1. PRESENTATION OF INSTRUMENTAL
CONDITIONING
BY
GROUP ABC
GROUP MEMBER:
AHMAD ALI
YASIR NAEEM
MOHSIN ALI
NABEEL KHALID
MUHAMMAD USMAN

3.  Experiments on
instrumental
conditioning are
conducted by
American
Psycologist B.F
Skinner.

4.  Experiments on
instrumental
conditioning are
conducted by
American
Psycologist B.F
Skinner.
 He was Born on
March 20, 1904
in Pennsylvania
United State and
Died on August
18, 1990 in
Massachusetts
United State.

5. INTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
Intruemntal conditioning is another
term of operant conditioning.

6. INTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
Intruemntal conditioning is another
term of operant conditioning.
In Intrumental Conditioning,
reinforcement or punishment are used
to either increase or decrease the
probability that a behaviour will occur
again in the future.

7. EXAMPLE

8. EXAMPLE
 Skinner put a hungry rat in the
Skinner Box.

9. EXAMPLE
 Skinner put a hungry rat in the
Skinner Box.
 The hungry rat ran here and
there in search of food.

10. EXAMPLE
 Skinner put a hungry rat in the
Skinner Box.
 The hungry rat ran here and
there in search of food.
 During this operation, it
incidently pressed the lever and
found the food. It tried again and
again.

11. EXAMPLE
 Skinner put a hungry rat in the
Skinner Box.
 The hungry rat ran here and
there in search of food.
 During this operation, it
incidently pressed the lever and
found the food. It tried again and
again.
 At last it lerned that food is
attained by pressing the lever.

12. EXAMPLE
 Skinner put a hungry rat in the
Skinner Box.
 The hungry rat ran here and
there in search of food.
 During this operation, it
incidently pressed the lever and
found the food. It tried again and
again.
 At last it lerned that food is
attained by pressing the lever.
 FooD was a reinforce for the rat
to press the lever.

13. EXAMPLE
 Skinner put a hungry rat in the
Skinner Box.
 The hungry rat ran here and
there in search of food.
 During this operation, it
incidently pressed the lever and
found the food. It tried again and
again.
 At last it learned that food is
attained by pressing the lever.
 Food was a reinforce for the rat
to press the lever.
 The act of pressing lever and
getting food was a conditioned
response in Instrumental
Conditioning.

14. NEXT
Mohsin Ali

15. CONTINUE…

16. CONTINUE…
 A hungry Pigeon was closed in
the Skinner Box and food was
not visible.

17. CONTINUE…
 A hungry Pigeon was closed in
the Skinner Box and food was
not visible.
 The pigeon explored the skinner
box and pecked here and there.

18. CONTINUE…
 A hungry Pigeon was closed in
the Skinner Box and food was
not visible.
 The pigeon explored the skinner
box and pecked here and there.
 Suddenly it pecked on the black
dot on the white card and food
was delivered. It pecked for
many times, but it got only when
it pecked on the black dot.

19. CONTINUE…
 A hungry Pigeon was closed in
the Skinner Box and food was
not visible.
 The pigeon explored the skinner
box and pecked here and there.
 Suddenly it pecked on the black
dot on the white card and food
was delivered. It pecked for
many times, but it got only when
it pecked on the black dot.
 After many repeated trails, it
learned that the pecking on the
black dot, give food.
 Pecking on black dot and
receiving food conditioned
reponse.

20. CONTINUE…
 Skinner inserted many keys for
pecking in different illuminated
colours.

21. CONTINUE…
 Skinner inserted many keys for
pecking in different illuminated
colours.
 He saw that the pigeon learns
to discriminate between
different colours of light.

22. CONTINUE…
 Skinner inserted many keys for
pecking in different illuminated
colours.
 He saw that the pigeon learns
to discriminate between
different colours of light.
 If it sees that pecking on green
and red light gives an shock
and pecking on yellow light
does not give anything.

23. CONTINUE…
 Skinner inserted many keys for
pecking in different illuminated
colours.
 He saw that the pigeon learns
to discriminate between
different colours of light.
 If it sees that pecking on green
and red light gives an shock
and pecking on yellow light
does not give anything.
 The number of pecking on
green light will be highest and
the last on red light.

24. CONTINUE…
 It proves that positive
reinforcement (food)
strengthens the CR (condition
response) and negative
reinforcement (electric block)
weakens the CR.

25. CONTINUE…
 It proves that positive
reinforcement (food)
strengthens the CR (condition
response) and negative
reinforcement (electric block)
weakens the CR.
 In Intrumental conditioning of
Skinner, the animals learned
the operation of an instrument.

26. CONTINUE…
 It proves that positive
reinforcement (food)
strengthens the CR (condition
response) and negative
reinforcement (electric block)
weakens the CR.
 In Instrumental conditioning of
Skinner, the animals learned
the operation of an instrument.
 Food or the reward, a positive
reinforcement was conditioned
with the correct use of
operation of the instrument.

27. NEXT
yasir Naeem

28. REINFORCEMENT & TYPES
Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or
increases the behavior it follows.

29. REINFORCEMENT & TYPES
Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or
increases the behavior it follows.
There are Four types of reinforcement:
 Primary Reinforcement
 Secondary Reinforcement
 Positive Punishment
 Negative Punishment

30. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
A positive reinforcement adds a
stimulus to increase or maintain the frequency
of a behavior. The increase in behavior is
independent of whether the organism finds the
positive reinforcement "pleasant" or not.

31. EXAMPLE:
 Food
 Money
 Water

32. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Behavior that terminates the negative
reinforcement likely to increase or be
maintained in frequency.
The negative reinforcement is
present before the behavior.

33. EXAMPLE:
The pigeon when pecking on red
light, get shock, does not peck it again.

34. NEXT
Nabeel Khalid

35. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Positive punishment occurs when a
behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus.

36. EXAMPLE
Such as introducing a shock or loud
noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

37. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Negative punishment occurs when a
behavior (response) is followed by the removal of
a stimulus.

38. EXAMPLE
Such as taking away a child's toy
following an undesired behavior, resulting in a
decrease in that behavior.

39. NEXT
Muhammad Usman

40. DIFFERENCES
 The subject do not
show possible learning
without reinforcement.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

41. DIFFERENCES
 The subject do not
show possible learning
without reinforcement.
 The subjects show
possible even without
reinforcement.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

42. DIFFERENCES
 The subject do not
show latent learning
without reinforcement.
 Emotions of fear are
acquired or learned on
the presentation of
loud noises associated
to harmless animals.
 The subjects show
latent even without
reinforcement.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

43. DIFFERENCES
 The subject do not
show latent learning
without reinforcement.
 Emotions of fear are
acquired or learned on
the presentation of
loud noises associated
to harmless animals.
 The subjects show
latent even without
reinforcement.
 Behavior is shaped and
strengthened by
rewarding desired
behavior and weekend
or diminished by
punishment.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

44. DIFFERENCES
 Extinction occurs when
CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

45. DIFFERENCES
 Extinction occurs when
CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
 Extinction occur when
consistant
reinforcement stops.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

46. DIFFERENCES
 Extinction occurs when
CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
 Behavior that occurs as
an automatic or innate
or unlearned response
to some is called the
respondant behavior.
 Extinction occur when
consistant
reinforcement stops.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

47. DIFFERENCES
 Extinction occurs when
CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
 Behavior that occurs as
an automatic or innate
or unlearned response
to some is called the
respondant behavior.
 Extinction occur when
consistant
reinforcement stops.
 Behavior is learned
that operates on the
environment, producing
consequence is called
the operant behavior.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

48. DIFFERENCES
 Extinction occurs when
CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
 Behavior that occurs as
an automatic or innate or
unlearned response to
some is called the
respondant behavior.
 The controlling stimulus
i.e, bell comes before the
response of salivation.
 Extinction occur when
consistant
reinforcement stops.
 Behavior is learned
that operates on the
environment, producing
consequence is called
the operant behavior.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning

49. DIFFERENCES
 Extinction occurs when
CS is repeatedly
presented alone.
 Behavior that occurs as
an automatic or innate or
unlearned response to
some is called the
respondant behavior.
 The controlling stimulus
i.e, bell comes before the
response of salivation.
 Extinction occur when
consistant reinforcement
stops.
 Behavior is learned that
operates on the
environment, producing
consequence is called
the operant behavior.
 The controlling stimulus a
reinforce comes after the
response i.e food after
pressing lever.
Classical Conditioning Operant/Instrumental
Conditioning