The document discusses the transition from proprietary computing systems dominated by single firms like IBM to open systems defined by open standards. It describes how technological changes like the microprocessor lowered costs, allowing new entrants. This increased pressure for open and compatible systems. Early "open" systems like Unix gained adoption through large software markets. Later, "super-compatibility" strategies and shifting alliances led to competition between open systems, with Microsoft/Intel eventually dominating the personal computer market.

5. Decline of one-firm leadership

6. Decline of one-firm leadership Source: http://www.servicestop100.org/it-services-companies-top-100.php Top Companies in the IT Services Industry (2009) # IT Service Company Services Revenue mln US$ Services Revenue growth Total Revenues mln US$ Services Revenue share 1 IBM 39,264 9% 103,630 38% 2 HP 27,745 45% 117,837 24% 3 Fujitsu 27,102 20% 53,313 51% 4 CSC 16,680 -1% 16,680 100% 5 Accenture 15,985 9% 22,784 70% 6 Northrop Grumman 12,454 6% 33,887 37% 7 Hitachi 12,318 21% 113,525 11% 8 Capgemini 11,154 -5% 12,123 92% 9 NTT Data Corporation 10,498 29% 12,368 85% 10 NEC 9,103 24% 47,538 19% 11 Ericsson 8,951 -6% 26,524 34% 12 BT Global Services 8,375 -18% 31,019 27% 13 Atos Origin 7,827 -9% 7,827 100% 14 T-Systems 7,660 -11% 15,325 50% 15 Siemens 7,590 -8% 107,396 7% 16 Lockheed Martin 7,338 32% 42,731 17% 17 Nokia Siemens Networks 7,103 9% 21,309 33% 18 SAIC 6,983 13% 9,975 70% 19 Microsoft 6,463 16% 61,900 10% 20 ACS 6,342 6% 6,342 100%

7. Source: http://www.softwaretop100.org/top-10-it-companies-2010 Source: http://www.softwaretop100.org/global-software-top-100-edition-2010 Top 10 IT “hardware” companies 2010 # Company Revenues 2009 1 HP 116.245 2 Samsung 75.531 3 IBM 74.933 4 Microsoft 61.159 5 Nokia 59.042 6 Dell 53.585 7 Fujitsu 50.662 8 Foxconn 44.573 9 Toshiba 40.057 10 Cisco 36.633 Top 25 IT “software compaies” # Company Software Revenues mln US$ Software Revenue growth Total Revenues mln US$ Software Revenue share 1 Microsoft > 49,090 -1% 61,159 80% 2 IBM > 21,396 -3% 95,758 22% 3 Oracle > 18,582 6% 22,734 82% 4 SAP > 11,368 -2% 15,373 74% 5 Ericsson > 7,595 5% 29,014 26% 6 Nintendo > 6,799 -6% 17,762 38% 7 HP > 6,183 -15% 116,245 5% 8 Symantec > 5,565 -2% 5,992 93% 9 Nokia Siemens Networks > 4,529 -15% 18,114 25% 10 Activision Blizzard > 4,279 -7% 4,279 100% 11 CA > 4,012 2% 4,318 93% 12 EMC > 3,960 -6% 14,026 28% 13 Electronic Arts > 3,728 -13% 3,728 100% 14 Adobe > 2,796 -17% 2,987 94% 15 Cisco > 2,137 8% 36,633 6% 16 SunGard > 1,996 -1% 5,508 36% 17 Sony > 1,914 -27% 79,441 2% 18 BMC > 1,758 11% 1,888 93% 19 Alcatel-Lucent > 1,635 12% 21,835 8% 20 Konami > 1,594 -24% 2,887 55% 21 Hitachi > 1,589 -7% 99,818 2% 22 Dassault > 1,584 -1% 1,803 88% 23 Infor > 1,575 -5% 2,100 75% 24 Sage > 1,557 4% 2,336 67% 25 Autodesk > 1,557 -21% 1,764 88%

17. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg , CC-BY-SA

21. Open Source software and Commercialized software. OpenVZ Virtuozzo Purpose Meso-Virtualization Meso-Virtualization Price Free From 300-60,000 USD (depend on the number of virtualized hosts) Support Online Forum, Wiki Online Forum, Mail, Telesupport (fees included on price) Functionality (interface) Only CUI GUI interface available Functionality (virtualization) Passive Memory Allocation Active Memory Allocation Source Code Open Closed API Available Available changeability Possible (From OpenVZ to Virtuozzo)

22. Open Source software and Commercialized software.