1. R e s h a p i n g P a r t i c i p a t o r y P l a n n i n g t h r o u g h “ L o c a l S N S ” :
F o c u s i n g o n H i g h - r i s e N e w T o w n s i n G y e o n g g i P r o v i n c e
地 域 S N S を 活 用 し た 参 加 型 都 市 計 画 の 再 構 築
- 京 畿 道 の 高 層 ニ ュ ー タ ウ ン 住 宅 地 を 事 例 と し て -
1 3 A u g , 2 0 1 4
Urba n D esi gn Lab
Y o o n , Z o o s u n
ユ ン ジ ュ サ ン

2. Source: NAVER open API
CHAPTER 1
Introduction

3. 3
 Korean high-rise new towns, which accounts for 59% of total housing stocks as of 2010,
have many non-ideal conditions for participatory planning
1.1 Background
Conditions References
1. Urban area Putnam (2000), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)
2. Large group Olson (1965), Mosher (1967), Hardin (1982), Friedmann (1987), Ostrom (1990), Rimmerman (1997), Renee (2004)
3. High-mobility Putnam (2000)
4. High-rise Sinnett el al (1972), Bickman el al (1976), Nadler, A el al (1982), Korte et al (1983), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)
 Thus, participatory planning and Maeulmandeulgi have been seldom conducted in high-rise
new towns
Government-funded Maeulmandeulgi project in Korea (2007-2009 ) City-funded Maeulmandeulgi project in Ansan-Si (2008-2012)
Table 1-1. Non-ideal conditions for participation (Author)
Figure 2-17 Apartment share in Maeulmandeulgi projects (Statistics Korea, 2013; Shin JJ, 2013; Ansan MM center, 2013)

4. 41.2 Definition of Term
 Local Social Network Service (Local SNS) refers geographically-defined online community that
comprised of local residents
• Agrarian Society
• Industrial Society
• Information Society
• Local SNS
Town City Nation World
Offline community Online community
Neighborhood = Community
Neighborhood ≠ Community
Splinternet (Cyberbalkanization)
Blend online and offline network
 Meanwhile, although face-to-face(FTF) communication is still important and never be replaced,
“Local SNS” has recently emerged to supplement these limitations
Source: Author
Figure 1-2. Concept of Local SNS
Among Facebook friends, Neighbor: 2% (PEW research, 2013)

5. 1.3 Problem Statement 5
 Unlike scholars’ rosy expectations, many Local SNSs have turned to the “E-ghost town”
 Many studies examined Local SNS planning based on theoretical reviews, one-time social experiments,
or experts’ perspectives. Fewer studies have attempted to analyze real projects.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2004 2005 2006 2007
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Chosun newspaper Joongang
newspapaer
Donga newspaper Hangyeorae
newspaper
mbc (newsdesk) kbs (news9) sbs (8news) Sanbon online
community
 Local SNS has boomed and its influence has steeply increased.
Figure 5-19. Influence of media (Korea Advertisers Association (2010), Author)
(% of citizen)
Source: complete enumeration in Japan, (Shouji, 2012), sample survey in Korea, (Choi, 2008)
FIgure1-3. Local SNS trend (Number of Local SNSs in Japan and Korea)
(# of RSNS)
Japan Korea
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

6. 61.4 Purpose of Research
 Main claim / hypothesis
 Purpose of research & research questions
 To verify impact of Local SNS on participatory planning
Q1-1. What are the limitations of participatory planning on high-rise new towns? (CH2)
Q1-2. What aspects of the limitations can be overcome? (CH2, 5, 6)
 To reveal origin and transformation of Korean Local SNS
Q2-1. How Korean Local SNS started? (CH3)
Q2-2. What lessons can we learn from rise and fall of Local SNS? (CH3)
 To understand characteristics of Local SNSs for participatory planning
Q3. Which differences of Local SNS make participation different? Characteristics, 課程 (CH3, 5, 6)
 To offer design principles to Local SNS for participatory planning
Q4. Do we need a new participatory planning theory for Local SNS? If so, what must change? (CH7)
Local SNS will help to improve participatory planning on high-rise new towns when its
characteristics considered properly

7. (1) WORST for offline-participation
1.5 Research Area 7
(2) BEST for online-participation
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
 Double-edged sword: Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
Apartment ratio per total housing stocks in Gyeonggi-do (%), Source: Korea statics, 2010
Households with access to the Internet, 2011 or latest available year (%), Source: OECD, 2012
 Gyeonggi-do is a region covered by high-rise new towns
 Korea is a leading global test bed for IT (1st in E-government and E-participation, UN 2010)
Applying Local SNS is more effective on participatory planning in high-rise new towns

8. 1.6 Research Design
ModernPlanning
Participatory
Planning
E-Participation
1960s
Local Social Networks (LSN)   
1920s 1990s 1998
CH2 CH3
OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE
CH4
Resident-run
PART I PART II
Limitations of Conventional Way Lessons from Rise and Fall of LSNs Evaluation of LSNs
Company-run
5thperiod
2ndperiod
3rdperiod
1stperiod
4thperiod
CH5, CH6
Case Study
OldNEWTOWNNewOLDTOWN
CASE1CASE2
Best
Best
2006
Best Practices
Per Each Type
All Local SNS
In Gyeonggi-di
Longitudinal study Cross-sectional study
Source: Author
Figure 1-5. Research design
8

9. CHAPTER 2
Difficulties of participatory planning in high-rise new towns
E-Participation
1960s
Local Social Networks (LSN)   
1920s 1990s 1998
OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE
Resident-runCompany-run 5thperiod
2ndperiod
3rdperiod
1stperiod
4thperiod
O-NTN-OT
CASE1CASE2
Best
Best
2006
ModernPlanning
Participatory
Planning
THE AIM  To investigate current difficulties of participatory planning in high-rise new towns by
each criteria
 so that we can find out which limitations will be overcome when Local SNS applied
CH2

10. 102.1 Introduction
 (1) high-rise new towns, (2) citizen participation, and (3) participation in large groups
 Difficulties of participatory planning in high density urban towns causes by 3 problems
(1) Problems of high-rise new towns
(3) Problems of participation in large groups
(2) Problems of citizen participation
Theory
(general)
Practice
(local)
Physical
Process
 We will describe such limitations in terms of both general theories and Korean practices
Source: Author
Figure 2-2. Problem analysis frame in chapter 2

11. 1853
B. Haussmann
Renovation
of Paris
1890s – 1900s
City Beautiful
Movement
1898
E. Howard
Garden City
1924
Le Corbusier
Radiant City
1950s
E. Banfield
Comprehensive
Rational Planning
Bentham,
Comte, Mill
M. Weber,
Mannheim
1970s
Satisfying
Model
1959
C. Lindblom
Incrementalism
1968
A. Etzioni
Mixed-
Scanning
Model
1965
P. Davidoff
Advocacy
Planning
1974
J. Friedmann
Transactive
Planning
1980s
Hall
Marxist
Planning
1980s
New Right
Planning
1980s
Radical
Planning
1980s
Post Modern
Planning
Nietzche,
Derrida
1969
S. Arnstein
A Ladder of
Citizen
Participation
1961
J. Jacobs
The Death and
Life of Great
American Cities
1992
P. Healey
Collaborative
Planning
1989
J. Forester
Communicative
Planning
Habermas,
Giddens
Project
Philosophy
Theory
Article
Development
Oppositional
Creative city
Smart growth
Smart city
1996
New Urbanism
Break
down
Break
down
Break
down
Euclidean mode of planning Non-Euclidean mode of planning
Blueprint
torationalplanning
Outcome-oriented
toprocess-oriented
Communicativeturn
:governance&socialcapital
Culturalturn
Euclidean mode of planning Non-Euclidean mode
of planning
1988–1996
1st
Newtown(5,015ha)
2011
Cancellation of
2nd Newtown
(1,203 ha)
2007
Government-
funded
Maeulmandeulgi
Break
down
PlanningTheoryHousingpolicyinKorea
1994–1999
Unplannedsprawl(40,400ha)
2000–present
2nd
Newtown(13,671ha)
• High-rise towers
• Massive construction
• Rational decision
without participation
Source: Author
Figure 2-3 Trend of urban planning theory

12. 2.2 Problems of High-rise New Towns (Korea) 12
Source:Kim,JE(2013)Source:TheKoreaEconomicdaily2007-02-12
Developingarea
400ha–2000ha
Developingarea
6ha–350ha
FAR (Floor area ratio)
FAR
FAR
Up-zoning
Sweep out
 Government-driven Massive development (Old “New Town”)
(1) 1st planned New Town (1988 – 1996) : 5,015 ha
(3) 2nd planned New Town (2000 – present) : 13,671 ha
(4) 2nd planned New Town cancellation (2007 – present )1,203 ha cancelled until 2011
 Private-driven Spot development (New “Old Town”)
(2) Unplanned sprawl by deregulation policy (1994 – 2007) : 40400ha
Kim, Young-sam administration made strategic choice to deregulate land use control of green
area to supply housing units without large scale new-town development
MAX

13.  Spot development (New “Old Town”)
Insideofapartmentcomplex
Publicspace
2.2 Problems of High-rise New Towns (Korea)
Source:Author
 Massive development (Old “New Town”)
Insideofapartmentcomplex
Publicspace
GOOD
GOOD
POOR
POOR

14. 2.3 Problems of Citizen Participation (Theory) 14
 Participants
(1) Representativeness problems (Verba, 1972; Campbell, 2000; Weber, 2000; Abram, 2000; Renee, 2004; Innes,
2004)
(2) Expertise problems (Kramer, 1972, Lee, SJ, 1994; Fainstein, 2000)
 Inner Relationship
(3) Power inequity: Ideal speech of Habermas vs. reality (Curry, 2001; Huxley, 2000; Flyvbjerg, 1998; Few,
2000, Foster, 1989 )
“Government favored some groups over others – including business power over elected local
government, men over women, “stakeholders” over “citizens” (Tickell and Peck, 1996)”
“All of these bodies are made up of elites, and not representative of a range of interests and voices ...
discourage busy and thoughtful individuals from wasting their time (Judith E. Innes & Booher, 2004).”
“Planners assigned to facilitate the process were committed to a non-directive role and therefore only
proposed actions when asked. … sometimes taking as many as three years to determine a vague and
hard-to-implement plan (Fainstein and Hirst 1996)”

15. 2.3 Problems of Citizen Participation (Theory) 15
 Outer Interaction
(4) Authority problems (King, 1998; Mosher, 1967; Smith, 1979; Fainsten, 2000; Renee, 2004)
 Holistic process
(5) Cost problems (Renee, 2004; Rainstein, 2000; Lawrence, 2001; Wilson, 1966; Kweit, 1981; Zimmerman, 1986)
“Lengthy time required for such participatory process leading to burn-out among citizen participants
(Susan, S. Fainstein, 2000)
“agreement by participants to a document does not necessarily mean that anything will happen …
despite the moderate nature of the plan and the cross-acceptance process, its implementation has
been half-hearted at best and often strongly resisted by local planning boards (Susan S. Fainstein,
2000).”
(6) Local selfishness (NIMBY) (Renee, 2004; Barber, 1984; Levy, 1995, deLeon, 2000)
“Locally based decision making as an opportunity to influence policy for personal gain” (Renee, 2004)”

16. Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree Moderate Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree
Representativeness 13.2 57.9 23.7 5.3 0.0
Expertise 15.8 63.2 15.8 2.6 2.6
 Does official citizens community committee have following ability? (to public servants in
Gyeonggi-do)
%, N=38
2.3 Problems of Citizen Participation (Korea)
Gender Age Education Occupation Residence period
Male
Female
30s
40s
50s
60s-
Middleschool
Highschool
College
University
Graduateschool
Housewife
Officeworker
Selfemployed
Professions
Etc
1-2yrs
2-5yrs
5yrs-
76.1
23.9
4.4
27.3
43.7
24.6
7.1
55.4
23.4
4.3
9.8
15.2
7.1
47.3
20.1
10.3
2.7
6.0
91.3
 Demographics of citizen community committee members in Gyeonggi-do
%, N=184
Table 2-3 Demographics of citizen community committee members in Gyeonggi-do
Source: GRI, 2005
Table 2-4 Public servant’s perception for citizen community committee's abilities
Source: GRI, 2005

17. 2.4 Problems of Participation in Large Groups (Theory) 17
 The Group size and participation
 Hardin (1982) summarized the Olson’s celebrated thesis, logic of collective action (1964)
as “large groups will fail; small groups may succeed”
 Ostrom (1998) proofed Olson’s claim studying many practices all over the world In her
Novel prize winning researches.
 Reasons to expect increasing group size to decrease prospects for successful collective
action (Olson, 1964; Poteete, 2004; Cook, 1983; Friedmann, 1987; Axelrod, 1984)
(1) Frequent interactions create opportunities to build reputations and mutual monitoring.
Those foster higher levels of trust
(2) Individuals may contribute because they think their contribution will make a difference.
(3) Concerns about avoiding sanctions for defection in ongoing interactions can also
promote co-operation

18.  Fail of Self-governance System
 Resident participation is hardly done in apartment complex
- 74.8% had never participated in resident organizations
- 78.8% had never participated in voluntary activities at apartment complex
- 65.6% rate Low grade at voluntary activities in apartment complex
- 76.4% of owners had not participated in community activities
- 91.2% of leaseholder had not participated in community activities
 Resident have no interest
on resident representative elections 14%
23%
24%
39%
Always Participate Often Particiapte
Hardly Participate No Experience
2.4 Problems of Participation in Large Groups (Korea)
Source: SDI, 2010
Figure 2-14 Experience participated in resident representative elections

19.  2.5 Conclusion
Limitations of participatory planning on high-rise new towns
Hard (result) Soft (process)
Urban problems of high-rise ‘new town’ Difficulties of citizen participation Difficulties of participation in large group
Problems Reasons Problems Reasons Problems Reasons
 Uniform design  Built “maximum
number of dwelling
units in the minimum
possible time
(Glendinning and
Muthesius, 1994)
 Representativeness
problem
 Seniors and
housewives are
dominant of the
community meeting.
 Low participation rate  Few chance of
interpersonal relations
 Low social capital
 Weak sense of
community
 High mobility
 Bulldozer clearance
 High-rise building
 Various occupations
 Expertise problem  Experts are too busy to
participate in
community meeting of
their town.
 Low level of trust  Few chance of
interpersonal relations
 Break off traditional
landscape
 Massive clearance
 Super blocks
 Power inequity  During the community
meeting, some groups
are over others such as
elder people than
youngers.
 Contribution problem  Free-rider
 Discordance between
public space and
residents’ use
 Regardless of
resident’s participation
 Disregard the value of
street and public space
 Authority problem  Participation for
participation
phenomenon. Agreed
opinions are often
resisted by local
government because
community members
have no authority.
-
-
 Cost problem  Lengthy time required.
 NIMBY  Local selfishness
Table 2-7 Limitations of offline-only participatory planning by categories
Source: Author

20. CHAPTER 3
History of Local SNS: potentials and challenges as a participatory tool
E-Participation
1960s
Local Social Networks (LSN)   
1920s 1990s 1998
OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE
Resident-runCompany-run
5thperiod
2ndperiod
3rdperiod
1stperiod
4thperiod
O-NTN-OT
CASE1CASE2
Best
Best
2006
CH3
ModernPlanning
Participatory
Planning
THE AIM  To unveil how Korean Local SNS started
 To explore how Korean Local SNS transformed and learn lessons from each failed type
of Local SNS

21. 3.3 Emergence of Local SNS 21
• Blacksburg Electronic Village, 1993
• Netville, 1997
• E-neighbors, 2002
• I-neighbors, 2004
• Nextdoor, 2011
- 39,000 sites as of Jun 2014
(1 in 4 US neighborhoods)
• Gorrotto-yachiro, 2004
• Local SNS projects
by MIC (総務省), 2005-2008
• 263 Local SNS as of Feb 2014
• Mokdong 8, 1998
• Samsung Cyber village, 1999
• Tower palace, 2002
• Sanbon-love, 2006
• 127 community-wide Local SNS
• 69 city-wide Local SNS in Gyeonggi-do
as of Oct 2012
- More than 160 cities and police
departments include NYC, San
Diego, Houston, Pittsburg
established official partnership
with Nextdoor
• Local SNS platform OpenPNE received
Electronic government prize by
MLIT(国土交通省), 2013
 America  Japan  Korea
Start
Boom
Start
Start
Boom
BoomHistory
Membership
Openness
Government
• Average 750, maximum cap up to
3,000 as of Oct 2013
• Average 1,300, highest 9,503
as of 2010
• Average 15,300, highest 89,000
as of July 2014
• Strongly gated (11 neighbor’s
recommendation required)
• Strong partnership
• Gated ( 1 neighbor’s recommendation
required)
• Relatively strong partnership
• Weakly gated (Posting 5 to 10 comment
required to post article)
• Weak partnership

22. Drew based on newspapers, research journal articles and
National Information White Paper (2000 to 2011 each year)

23. 3.5 Local SNS managed by Resident
Region Area (m2)
Price (million won)
Price-fixing
Real transaction p
rice
Seoul B apartment 122.3 481 270 ~ 340
Gyeonggi H apart
ment
128.9
165.3
600
750
270 ~ 320
370 ~ 500
Gyeonggi C apart
ment
105.8 300 280 ~ 220
1
5001000
3000
4000
5000
8000
9000
10000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Current Dukso Area (2010)
Source: Naver map open API
Image of “New Town”
Source: Namyangju City Hall homepage (2013-05-12)
1034
317
343
143
78 64 17
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Newtown Issue
Members
“House price issues were dominant in Sanbon-love during
first 6 months. – Sanbon-love managing staff interview (source:
Gunpo city’s history book, 2010).”
“Newtown issue was the direct cause of a foundation of
Dukso Local SNS. Dukso Local SNS management board
members even lent a bus to claim to appoint Dukso area as a
new town.” - Dukso-sarang managing staff interview
2013.1.30
Type1: Old “New Town”
Ex) Gunpo-Si : 1992 – 1995 (Massive development / short period)
Type2: New “Old Town”
Ex) Namyangju-Si : 1994 – 2006 (Spot development)

24. 3.7 Conclusion 24
Face-to-Face         Community Meeting
Email List        
SANPP Project E-Mailing List
Converssation@sanppatx.org
Wiki        
 Future Melbourne Wiki
http://www.futuremelbourne.com.au
Wikiplanning
www.wikiplanning.org/
SNS(Social Network Site)
: Facebook, Mixi
       
Pinehurst Seattle: (Facebook Group)
http://www.facebook.com/groups/53590206898
幕張SNS: (Facebook Group)
http://www.facebook.com/groups/53590206898#!/makuhari.sns
Micro SNS: Twitter         # (Hashtag)
City Hall Home Page        
The city of Seoul
http://app.seoul.go.kr/oasis/free_list.jsp
The city of Philadelphia
http://www.phila.gov/residents/
GIS Based Report        
Seeclickfix: Richimond, VA
http://seeclickfix.com/richmond
Independent Web Site        
Louisiana Speaks
http://www.urbaninsight.com/articles/lascasetudy0409.html
Portal Online Community
: Naver(NHN), Yahoo
       
Sanbonlove
http://www.sanbonlove.com
Anonymity
Accessibility
Discussion
Familiarity
Searchable
EasytoJoin
Affordability
Examples
GeographicOrigin

25. CHAPTER 4
Case Selection and Setting Analysis Frame
E-Participation
1960s
Local Social Networks (LSN)   
1920s 1990s 1998
OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE
Resident-runCompany-run
5thperiod
2ndperiod
3rdperiod
1stperiod
4thperiod
O-NTN-OT
CASE1CASE2
Best
Best
2006
ModernPlanning
Participatory
Planning
THE AIM  To survey whole Local SNSs in Gyeonggi-do
 To categorize and evaluate every Local SNSs in order to select most successful
practices per each type
CH4

26. city population naver naver/pop
naver_LBO
C
N_LBOC/p
op
daum
daum_LBO
C
daum/po
p
D_LBOC/p
op
daum+naver
_LBOC
daum+na
ver_LBOC
/pop
Suwon-si 1,077,535 158,680 14.73 38,548 3.58 52,602 4.88 0.00 38,548 3.58
Sungnam-si 980,190 60,393 6.16 0.00 2,945 0.30 0.00 0 0.00
Goyang-si 950,115 63,550 6.69 14,454 1.52 0.00 0.00 14,454 1.52
youngin-si 876,550 28,288 3.23 9,610 1.10 7,745 0.88 0.00 9,610 1.10
Bucheon-si 875,204 30,083 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Ansan-si 714,891 17,518 2.45 0.00 12,976 1.82 0.00 0 0.00
Anyang-si 621,714 9,800 1.58 7,385 1.19 10,157 3,957 1.63 0.64 11,342 1.82
Namyangju-si 564,141 77,265 13.70 47,925 8.50 0.00 0.00 47,925 8.50
Hwasung-si 505,838 87,335 17.27 0.00 46,240 46,240 9.14 9.14 46,240 9.14
Eujeongbu-si 431,801 33,118 7.67 33,118 7.67 0.00 0.00 33,118 7.67
Pyeongtaeksi 419,457 24,874 5.93 0.00 3,728 3,728 0.89 0.89 3,728 0.89
Siheung-si 403,797 18,890 4.68 1,372 0.34 17,295 17,295 4.28 4.28 18,667 4.62
Paju-si 355,632 57,514 16.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Gyangmyeong-si 343,982 7,337 2.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Gunpo-si 287,833 63,127 21.93 60,712 21.09 3,957 3,957 1.37 1.37 64,669 22.47
Gwangju-si 249,789 7,272 2.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Gimpo-si 238,339 13,397 5.62 1,838 0.77 6,178 6,178 2.59 2.59 8,016 3.36
Ichon-si 202,595 4,740 2.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Yangju-si 196,706 6,368 3.24 0.00 12,979 12,979 6.60 6.60 12,979 6.60
Guri-si 196,398 6,704 3.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Osan-si 182,516 26,293 14.41 4,554 2.50 6,588 6,588 3.61 3.61 11,142 6.10
Ansung-si 177,937 3,709 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Pocheon-si 158,658 17,050 10.75 17,050 10.75 0.00 0.00 17,050 10.75
Hanam-si 150,479 5,137 3.41 0.00 2,104 2,104 1.40 1.40 2,104 1.40
Euwang-si 147,443 2,415 1.64 0.00 3,957 3,957 2.68 2.68 3,957 2.68
Yeoju-gun 109,250 1,587 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Yangpeyoun-gun 95,833 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Donducheon-gu
n
95,653 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Gwacheon-si 72,279 38,897 53.82 26,545 36.73 0.00 0.00 26,545 36.73
Gapyeong-gun 58,890 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Yeongcheon-gun 45,177 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00
Total 11,786,622 871,339 7.39 263,111 2.23 189,450 106,982 1.61 0.91 370,093 3.14
264.2 Case Selection
Searched at 12 July, 2012
Data Collection
1) Targeting Naver, Daum
portal sites, Searched
Local SNS with keywords
“apartment” and the
name of each city
2) Founded 127 community-
wide, 69 city-wide Local
SNS
3) Joined each Local SNS
4) Recorded basic
information
5) Counted posts that
uploaded in last 2 months

27.  4.2.2 Classification of Local SNS
4.2 Case Selection
Local SNS
City-wide Community-wide
Restaurant Baby careMaeulmandeulgi
Living Redevelopment, RemodelingBefore Completion (完工)
Before Completion (完工) Living Redevelopment, Remodeling
Characteristic
Resident do not know their neighborhood befo
re moving, Participation is rapidly decreased af
ter moving
Maintenance
Association
Very aggressive
Budget from Construction Company Resident Reserve + City Resident + Construction Company
Negotiation
Construction Company
– Resident United
Resident Organization – Resident - City Resident United A – Resident United B
By scale
By activity
By period
 Korea Local SNS can be classified by scale, activity, and launched period
 In this study, we will focus on city-wide, Maeulmandeulgi-oriented, and living type.
27

28. 4.2 Case Selection
 4.2.4 Evaluation.
Source: Author
Figure 4-4 posting trend analysis
City Daily post
1 Goyang-si 101.0
2 Gunpo-si 100.8
3 Namyangju-si 85.1
4 Eujeongbu-si 41.8
5 Yongin-si 44.6
City
Membership
per population
(%)
1 Gwacheon-si 36.7
2 Gunpo-si 21.1
3 Pocheon-si 10.8
4 Namyangju-si 9.3
5 Eujeongbu-si 5.3
City
Posting
trend
(%)
1 Gwacheon-si 229.0
2 Namyangju-si 246.3
3 Gunpo-si 210.6
4 Eujeongbu-si 185.9
5 Suwon-si 181.8
 Firstly, among type 1 Local SNS, I will select Local
SNS managed for public good. I will filter out online
communities having for its aim young mother’s
infant care communities where male cannot join, and
online restaurant review communities.
 Secondly, I will evaluate Local SNS in terms of (1)
daily post, (2) membership ratio per population, and
(3) posting trend.
 Lastly, I will filter out Local SNS managed for local
selfishness.
28

29. 4.2 Case Selection 29
)
1. 山本新都市 開發史 / 大韓
住宅公社 大韓住宅公社1997
2. 山本新都市 開發史 / 大韓
住宅公社
大韓住宅公社1997
3. Naver Open API (2012
[basin, 盆地]
Type1: Old “New Town”
Gunpo-Si : 1992 – 1995 (Massive development / short period)
•Source:
Many portion of city area
are mountains.
And there is a huge basin
in northern side.
At 1992, New Town was
made all at once with
grand master plan.
More than half of citizen
live in this area, Sanbon.
7,390People/km2 (2005)
1. Master plan for 2020
Namyangju (2007)
2. Naver Open API (2012)
3. Direction and Limitation of
Land Use Planning System in
Korea, Choi(2002), Korea
Research Institute in Human
Settlements
Type2: New “Old Town”
Namyangju-Si : 1994 – 2006 (Spot development)
•Source:
Many portion of city area
are mountains.
Furthermore, almost of
remained area are
designated as a “green
belt”,
Small spot development
had been done step by
step sporadically without
consideration of
infrastructure.
923People/km2 (2005)
1990
2009

30.  Analysis mode
4.3 Case Study Design
 According to Yin (1996), there are six sources of evidence for case study such as (1) documentation, (2)
archival records, (3) interviews, (4) direct observation, (5) participatory observation, (6) physical artifacts.
Among those, I will pick up documentation, archival records, interviews, participatory observation, and
physical artifacts as the evidence collecting.
 I set a two interviewee selection standard. Firstly, I classified participants by degree of participation.
Secondly, I classified participants by stakeholders
 Non-Participant
Passive-Participant
Active-
Particip
ant
offline
Passive-Participant
Active-
Particip
ant
 Non-Participant
 Passive Lurkeroffline
Onffline
Online
 Active Lurker
 Passive E-participant
 Active E-participant
Conventional Participation Local SNS

31.  3.7 Conclusion

32.  3.7 Conclusion

33. CHAPTER 5
Old New Town Case: Gunpo-Si Local SNS, “Sanbon-love”
E-Participation
1960s
Local Social Networks (LSN)   
1920s 1990s 1998
OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE
Resident-runCompany-run
5thperiod
2ndperiod
3rdperiod
1stperiod
4thperiod
O-NTN-OT
CASE1CASE2
Best
Best
2006
ModernPlanning
Participatory
Planning
THE AIM  To verity how Local SNS overcome urban problems in old new town
 To investigate the characteristics of Local SNS during participatory planning process
CH5

34. 5.3 Urban Problems in Gunpo-si
 Changed needs and rigid master plan
 Since new towns designed and built by rigid master plan at once, it faces difficulties to change with
times. Public space issues were started from parking lots. When 1st period new town planned, parking
lot regulation for 60m2 – 85m2 was 0.5 lots per a household.
 However, in accordance with Article 27 of code for housing construction standard minimum number of
parking lot should 1 lots per a household. Recently remodeled apartment shows the severity of parking
lots shortage problem.
Unit Area
(m2)
Regulation at 1991
number of parking lots / total
area (m2)
Regulation at 2013
number of parking lots / total
area (m2)
Other Metropolitan city and ci
ty area in capital region
Other Metropolitan city and ci
ty area in capital region
- 60 1 / 135
1 / 85
60 - 85 1 / 115
65 - 135 1 / 100
1 / 70
135 - 1 / 85

35. 5.3 Urban Problems in Gunpo-si
 High mobility
 Apartment complex representatives handle up to 100,000,000(億)Yen a year. Representative group have
all power to make and modify regulations for apartment complex, decide operate funds, and appoint
and dismiss control offices. As shown in Table 2 2, lawsuits related with apartment operation corruption
in 2009 were 966 in Seoul (SDI, 2010). It was not only for the capital city. There were 439 cases sued in
the city of Gwangju for legal troubles (APTnews, 2010)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Lawsuit 158 435 785 814 966 3,158
Injunction 24 39 65 106 273 507
Total 182 474 850 920 1,239 3,665
Table 2-2 Low transparency in apartment complex in Seoul
Source: SDI, 2010
 Low Transparency
 According to Statistics
Korea (2013), average
period of living in current
house was 6.40 years in
Gyeonggi-do.

36. 5.7 District 8 Living Environment Improvement Project
Source: http://cafe.naver.com/sanbonatpnetwork , 스마일(cvvv1230), 2007.04.13 , searched at 2012.10.13
Figure 오류! 지정한 스타일은 사용되지 않습니다.-1 English town planned in unused hide ground
 Environment Improvement
 With new facility’s
construction, residents became
interested in their living
environment.
 As one person revealed that
there were 5 billion won fund but
representative do not try to use
it, he led environment
improvement movement through
Local SNS. It had been done
with 105 residents’ online
signature.

37. 5.4 Emergence and Transformation of Local SNS, Sanbon-Love
 Changed needs and rigid master planPlan

38. CHAPTER 6
New Old Town Case: Namyangju-Si Local SNS, “Dukso-sarang”
E-Participation
1960s
Local Social Networks (LSN)   
1920s 1990s 1998
OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE
Resident-runCompany-run
5thperiod
2ndperiod
3rdperiod
1stperiod
4thperiod
O-NTN-OT
CASE1CASE2
Best
Best
2006
CH6
ModernPlanning
Participatory
Planning
THE AIM  To verity how Local SNS overcome urban problems in new old town
 To investigate the characteristics of Local SNS during participatory planning process

39. 6.3 Urban Problems in Namyangju-si
 “Quasi-agricultural zone (準農林地域)” system, which introduced at 1994 and abolished at 2003,
was the main factor of unplanned urbanization in Namyangju-city.
FAR Floor limit
94.1 400% -
94.6 150% 15
94.7 250% 20
97.9 100% 20
00.2 100% 20
00.7 80% 20
95
100
105
110
115
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Gyeonggi-Do Namyangju-city
Gyeonggi-do average Namyangju-city
# of public servant per 1,000 citizens 3.69 2.59
[financial independence rate, 財政自立度] 73 44
Table 6-1 Regulation change for QAZ in greenfield area
Source: Minister of Construction and Transportation, 2010
Source: Author based on Statistics Korea, 2013
Figure 6-5 the annual rate of population growth
 While number of public servant per 1,000 citizens in Gyeonggi-do was 3.69, Namyangju-city was
2.59 (70.2% of average). Moreover, financial independence rate in Namyangju-city was 44%
(60.3% of average) while Gyeonggi-do was 73%.
Table 6-3 Capacity of local government
Source: Korea statistics, 2010
Source: Namyangju city hall, 2011
Figure 6-7 Poor sidewalks in Namyangju-city
39

40. 6.5 Sidewalk Improvement Project 40

41. 06) Leaves dropped down too much
 Local government assisted to
maintenance office of adjacent apartment
complex to trim leaves
8
6
9
13
1
2
3
4
11
5
7
10
12
14
15
16
17
18
20
19
7) Although a pedestrian street was
disconnected at the point, a radius for
spin a baby stroll was not enough.
Moreover traffic light blocked the route.
 Local government moved a crosswalk.
14, 15, 16) As some part of a pedestrian
street was caved in, it was difficult to walk.
Furthermore, when if rains it gets worse.
 Local government found extra drainage
problem. It is under construction
4) Due to the Shrine on the way of a
pedestrian street, it was very hard to
walk. Even the other side were
blocked by parked vehicles, baby
strolls could not penetrated.
 Local government widened a
street.
2) Though there were ramp at the bump,
for its wrong location, people had to
curve to raise the ramp.
 Local government installed an
additional ramp.
10, 11, 17) There were no ramp at the bump of
street end.
 Local government installed ramps.
12) There was no ramp at the bump of
street end. However, this sidewalk is
belong with shop owner. As a result,
local government could not cave in the
sidewalk.
 Local government persuaded shop
owner to install ramp out of his/her
territory.
20) While building a new facility. Sidewalk in
front of the facility were winded and bumpy.
 Local government fixed the surface of
sidewalk and straightened the road.
20 Sidewalk Project by Namyangju LBOC
[2007.01 ~ 2011.11 ] Total 27 posts, 226 comments and 10,664 hit

42. 42
 Project4
 Due to the Shrine on the way of a pedestrian street, it was very hard to walk. Even the other side were
blocked by parked vehicles, baby strolls could not penetrated.
- Local government widened a street.
6.5 Sidewalk Improvement Project
Source: Namyangju city hall, 2013 Source: Author

43. 43
 Project7
 Although a pedestrian street was disconnected at the point, a radius for spin a baby stroll was not
enough. Moreover traffic light blocked the route.
- Local government moved a crosswalk.
6.5 Sidewalk Improvement Project
Source: Daum Open API Source: Author

44. CHAPTER 7
Conclusion
Source: Author

45. 45
Hardware Software
Urban problems of high-rise ‘new town’ Difficulties of citizen participation Difficulties of participation in large group
Challenges Impact Challenges Impact Challenges Impact
Uniform design (  ) Representativeness problem (  ) Low participation ratio (  )
Weak sense of community ( - ) Expertise problem (  ) Low level of trust (  )
Break off traditional landscape ( - ) Power inequity ( - ) Contribution problem ( - )
Discordance between public space
and residents’ use
(  ) Authority problem (  ) Sanction problem (  )
-
Cost problem (  )
-
NIMBY (  )
7.3 Impact of Local SNS on participatory planning
Public Space
Problems
Failure of Top-down
Approach
Failure of Bottom-
up Approach
Neglected Public
Space
Weak Community
Low Participation
Local SNS
Promote
Participation
Supplement Public
Servant’s role
Improved Public
Space
Lower huddle of
ParticipationQuasi- Expert
Problem Posing
Lack of Budget
& Human Resource
 Impact on public space problems
 Impact on participatory planning by each criteria

46.  Impact on representativeness problem
467.3 Impact of Local SNS on participatory planning
Gunpo-si (June 2014) Sanbon-Love (June 2014) Resident committee (Oct 2005)
Gunpo-si (June 2014) Sanbon-Love (June 2014) Resident committee (Oct 2005)
 Civil participation in dense
urban areas had considered
very challenging mission with
conventional participation
means. However, Local SNS
provides massive public
sphere regardless time and
place.
 Local SNS shows more
balanced demographics
compared with resident
committees.

47.  Impact on authority problem
477.3 Impact of Local SNS on participatory planning
 As of November 2011 In Sanbon, numerically, 21% of citizen are member of Local SNS. In
Dukso, 29.4% of residents are member of Local SNS. Therefore, mayor, council man, and
congress man started to give careful attention to the public opinion of Local SNS.
 In Namyangju-city, Local SNS leaders distributed “request list” to each candidates at
2008, 2012 congressman election and 2010, 2014 local election.
 It gave big pressure to governor and huge power to Local SNS. Sidewalk project was one of
that lists and it was one reason that it fixed in three months, which had not been fixed past
13 years.
 Impact on NIMBY problem
 As people have more power, “Great power comes with great responsibility” became more
critical issue. However, some of them abuse it to obtain personal or regional gain.
 Some of Local SNS still conflict with local government without interaction. NPOs and
activists in some region complained that Local SNS in their region have no mature civic
awareness.

48.  Principle of intended weak tie
48
 Successful Local SNS intentionally weaken social tie in online community, whereas
strengthen social tie in offline meeting.
 Addressing real name and showing intimacy of real world are prohibited in online to prevent
other passive participants from feeling uncomfortable to join conversation.
 Neutral public sphere formed by Intended weak tie may overcome “Like-minded cluster”
problem (P. Norris, 2002; Sunstein, 2001; Ikeda, 2005) which cause enclosed
7.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning
7 Principles for successful Local SNS supporting participatory planning Characteristics of Local SNS
1. Principle of intended weak tie Strength of weakness
2. Principle of reservist Silent majority, lurkers
3. Principle of participation elevator Written discussion
4. Principle of fruit and seed Interest-driven
5. Principle of minimum transfer Accessibility than functionality
6. Principle of size does matter Rebounding issues
7. Principle of quasi-expert Regardless of time and place
Table 7-2 7 principles for successful Local SNS on participatory planning
Source: Author
 Characteristics of Local SNS and 7 Principles

49.  Principle of participation elevator
497.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning
 Principle of reservist
 Even lurkers, silent majority, do not post articles, since they are connected to local issues,
when some issues related with them arose, they can easily turn to participate in the debate.
 It takes lots of cost to spread information and recruit participants without “reservist”
“When one issue regarding kindergarten arose, about 100 lurker members who were young baby’s
parents joined that discussion in a flash. It was amazing”- 6th manager of Dukso-sarang
Conventional
participation
 
1. Taking the initiative
2. Defining shared vision
3. Understanding the locality
4. Developing ideas
5. Agreeing a program
6. Taking action
7. Learning lessons
Local SNS

50.  Principle of minimum transfer
507.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning
 Principle of fruits and seed
 Many online participatory planning sites failed because they just contain necessary
functions for planning such as planning map, historical data, or statistics.
 Ordinary citizens have little interest in those factors even it is important to planning.
 Successful Local SNS uses fruit and seed strategy. Even if what their needs is spreading
seeds, they provide delicious flesh of fruit, such as buy/sell board, much bigger than seed.
 Sanbon-Love tried to run independent domain to escape pay-free portal sites which have
only limited functions. Almost all of those trials turned into failure. According to Bang GJ
and Jae HS (2006), only 0.47% of independent domain Local SNS had one update in last
one month. The experimental of Sanbon-Love, the largest Local SNS, failed in six months,
and they came back to pay-free portal site,
 The reasons people do not visit independent domain is similar with transfer behavior in
public transportation. Even though it does not take much effort to transfer, people are apt to
dislike transfer, rather choose little bit longer way without transfer.

51.  Principle of quasi-expert
517.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning
 Principle of size does matter
 The significance of Local SNS is that it enables the participation of workers and students,
most of which have been left out but have professionals in each field.
 These new type of leaders may cover lack of budget and human resource in local
government
“They (Local SNS managers) are very smart and they play a role like a half-public servant. As we suffer
with short of human force, it was really helpful.”- Head of public transportation department in Namyangju
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
May-08
Jul-08
Sep-08
Nov-08
Jan-09
Mar-09
May-09
Jul-09
Sep-09
Nov-09
Jan-10
Mar-10
May-10
Jul-10
Sep-10
Nov-10
Jan-11
Mar-11
May-11
Jul-11
Sep-11
Nov-11
Jan-12
Posts Replies Members PageView(x100)
 Average posting trend in community-wide Local SNS was 49.0 while city-wide was 138.7
Source: Hong, SK, 2009
Figure 3-13 Post trend of Apartment-wide Local SNS
Source: Author
Figure 5 22 Statistics of Sanbon-Love (Accumulated value)

52. Bangkok
Jakarta
Singapore
Beijing
Seoul
Taipei
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Tokyo
Source: MVRDV, 2012
Conditions References
1. Urban area Putnam (2000), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)
2. Large group Olson (1965), Mosher (1967), Hardin (1982), Friedmann (1987), Ostrom (1990), Rimmerman (1997), Renee (2004)
3. High-mobility Putnam (2000)
4. High-rise Sinnett el al (1972), Bickman el al (1976), Nadler, A el al (1982), Korte et al (1983), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)

53.  Nextdoor
 Neighborland
 Meetey
 Meetup

54. 7.7 Further Research
 Proposed model of bottom-up smart city

55.  Combining ONFFline with digital tools
 Goodspeed (2013) proves convincingly that ICT-planning support system helps to improve participatory
planning in terms of achieving high level of social learning. Although it raised the level of participation,
number of participants were limited as average 26.3 person for 7 workshops.
 It will be more effective when digital participatory tools integrated with ONFFline platform.
 INDEX  I-PLACE3S
 Envision Tomorrow  Community VIZ  Community Remarks
7.7 Further Research

56. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
PhD candidate
YOON, Zoosun
yoonzoosun@gmail.com