This document provides a summary of Antoine Lavoisier's contributions to chemistry, including:
1) Lavoisier disproved the theory of phlogiston through experiments showing that combustion reactions involve gases combining with oxygen rather than releasing phlogiston.
2) He established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen by collecting and weighing the products of a combustion reaction.
3) Lavoisier is considered the founder of modern chemistry for his establishment of a system of chemical nomenclature and for listing the first table of chemical elements. He emphasized quantitative experiments and conservation of mass.
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Priestley & lavoisier 112
1. “ Leaves That Are Green” written by Paul Simon performed by Simon and Garfunkel I was twenty-one years when I wrote this song. I'm twenty-two now but I won't be for long Time hurries on. And the leaves that are green turn to brown, And they wither with the wind, And they crumble in your hand. Once my heart was filled with the love of a girl. I held her close, but she faded in the night Like a poem I meant to write. And the leaves that are green turn to brown, And they wither with the wind, And they crumble in your hand. I threw a pebble in a brook And watched the ripples run away And they never made a sound. And the leaves that are green turned to brown, And they wither with the wind, And they crumble in your hand.
2. Elements and some compounds that are gases Where to find gases in the periodic table
3. Properties of Common Gases Do not memorize this list, just look over the list and the rest of this list on the Blackboard website. Use this for reference, especially for the gases you see in lab.
9. Origin of the Pneumatic Trough to collect gas under a liquid by Stephen Hales, 1727 About 1727, Stephen Hales discovered a method to isolate gases by bubbling the gas into a filled container of liquid, usually water (using a bent gun-barrel ).
10. Use of a pneumatic trough to collect gaseous oxygen over water
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12. Enlarged picture Priestley’s pneumatic trough for collecting gases under water and testing those gases. Two mice are in the ventilated bell jar in the foreground. Priestley’s pneumatic trough for collecting gases under water and testing those gases
13. Priestley’s pneumatic trough to collect water-reactive gases under mercury. Under Hg, Priestley isolated and studied ammonia, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. He was very skilled at experimental work.
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15. Phlogiston: A mistake that put ideas backwards? or an advance that led to its own disproof?
25. A Caricature of Priestley calling for the King’s head It was alleged that he was going to call for the king’s head at a Bastille day party held by English supporters of the French Revolution, July 1791.
29. When the discovery of bromine, the only non-metal that is liquid at NTP, Justus Liebig went to his lab shelf and took down a bottle he had labeled “Iodine chloride” and found it had the same properties as the newly announced element. Liebig then placed that bottle in his “cupboard of mistakes”. Antoine J. Balard (1802-1876) discoverer of bromine Iodine monochloride, ICl, does exist and can be made by heating I 2 with Cl 2 Priestley insisted on the wrong concept. When you are wrong, it is not almost correct. No one claims claims Liebig should be given priority for discovering bromine. Balard gets credit because he not only isolated bromine, but also convinced everyone that it was an element.
43. Tschirnhausen’s huge burning glass used by Lavoisier to prove that diamonds burn and release only carbon dioxide Lavoisier was also first to burn fuels with oxygen to reach very high temperatures
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46. Lavoisier used Boyle’s definition: an element is a substance that cannot be decomposed to simpler substances. Painting of Robert Boyle
51. Lavoisier’s apparatus for combustion analysis Combustion analysis was greatly improved by Berzelius and the German chemists, but all the methods were exemplified in Lavoisier’s book. In order for chemistry to advance chemists had to understand combustion and gases. Oxygen reacts directly with all elements except the noble gases and the noble metals. So, Berzelius measured the atomic weights of all known elements by their oxides.
56. Lavoisier’s Accomplishments, part 2 Some biographies and Wikipedia claim that Lavoisier did not discover any new elements, but that he was essential in convincing chemists of the correct interpretations. Not only did Lavoisier give the correct interpretation of oxygen, but he also convinced scientists that fifteen metals were elements. Before Lavoisier, metals were considered important, but they were not elemental as they contained a common factor of metallization, phlogiston. In my view, Lavoisier can be considered the discoverer of fifteen metallic elements. 17
57. Paul Goodwin as Lavoisier, Lucy Davenport as Marie in the play, “Oxygen”
59. The guillotine was kept busy during the “Reign of Terror” of the French Revolution Lavoisier was tried, convicted, sentenced, and executed, all on the same day, May 8, 1794. “ It took them only an instant to cut off his [Lavoisier’s] head, but France may not produce another like it in a century.” - Joseph-Louis Lagrange, French mathematician
60. What if Lavoisier had lived a little longer? Lavoisier died at age 50 at the height of powers. He could have taken a vacation abroad to escape the most unstable time of the “Reign of Terror”. But he did not expect the depth of hatred directed at the “Tax Farmers” and he did not know he would face Marat among the judges. Had he lived longer, he would have met John Dalton, Alessandro Volta, Humphrey Davy, Jons Berzelius, Gay-Lussac, and perhaps Amadeo Avogadro. Lavoisier had planned another volume of Traite Elementaire de Chemie.
62. Bunsen burner flame with and without air supply Sooty flame No soot in flame, burns off soot Hottest point is the top of the inner blue cone. This flame will burn off soot. Yellow flame from unburned carbon when insufficient oxygen. This flame will deposit soot on any cool object.
Do not memorize this list, just look over the list and use this for reference, especially for the gases you see in lab.
About 1727, Stephen Hales discovered a method to isolate gases by bubbling the gas into a filled container of liquid, usually water (using a bent gun-barrel).
Priestley’s pneumatic trough for collecting gases under water and testing those gases. Two mice are in the ventilated bell jar in the foreground.
ammonia, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, NO, nitrogen dioxide, were first isolated and studied by Priestley. He was very skilled at experimental work.
Summary about phlogiston based on Isaac Asimov’s summary and my reading
Priestley’s burning glass
A poster made by a Chem 100 student (many years ago)
Title page of Priestley's book, “Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air” (1775).
It was alleged that he would call for the king’s head at a Bastille day party held by English supporters of the French Revolution, July 1791.
Priestley’s new home in America (where Amer. Chem. Soc. was founded)
When you read a statement in an encyclopedia that says, “Priestley discovered oxygen.” If you listen carefully you can hear Priestley’s voice saying, “No, I definitely did not.”
Tschirnhausen huge burning lens
Robert Boyle
Again Marie drew this diagram and she shows herself taking notes.
