By yoonis awil farah

1. KidneysKidneys
Frantz Fanon University
11/09/2017ANATOMY

4. The Human KidneyThe Human Kidney
 bean shaped, reddish brownbean shaped, reddish brown
organs.organs.
 about the size of your fist.about the size of your fist.
 It measures 10-13 cm long.It measures 10-13 cm long.
 covered by a tough capsule ofcovered by a tough capsule of
fibrous connective tissue-fibrous connective tissue-
renal capsulerenal capsule

5. The Human KidneysThe Human Kidneys
 concaved side having aconcaved side having a
depression where a renaldepression where a renal
artery enters, and a renal veinartery enters, and a renal vein
and a ureter exit the kidney.and a ureter exit the kidney.
 protected by the ribcage.protected by the ribcage.
 The renal cortex, the renalThe renal cortex, the renal
medulla and the renal pelvis -medulla and the renal pelvis -
major regions of the kidney.major regions of the kidney.
 The left kidney lies slightlyThe left kidney lies slightly
above the right kidney.above the right kidney.

6. The kidneyKidney functions:
 filtration
 excretion
 secretion
 regulation

7. LocationLocation
 RenesRenes, are situated in the, are situated in the posterior part of theposterior part of the
abdomenabdomen,, one on either side of the vertebralone on either side of the vertebral
column, behind the peritoneumcolumn, behind the peritoneum
 Their upper extremities are on a level with theTheir upper extremities are on a level with the
upper border of theupper border of the 1212thth
th. Rib, their lowerth. Rib, their lower
extremities on a level with the 3extremities on a level with the 3rdrd
lumbar.lumbar.
 located in the upper rear region of thelocated in the upper rear region of the
abdominal cavity just above the waistline.abdominal cavity just above the waistline.

8. T12

12. Excretory SystemExcretory System
The removal of something isThe removal of something is excretion.excretion.
 TheThe main organsmain organs of the excretoryof the excretory
system are thesystem are the bladder, kidneys,bladder, kidneys,
lungs, liver and skin.lungs, liver and skin.
 The excretory system is like theThe excretory system is like the
sewage system because thesewage system because the
excretory system gets rid of wasteexcretory system gets rid of waste
that the body does not need. Thethat the body does not need. The
body also gets rid of naturalbody also gets rid of natural
gasses which can be fatal if notgasses which can be fatal if not
released from the body.released from the body.

13. KidneysKidneys
 One of the main jobs of the kidneys is to filterOne of the main jobs of the kidneys is to filter
the waste out of the blood.the waste out of the blood.
 The kidneys filter that blood as many as 400The kidneys filter that blood as many as 400
times a day! More than 1 million tiny filterstimes a day! More than 1 million tiny filters
inside the kidneys (nephrons) remove the waste.inside the kidneys (nephrons) remove the waste.

14. WasteWaste
 TheThe wastewaste that is collected combines with water (whichthat is collected combines with water (which
is also filtered out of the kidneys) to makeis also filtered out of the kidneys) to make urineurine..
 Each day, your kidneys produce about 1.5 liters ofEach day, your kidneys produce about 1.5 liters of
urine.urine.
 As eachAs each kidney makes urinekidney makes urine, the urine slides down a, the urine slides down a
long tube called thelong tube called the ureterureter and collects in theand collects in the bladderbladder,,
a storage sac that holds the urine.a storage sac that holds the urine.
 When the bladder is about halfway full, your body tellsWhen the bladder is about halfway full, your body tells
you to go to the bathroom. When you pee, the urineyou to go to the bathroom. When you pee, the urine
goes from the bladder down another tube called thegoes from the bladder down another tube called the
urethraurethra and out of your body.and out of your body.

15. The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System
 thethe kidneys:kidneys: filters that take the waste out of thefilters that take the waste out of the
blood and make urineblood and make urine
 thethe ureters:ureters: tubes that carry the urine to thetubes that carry the urine to the
bladderbladder
 thethe bladder:bladder: a bag that collects the urinea bag that collects the urine
 thethe urethra:urethra: a tube that carries the urine out ofa tube that carries the urine out of
the bodythe body

16. The Kidneys- functionThe Kidneys- function
 The main purpose of the kidney is toThe main purpose of the kidney is to
separate ureaseparate urea,, mineralmineral saltssalts,, toxinstoxins,, andand
otherother wastewaste products from the blood.products from the blood.
 They also do the job of conserving waterThey also do the job of conserving water,,
saltssalts,, andand electrolyteselectrolytes..
 At least one kidney must function properlyAt least one kidney must function properly
for life to be maintained.for life to be maintained.

17. The Kidney DiagramThe Kidney Diagram

18. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 The Renal ArteriesThe Renal Arteries
 transport oxygenatedtransport oxygenated
blood from the heartblood from the heart
and aorta to kidneysand aorta to kidneys
for filtrationfor filtration
 The Renal VeinsThe Renal Veins
 Transport the filtered,Transport the filtered,
deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood
from kidneys to thefrom kidneys to the
posterior vena cavaposterior vena cava
and finally the heartand finally the heart

19. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 Renal CapsuleRenal Capsule
(inferior/superior)(inferior/superior)
 Outer membrane whichOuter membrane which
encloses and protectsencloses and protects
kidneys against infectionskidneys against infections
and trauma.and trauma.
 The Renal CortexThe Renal Cortex
 Outer layer (granulated)Outer layer (granulated)
of the kidney thatof the kidney that
contains most of thecontains most of the
nephrons.nephrons.

20. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 NephronNephron
 Most basic microscopicMost basic microscopic
structures of the kidneysstructures of the kidneys
 Inside each kidney,Inside each kidney,
there are about 1 millionthere are about 1 million
nephronsnephrons
 Physiological unit of thePhysiological unit of the
kidney used for filtrationkidney used for filtration
of blood, andof blood, and
reabsorption andreabsorption and
secretion of materialssecretion of materials

21. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 The Renal MedullaThe Renal Medulla
 Inner layer (radially striated) of the kidneyInner layer (radially striated) of the kidney
 contains renal pyramids, renal papillae,contains renal pyramids, renal papillae,
renal columns, renal calycesrenal columns, renal calyces
(minor/major),renal pelvis and part of(minor/major),renal pelvis and part of
nephron, not located in the cortexnephron, not located in the cortex
 Site for salt, water and urea absorptionSite for salt, water and urea absorption

22. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 The Renal PyramidThe Renal Pyramid
 Triangular shaped unit inTriangular shaped unit in
the medullathe medulla
 houses the loop of Henlehouses the loop of Henle
and collecting duct of theand collecting duct of the
nephronnephron
 The Renal ColumnThe Renal Column
 Area between theArea between the
pyramids, located in thepyramids, located in the
medullamedulla
 Used as a space for bloodUsed as a space for blood
vesselsvessels

23. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 The Renal PapillaeThe Renal Papillae
 The tips of the renalThe tips of the renal
pyramidspyramids
 release urine into therelease urine into the
calycescalyces
 The Renal CalycesThe Renal Calyces
 Collecting sacs thatCollecting sacs that
surround the renalsurround the renal
papillaepapillae
 Transport urine fromTransport urine from
renal papillae to renalrenal papillae to renal
pelvispelvis

24. Kidneys and their structureKidneys and their structure
 The Renal PelvisThe Renal Pelvis
 Cavity which lies in theCavity which lies in the
centre of the kidneycentre of the kidney
and which extends intoand which extends into
the ureterthe ureter
 Collects urine from allCollects urine from all
of the calyces in theof the calyces in the
kidneykidney

25. Kidneys and their structuresKidneys and their structures
 The UretersThe Ureters (right/left)(right/left)
 Tubes that transports urineTubes that transports urine
from the renal pelvis to thefrom the renal pelvis to the
bladderbladder
 The Urinary BladderThe Urinary Bladder
 Hollow, expandable,Hollow, expandable,
muscular organ located inmuscular organ located in
the pelvic girdlethe pelvic girdle
 Functions as a temporaryFunctions as a temporary
reservoir for urinereservoir for urine

26. The Kidney Nephron DiagramThe Kidney Nephron Diagram

27. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 Afferent ArterioleAfferent Arteriole
 Transport arterialTransport arterial
blood to glomerulus forblood to glomerulus for
filtrationfiltration
 Efferent ArterioleEfferent Arteriole
 Transports filteredTransports filtered
blood from glomerulusblood from glomerulus
through the peritubularthrough the peritubular
capillaries and the vasacapillaries and the vasa
recta, and to therecta, and to the
kidney venous systemkidney venous system

28. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 GlomerulusGlomerulus
 The site for blood filtrationThe site for blood filtration
 operates as a nonspecificoperates as a nonspecific
filter - removes both usefulfilter - removes both useful
and non-useful materialand non-useful material
 the product of thethe product of the
glomerulus – filtrateglomerulus – filtrate
 Bowman’s CapsuleBowman’s Capsule
 A sac that enclosesA sac that encloses
glomerulusglomerulus
 transfers filtrate from thetransfers filtrate from the
glomerulus to the Proximalglomerulus to the Proximal
Convoluted Tubule (PCT)Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

29. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
 A thick, constantly active segment of theA thick, constantly active segment of the
nephronnephron
 that reabsorbs most of the useful substancesthat reabsorbs most of the useful substances
of the filtrate: sodium (65%), water (65%),of the filtrate: sodium (65%), water (65%),
bicarbonate (90%), chloride (50%), glucosebicarbonate (90%), chloride (50%), glucose
(nearly 100%)(nearly 100%)
 The primary site for secretion (elimination) ofThe primary site for secretion (elimination) of
drugs, waste and hydrogen ions.drugs, waste and hydrogen ions.

30. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 The loop of HenleThe loop of Henle
 U-shaped tube that consistsU-shaped tube that consists
of a descending limb and anof a descending limb and an
ascending limb.ascending limb.
 begins in the cortex,begins in the cortex,
receiving filtrate from thereceiving filtrate from the
PCT, extends into thePCT, extends into the
medulla, and then returns tomedulla, and then returns to
the cortex to empty into thethe cortex to empty into the
distal convoluteddistal convoluted
tubule(DCT).tubule(DCT).
 Its primary role is toIts primary role is to
concentrate the salt in theconcentrate the salt in the
interstitium, the tissueinterstitium, the tissue
surrounding the loop.surrounding the loop.

31. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 Decending Limb of the Loop of HenleDecending Limb of the Loop of Henle
 fully permeable to water and completelyfully permeable to water and completely
impermeable to solutes (salt particles)impermeable to solutes (salt particles)
 receives filtrate from the PCT, allows water to bereceives filtrate from the PCT, allows water to be
absorbed and passes “salty” filtrate to the nextabsorbed and passes “salty” filtrate to the next
segment.segment.
““Saves water and passes the salt”Saves water and passes the salt”

32. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 Ascending Limb of the loop of HenleAscending Limb of the loop of Henle
 impermeable to water and actively transportsimpermeable to water and actively transports
(reabsorbs) salt (NaCl) to the interstitial fluid of(reabsorbs) salt (NaCl) to the interstitial fluid of
the pyramids in the medulla.the pyramids in the medulla.
““Saves salt and passes the water.”Saves salt and passes the water.”
 the passing filtrate becomes dilute.the passing filtrate becomes dilute.

33. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 Distal ConvolutedDistal Convoluted
Tubule (DCT)Tubule (DCT)
 Variably active portionVariably active portion
of the nephronof the nephron
 receives dilute fluidreceives dilute fluid
from the ascendingfrom the ascending
limb of the loop oflimb of the loop of
HenleHenle

34. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 Collecting DuctCollecting Duct
 variably active portionvariably active portion
of the Nephronof the Nephron
 receives fluid from thereceives fluid from the
DCTDCT
 The last segment toThe last segment to
save water for thesave water for the
bodybody

35. Nephron structures and functionsNephron structures and functions
 PeritubularPeritubular
CapillariesCapillaries
 transport reabsorbedtransport reabsorbed
materials from the PCTmaterials from the PCT
and DCT into kidneyand DCT into kidney
veins and eventuallyveins and eventually
back into the generalback into the general
circulationcirculation
 help complete thehelp complete the
conservation processconservation process
(reabsorption) that(reabsorption) that
takes place in thetakes place in the
kidneykidney

36. UretersUreters
Peristalsis, a rhythmic contraction of the
ureter smooth muscle which helps to move
the urine into the bladder.
A tube approximately 6 to 7 inches long
attached to each kidney.
 Made up of three layers of tissue
 Smooth muscle
 Fibrous tissue
 Mucous layer Ureter
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37. Urinary BladderUrinary BladderUrinary Bladder
•Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
•Sphincter muscles hold the urine in place
•Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine
before emptying
•Walls contain epithelial tissue that stretch
to allow the bladder to hold twice its
capacity
Urethra
Prostate gland
Ureter
Urinary bladder
•The trigone is a triangular area at the base
of the bladder where the ureters enter and
the urethra exits

38. Urethra
Female Urethra Male Urethra
•Approximately 1.5 inches
long
•Opens through the
meatus
•Approximately 8 inches long
•Passes through three different regions:
Prostate gland
Membranous portion
Penis
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carries urine from the bladder to
the outside of the body.

39. I am happy
that now
you know
more about
me!!!

40. Questions?Questions?