1. INFECTIOUS & NONINFECTIOUS CASE STUDY
By Jenny He

2. INFECTIOUS DISEASE – TETANUS CAUSES:
 caused by bacteria Clostridium Tetani - present in
soil, saliva, dust and in animal feces .
 These bacteria produces spores that are resistant to heat and
disinfectants.
 When spores enter the skin (through wound ), it becomes active
and produces toxic substances to the central nervous system
 This results in Tetanus symptoms

3. HOW DOES IT PASS ON?
 People get tetanus through an infected open wound
 e.g. if a person steps on a rusty nail, they could become ill from
the spores of tetanus bacteria that went into the wound
 As well, wounds that do not have good blood supply or are not
exposed to air are more likely to tetanus

4. SYMPTOMS OF TETANUS
 Stif fness of the jaw (lockjaw) – It is most common
 Dif ficulty opening mouth
 Other muscles become stif f (e.g. back , abdomen, face)
 Fever
 Per spire heavily
 Rapid pulse
 Feel restless
 Muscle spasms
 Noise and light may cause seizures
 Infants with tetanus are unable to suck milk

5. TREATMENT
1.
 Doctor diagnosis symptoms of recently open wounds
 If patient is diagnosed with Tetanus, he/she is injected with tetanus
antitoxin
 Tetanus antitoxin contains antibodies which attach and neutralise the
tetanus toxin – the patient is immunised
 Infected areas are cleaned thoroughly
 Antibodies are given to destroy remaining bacteria in the wound
2.
 Other drugs are given to control symptoms - in some cases
mechanical ventilator are used to regulate breathing

6. PREVENTION
1.
 getting vaccinated against tetanus
 This type of vaccine protects a person for 10 years after
booster shot
2.
 Receive a shot of post-exposure tetanus prophylaxis after an
injury that could cause tetanus

7. INCIDENCE
- AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
 Tetanus can occur at any age and time. However, this disease is much more likely to
occur in third world countries where people do not have immunisation.

8. NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE: ALZHEIMER'S
CAUSES
 As a person ages, something causes brain cells to die and clumps of
plaques develop but in Alzheimer's, it happens quicker
 Almost ever yone who has the gene APP, Presenilin – 1 or Presenilin - 2
gets the rare familial form of this disease
 The gene APOE (3 forms - APOE2, APOE3 & APOE4) play a role in the
more common types of Alzheimer's disease
 Researchers are still tr ying to under stand why these changes happen
faster in Alzheimer patients (some suggested include minor strokes, Injur y
to head, lifestyle factor s and infections from viruses)

9. SYMPTOMS OF ALZHEIMER'S
 memor y loss
 Challenges in planning or solving problems
 Dif ficulty completing familiar tasks at home, work or at leisure
 Confusion with time or place
 Trouble under standing visual images and spatial relationships
 New problems with words in speaking or writing
 Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
 Decreased or poor judgement
 Withdrawal from work or social activities
 Af fects per son's ability to per form daily activities
 Changes in mood and per sonality - confusion, fear, suspicious, anxious

10. TREATMENT
 There are currently no cure for Alzheimer's.
 However, drug and non-drug treatments may help ease
behavioural and psychological symptoms
 As well, researchers are showing interest in therapeutic
treatments

11. PREVENTION
 At the present, there is no known way to prevent Alzheimer's
 Some study suggests antioxidants like vitamin E may prevent
damage to cells including cells in the brain

12. INCIDENCE
 According to
Australian
Institute of Health
and
Welfare, Alzheime
r’s are more likely
to occur in people
aged 85+.

13. END.