report renewable energy biogas biomass...etc

1. is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as biogas biomass
biodiesel sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas:
electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and
rural (off-grid) energy services here are some of them:
produced by thegasestypically refers to a mixture of differentBiogas
. Biogas can beoxygenin the absence oforganic matterbreakdown of
produced from raw materials such as agricultural
green,sewage,materialplant,municipal waste,manurewaste,
a renewable energy source and in many. Biogas isfood wasteorwaste
cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.

2. Biogas is primarily
) and may have small2(COcarbon dioxide) and4CH(methane
. Thesiloxanes), moisture andS2H(hydrogen sulfideamounts of
) can beCO(carbon monoxide, andhydrogen,methanegases
combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows
biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating
also be used in a gas engine tocanpurpose, such as cooking. It
convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.
Typical composition of biogas
Compound Formula %
Methane CH
4
50–75
Carbon dioxide CO
2
25–50
Nitrogen N
2
0–10
Hydrogen H
2
0–1
Hydrogen sulfide
H
2S
0–3
Oxygen O
2
0–0.5
Source: www.kolumbus.fi, 2007[11]
Production
Main article: Anaerobic digestionBiogas production in rural GermanyBiogas is
produced as landfill gas (LFG), which is produced by the breakdown of
Biodegradable waste inside a landfill due to chemical reactions and microbes,
or as digested gas, produced inside an anaerobic digester. A biogas plant is the
name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy
crops. It can be produced using anaerobic digesters (air-tight tanks with
different configurations). These plants can be fed with energy crops such as
maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food
waste. During the process, the microorganisms transform biomass waste into
biogas (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate. The biogas is a
renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, and many other
operations that use a reciprocating internal combustion engine, such as GE
Jenbacher or Caterpillar gas engine

3. Biogas advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
.Renewable Source of Energy 1. Little Technology Advancements
.Non-Polluting 2. Contain Impurities
.Reduces Landfills 3. Not Attractive on Large Scale
Cheaper Technology. 4. Unstable
.Large number of Job
.Little Capital Investment
.Reduces Greenhouse Effect
Dangers
The dangers of biogas are mostly similar to those of natural gas, but
with an additional risk from the toxicity of its hydrogen sulfide fraction.
Biogas can be explosive when mixed in the ratio of one part biogas to 8-
20 parts air. Special safety precautions have to be taken for entering an
empty biogas digester for maintenance work.
It is important that a biogas system never has negative pressure as this
could cause an explosion. Negative gas pressure can occur if too much
gas is removed or leaked; Because of this biogas should not be used at
pressures below one column inch of water, measured by a pressure
gauge.
Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living
organisms. Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often
refers to plants or plant-based materials that are not used for food or
feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy
source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce
heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods
which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical
methods.
Biomass sources Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived
energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire.
Even today, biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many
developing countries. Biomass is all biologically-produced matter based
in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Wood remains the largest biomass

4. energy source today; examples include forest residues Harvested wood
may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams to
be processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels
Biomass advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
1. No Harmful Emissions 1. Expensive
2. Clean Energy 2. Inefficient as Compared to Fossil Fuels
3. Abundant and Renewable 3. Harmful to Environment
4. Reduce Dependency on Fossil Fuels 4. Require More Land
5. Reduce Landfills
6. Can be Used to Create Different
Products
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel.
Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats,
tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to
Biodiesel is called transesterification. . The largest possible source of
suitable oil comes from oil crops such as rapeseed, palm or soybean. In
the UK rapeseed represents the greatest potential for biodiesel
production. Most biodiesel produced at present is produced from waste
vegetable oil sourced from restaurants, chip shops, industrial food
producers such as Birdseye etc. Though oil straight from the agricultural
industry represents the greatest potential source it is not being
produced commercially simply because the raw oil is too expensive.
After the cost of converting it to biodiesel has been added on it is simply
too expensive to compete with fossil diesel. Waste vegetable oil can
often be sourced for free or sourced already treated for a small price.
(The waste oil must be treated before conversion to biodiesel to remove
impurities). The result is Biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil
can compete with fossil diesel.

5. Biodiesel advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Can be Used in existing Diesel Engines Variation in Quality of Biodiesel
2. Produced from Renewable Resources Not Suitable for use in Low Temperatures
3. Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions Food Shortage
4. Grown, Produced and Distributed Locally Increased use of Fertilizers
5. Cleaner Biofuel Refineries Clogging in Engine
6. Biodegradable and Non-Toxic
Production Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of
the vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock. There are several methods for
carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common
batch process, supercritical processes, ultrasonic methods, and even
microwave methods.
Current research
There is ongoing research into finding more suitable crops and
improving oil yield. Other sources are possible including human fecal
matter, with Ghana building its first "fecal sludge-fed biodiesel plant.
Using the current yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water would be
needed to produce enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage. It
would require twice the land area of the US to be devoted to soybean
production, or two-thirds to be devoted to rapeseed production, to
meet current US heating and transportation needs
-radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever
evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, concentrated
solar power (CSP), concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), solar architecture
technologies are broadly characterizedand artificial photosynthesis. Solar
as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture,
convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include
malorienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable ther

6. mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Solar energy advantages and disadvantage
DisadvantagesAdvantages
1 Weather Dependent1 Renewable Energy Source
2 Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive2 Reduces Electricity Bills
3 cost3 Diverse Applications
4 Uses a Lot of Space4 Low Maintenance Costs
5 Associated with Pollution5 Technology Development
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range from
around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW
have become the most common for commercial use; the power available from the wind is a
function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases
up to the maximum output for the particular turbine. Areas where winds are stronger and
more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind
farms. Typically full load hours of wind turbines vary between 16 and 17 percent annually,
but might be higher in particularly favorable offshore sites

7. Wind power is widely used in Europe, China, and the United States. From 2004 to 2014,
worldwide installed capacity of wind power has been growing from 47 GW to 369 GW—a
more than sevenfold increase within 10 years with 2014 breaking a new record in global
installations (51 GW). As of the end of 2014, China, the United States and Germany
combined accounted for half of total global capacity.
Wind energy advantages and disadvantages
DisadvantagesAdvantages
.The Wind Fluctuates.1.1.Renewable & Sustainable
2.Installation is Expensive..Environmentally Friendly.2
.Threat to Wildlife.3.3.Reduces Fossil Fuel Consumption
.Noise Pollution.4.4.Wind Energy is Free
Visual Pollution.5.5.Remote Power Solution
.Low Maintenance.6
.Huge Potential.7
.8.Job Creation