = 5;
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cin>>Vector[i];
for(i=0; i<Size - 1; i++)
for(int j=i+1; j<Size; j++)
if (Vector[i]>Vector[j]) swap(Vector[i],Vector[j]);
cout<<endl; }
void swap(int & x,int & y)
{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}

Arrays and Call by reference
• We can’t return the array using return
statement.
• We need to use the call by reference
technique.
• BUT when passing an array to a function,
it is sent as call by reference.
• No need to declare it as int &[ ]

Write a function that return the sum
of an array#include <iostream.h>
int Arr_Sum(int [ ],int);
void main( )
{
int A[5]={2,3,4,5,6};
int B[4]={5,3,1,7};
cout<<"The sum of A is "<<Arr_Sum(A,5)<<endl;
cout<<"The sum of B is "<<Arr_Sum(B,4)<<endl;
}
int Arr_Sum(int x[ ],int size)
{int S=0;
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
S=S+x[ i ];
return S;
}

Functions to Read and
print arrays
void Arr_read(int [ ],int);
void Arr_print(int[ ],int);
void main(){
int A[5];
int B[4];
Arr_read(A,5);
Arr_read(B,4);
Arr_print(A,5);
Arr_print(B,4);}
void Arr_read(int x[ ],int size)
{ for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
{cout<<"Enter a number please ";
cin>>x[i];}
}
void Arr_print(int x[ ],int size)
{for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
cout<<x[i]<<" ";
cout<<endl;
}

Function to calculate the sum of
two arrays#include <iostream.h>
void sum(int [ ],int [ ],int[ ],int);
void main()
{
int a[4]={4,3,2,1};
int b[4]={2,2,4,4};
int c[4];
sum(a,b,c,4);
Arr_print(c,4);
}
void sum(int x[ ],int y[ ],int z[ ],int s)
{
for (int i=0;i<s;i++)
z[i]=x[i]+y[i];
}

cout statement with setw( )
#include <iomanip.h>
void main()
{
for(int i=1; i<= 5;i++) // without using setw( )
cout<<i<<" "<<i*i<<" "<<i*i*i<<endl;
cout<<endl;
for(i=1; i<= 5;i++) // with using setw( )
cout<<setw(4)<<i<<setw(4)<<i*i<<setw(4)<<i*i*i<<endl;
}

Strings
void main()
{
char n[10];
char a[10]={'A','h','m','e','d'};
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
cout<<endl;
}

Q1 in the exam
void main()
{
int a[4][3];
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{ cout<<"Enter a number ";
cin>>a[i][j];
}
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
int s=0;
for(int m=0;m<4;m++)
s=s+a[m][k];
cout<<s<<endl;
}
}

Two Dimensional arrayTwo Dimensional array
int Matrix[3][4];
30
Assign values to Elements
Matrix[0][1] = 30;
Matrix[1][0] = 100;
Matrix[1][2] = 10;
Matrix[2][3] = -20;
Matrix[2][0]=Matrix[1][2];
Print Elements
for(i=0; i<3; i++){
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
cout<<Matrix[i][j]<<“t”;
cout<<endl; }
100 10
10 -20
0 1 2 3
0
1
2

int A[2][3] = { {1 ,2 , 3 },
{10,20,30}};
int Matrix[3][4]= {{0,30 },
{100,0,10},
{0,0,0,-20}};

void main() {
int A[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{10,20,30}};
int B[2][3] = {100,200,300,40,50,60};
int C[2][3] = {{15,25},{105,205}};
for( int i=0; i<2; i++){
for( int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<A[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
cout<<endl;
for( i=0; i<2; i++){
for( int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<B[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
cout<<endl;
for( i=0; i<2; i++){
for( int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<C[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
}

const int Rows = 3, Columns = 4;
void main() {
int A[Rows][Columns];
for (int i=0; i<Rows; i++)
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++) {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
for (i=0; i<Rows; i++){
for(int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
cout<<A[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
}

int A_sum(int [ ][2],int);
void main(){
int x[3][2]={6,5,4,3,2,1};
int y[4][2]={5,4,3,2,3,4,1};
cout<<"The sum of the array x is “ <<A_sum(x,3)<<endl;
cout<<"The sum of the array y is “ <<A_sum(y,4)<<endl;
}
int A_sum(int a[ ][2],int r)
{
int s=0;
for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
s=s+a[i][j];
return s;
}
Find The sum of 2-D
arrays using functions`

Diagonal SummationDiagonal Summation
void main() {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
int DSum = 0;
for (i=0; i<Rows; i++)
DSum += A[i][i];
cout<<"Diagonal Sum = "<<DSum<<endl;
}

Inverse Diagonal SummationInverse Diagonal Summation
void main() {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
int DSum = 0;
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
if ( i+j= = 3)
DSum += A[i][j];
cout<<"Diagonal Sum = "<<DSum<<endl;
}

Lower Triangular MultiplicationLower Triangular Multiplication
void main() {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
long LTmul = 1;
for(int j=0; j<i; j++)
LTmul *= A[i][j];
cout<<"Lower Traingular Mul = "<<LTmul<<endl;
}

Lower Triangular MultiplicationLower Triangular Multiplication
void main() {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
long LTmul = 1;
for(int j=0; j<Columns,; j++)
if (i>j) LTmul *= A[i][j];
cout<<"Lower Traingular Mul = "<<LTmul<<endl;
}

Write a Program that copies an
array to another
const int R = 4, C= 3;
void main() {
int A[R][C];
int B[R][C];
for (int i=0; i<R; i++)
for (int j=0; j<C; j++) {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
for (i=0 ;i<R;i++)
for(int j=0;i<C;j++)
B[i][j]=A[i][j];
for (i=0; i<R; i++){
for(int j=0; j<C; j++)
cout<<B[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
}

Write a function that copies a 2-D
array to another
void copyA(int x[ ][3],int y[ ][3],int r)
{
for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
y[i][j]=x[i][j];
}

Write a Program that copies an
array to another
const int R = 4, C= 3;
void main() {
int A[R][C];
int B[R][C];
for (int i=0; i<R; i++)
for (int j=0; j<C; j++) {
cout<<"nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
copyA(A,B,4);
for (i=0; i<R; i++){
for(int j=0; j<C; j++)
cout<<B[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
}

Store the following symbols in theStore the following symbols in the
array Symbol.array Symbol. * $ $ $
# * $ $
# # * $
# # # *
void main() {
char Symbol[Rows][Columns];
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
if (i == j)
Symbol[i][j] = '*';
else if (i > j)
Symbol[i][j] = '#';
else
Symbol[i][j] = '$';
for (i=0; i<Rows; i++){
cout<<Symbol[i][j];
cout<<endl; } }

Matrix Matrix SummationMatrix Matrix Summation
void main() {
int A[Rows][Columns], B[Rows][Columns], C[Rows][Columns];
cout<<"nEnter Matrix A elements:n";
for( int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
cin>>A[i][j];
cout<<"nEnter Matrix B elements:n";
for( int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
cin>>B[i][j];
for(i=0; i<Rows; i++)
for(int j=0; j< Columns; j++)
C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
for(i=0; i<Rows; i++){
cout<<C[i][j]<<'t';
cout<<endl; }
}

Write a function to add two Arrays
void add(int x[ ][4],int y[ ][4],int z[ ][4],int r)
{
}

Compute the average for 5 marks
for 10 students
int marks [10][5];
{ cout<<“Enter mark”<<j+1<<“ for student”<<i+1;
cin>>marks[i][j];}
float av[10];
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{ float sum=0;
sum=sum+marks[i][j];
av[i]=sum/5;}
printing……

int A[3][4], B[4][3];
cin>>A[i][j];
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
B[ j][i]=A[i][j]
Printing B ……..

Function to calculate the Transpose
of an array 3x4
void trans34(int x[3][4],int y[4][3])
{
for(int r=0;r<3;r++)
for(int c=0;c<4;c++)
y[c][r]=x[r][c];
}

HomeworkHomework
1- Write program to compute and print the result of
Matrix A[n][n] multiplied by Matrix B[n][n] and
store the result within Matrix C[n][n].
2- Write program to Compute and print the result of
Matrix A[n][n] multiplied by Vector V[n] and store
the result within Vector C[n].

Calculate an accurate value for Pi
double Pi=0;
for(int i=0;i<=1000;i++)
if( i%2==0)
Pi=Pi+4.0/(2*i+1);
else
Pi=Pi-4.0/(2*i+1);

double pi;
int t=1;
for(int i=1;i<=1000;i=i+2)
{ pi=pi+t*4.0/i;
t=t*-1;
}

Strings
void main()
{
char n[10];
char a[10]={'A','h','m','e','d'};
for(int i=0; i<5 ; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}

void main()
{
char a[10]={'I','b','r','a','h','e','e','m‘};
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}

void main()
{
char a[10]={'A','h','m','e','d'};
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<" ";
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
}

void main()
{
char a[10]=“Ahmed“;
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<" ";
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
}

void main()
{
char a[10];
cout<<"Enter a name : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<a<<endl;
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<' ';
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
}

void main()
{
char a[10];
char b[10];
cout<<"Enter ur first name : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter ur second name : ";
cin>>b;
cout<<"Hello "<<a<<" "<<b<<endl;
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<' ';
cout<<a<<endl;
}
}

void main()
{
char a[10];
cout<<"Enter a name : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<a<<endl;
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<' ';
cout<<a<<endl;
}
cout<<i<<endl;
}

Final exam question
• Write a function that returns the length of a
string or array of characters.
• The function prototype is
• int length(char[ ]);

int length(char name[ ])
{
for(int i=0;name[i]!=0;i++)
;
return i;
}

void main()
{
char name[10];
cout<<"Enter ur name : ";
cin>>name;
for(int i=0; name[i]!=‘0’ ; i++);
for(int j=i-1;j>=0;j--)
cout<<name[j];
cout<<endl;
}

Write a program that prints the
name inversed( from the last char
to the first character
• See the prev. slide

Pointers
void main()
{
int x=5;
int* y; // pointer to an integer
y=&x;
cout<<x<<endl<<&x<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl<<*y<<endl;
}

void main()
{
char a[10]="Ahmad"; // prints Ahmed
cout<<a<<endl;
int b[10]={1,2,3,4,5};
cout<<b<<endl; // prints the address of
//the first element in the array
}

void main()
{
char a[10]="Ahmad"; // prints Ahmed
cout<<a<<endl;
int b[10]={1,2,3,4,5};
cout<<b<<endl; // prints the address of
//the first element in the array
int x=5;
int* y; // pointer to an integer
y=&x;
cout<<x<<endl<<&x<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl<<*y<<endl;
}

1- do-while statement.
2- nested for loop
3- nested while statement
4- math library functions.
5- functions prototype and definitions.
6- rand () and srand() functions
7- scope rules (local, global and static variables)
8- Recursion
9- call by value and reference
10- Inline function
11- :: scope resolution operator.
12- one dim array only ( definition and passing one dim array
to a function).

901131 examples

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