Lecture 1 introduction of machine shop

2. • INTRODUCTION OF M/C SHOP
• LATHE MACHINE
• MILLING MACHINE
• SHAPER MACHINE
• PLANER MACHINE
• DRILLING MACHINE

3. • A machine shop is a room, building, or company where machining, a form of
subtractive manufacturing, is done.
• In a machine shop, machinists use machine tools and cutting tools to make
parts, usually of metal or plastic (but sometimes of other materials such as glass
or wood).
• A machine shop can be a small business (such as a job shop) or a portion of a
factory, whether a toolroom or a production area for manufacturing.
• The production can consist of cutting, shaping, drilling, finishing, and other
processes, frequently those related to metalworking.
• The machine tools typically include metal lathes, milling machines, machining
centers, multitasking machines, drill presses, or grinding machines, many
controlled with computer numerical control (CNC).
• Other processes, such as heat treating, electroplating, or painting of the parts
before or after machining, are often done in a separate facility.

4. A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece
about an axis of rotation to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling,
drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with
tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an
object with symmetry about that axis
Uses of Lathe
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking,
metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation,
and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape
pottery, the best-known design being the Potter's wheel.
Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane
surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of
incredible complexity.

5. Parts of Lathe Machine:
The lathe consist following parts.
1. Bed:-
It is the main body of the machine. All main
components are bolted on it. It is usually made
by cast iron due to its high compressive
strength and high lubrication quality. It is made
by casting process and bolted on floor space.
2. Tool post
It is bolted on the carriage. It is used to
hold the tool at correct position. Tool
holder mounted on it.
3. Chuck
Chuck is used to hold the workspace. It is bolted on the spindle which rotates the
chuck and work piece. It is four jaw and three jaw according to the requirement of
machine.

6. 4. Head stock
Head stock is the main body parts which are placed at
left side of bed. It is serve as holding device for the
gear chain, spindle, driving pulley etc. It is also made
by cast iron.
5. Tell stock
Tell stock situated on bed. It is placed at right hand
side of the bed. The main function of tell stock to
support the job when required. It is also used to
perform drilling operation.
6. Lead screw
Lead screw is situated at the bottom side of bed which
is used to move the carriage automatically during
thread cutting.

7. 7. Legs
Legs are used to carry all the loads of the machine. They are
bolted on the floor which prevents vibration.
8. Carriage
It is situated between the head stock and tell stock. It is used to
hold and move the tool post on the bed vertically and
horizontally. It slides on the guide ways. Carriage is made by
cast iron.
9. Apron
It is situated on the carriage. It consist all controlling and moving
mechanism of carriage.

8. 10. Chips pan
Chips pan is placed lower side of bed. The main function of it
to carries all chips removed by the work piece.
11. Guide ways
Guide ways take care of movement of tell stock and carriage
on bed.
12. Speed controller
Speed controller switch is situated on head stock which
controls the speed of spindle.
13. Spindle
It is the main part of lathe which holds and rotates the chuck.

9. Definition of Milling
Milling is a process performed with a machine in which
the cutters rotate to remove the material from the work
piece present in the direction of the angle with the tool
axis. With the help of the milling machines one can
perform many operations and functions starting from
small objects to large ones.
Milling Machine
The milling machines are also known as the multi-tasking
machines (MTMs) which are multi-purpose machines
capable of milling and turning the materials as well. The
milling machine has got the cutter installed up on it which
helps in removing the material from the surface of the
work piece. When the material gets cooled down then it is
removed from the milling machine.

10. The two main configurations of the milling machining operations are the types of milling machines. These
are the vertical mill and the horizontal mill. They are further discussed below:
Horizontal Milling Machines
The horizontal mill is also the similar cutter but their cutters are placed on a horizontal arbor. A lot of
horizontal mills have got rotary tables that help in milling in various angles. These tables are called the
universal tables. Apart from this all the tools that are used in a vertical mill can also be used in the horizontal
mill.
Vertical Milling Machines
The vertical mill has a vertically arranged spindle axis and rotate by staying at the same axis. The spindle
can also be extended and performing functions such as drilling and cutting. Vertical mill has got two further
categories as well: turret mill and bed mill.
The turret mill has got a table that moves perpendicularly and parallel to the spindle axis in order to cut the
material. The spindle is, however, stationary. Two cutting methods can be performed with this by moving the
knee and by lowering or raising the quill.

11. A shaper is a machine tool that produces flat,
horizontal, and vertical surfaces on the workpiece. It
applies a reciprocating motion for various operations. It
has a ram that holds the cutting tool. The workpiece is
held on a table available in the machine. The tool used
to perform various operations in Shaper is generally a
single-point cutting tool. A Shaper can also remove
material from the surface on an angular plane.
In this machine, the drive used to supply the power
produces a rotary motion. The machine converts that
motion into a reciprocating motion. The reciprocating
motion further performs all cutting operations on the
workpiece.
Definition: A Shaper is a machine that uses the
reciprocating motion of a single-point cutting tool to
perform the various machining operations.

12. Working Principle of A Shaper Machine
If in one line I have to describe, I will say that a Shaper Machine works on the principle of a Quick Return
Mechanism. Now let’s discuss the working in a little bit more detail…
In a Shaper, the workpiece is held in the vice attached to the table. The tool head which holds the cutting tools is
mounted on the ram. When you switch on the machine, the ram starts reciprocating. It performs cutting
operations during the forward stroke and there is no removal of metal during the return stroke in a Standard
Shaper Machine. You can move the single point cutting tool upward or downward in order to adjust the depth of
cut.
Parts of Shaper Machine:-
Base
It is the bottom part of the machine. All of the other parts are mounted on the Base. It is a hollow body made up of CI (cast
iron) casting. The Base is a very strong part of the machine which can bear the weight of the whole machine. It also has the
strength to tolerate the vibrations produced during the various cutting operations on the machine.
Column
The cover in which the drive mechanism is boxed or hidden is called the Column of the machine. It is mounted on the base.
And, two guideways over which the ram reciprocates are there mounted on the column’s top. The column is generally made
up of cast iron.

13. Table
You can move the table of the machine horizontally, vertically or swivel at any angle as well, as per the requirement.
The table is attached to the saddle by using a fastener.
Cross-Rail
It facilitates the vertical movement of the table. You can move the table vertically by lowering or raising the cross-
rail. The front surface of the column of the machine is the place where the Cross-Rail is mounted. And, if you want
to move the table horizontally, a saddle mounted on the cross-rail is there to facilitate this movement.
Ram
Ram is a very important part of this machine. It carries the tool post or tool head which holds the cutting tool. The
ram makes reciprocation to perform the machining operations. The tool head mounted on the ram has a facility to
be swiveled at an angle so as to perform cutting operations on an inclined surface. In order to avoid the cutting
action during the return stroke, the tool head is held in a clapper box. What this clapper box actually does is that it
makes the tool perform a sliding action during the return stroke.
Application of Shaper Machine
Some of the most important applications of a Shaper Machine are listed below:
 You can use a Shaper Machine for producing flat surfaces.
 You can also use the machine for creating keyways in gears or pulleys.
 Smooth surfaces can also be produced.
 It is also used to produce internal splines.
 You can also produce gear teeth on a shaper machine.
 With some modern types of Shapers, you can also produce contoured surfaces.

14. What is a Planer Machine?
A planer machine is a type of metal working
machine that uses linear relative motion
(reciprocation) between the workpiece and a
single-point cutting tool to cut the work piece.
A planer is very much similar to a shaper but there
are some basic differences. A Planer Machine is
larger and has moving workpiece, whereas in a
shaper Machine cutting tool moves.
Working principle of Planer Machine
 In a Planer Machine the job is fixed rigidly on the machine table. A single point cutting tool held
properly in the tool post is mounted on the reciprocating ram.
 The reciprocating motion of the ram is obtained by a quick return motion mechanism.

15. A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes
into or through metal, wood, or other materials (Figure ).
Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at
its point.Drilling machines may be used to perform other
operations.
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole
of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is
usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. ... Instead, the
hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole
with quickly repeated short movements.
DRILL MACHINE