1. Made By:Made By:
YASH SHAHYASH SHAH
yash6595@yahoo.comyash6595@yahoo.com
120110116038120110116038

2. Outline of the presentation
 Background: Facts about India
 Women in Modern Times
Education
Employment
Empowerment
 Famous Faces Indian Women
 Action
 Conclusion

3. DEFINITIONDEFINITION
 “Any act of gender-based violence that results in,
or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women and
girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring
in public or private life”.

4. Violence against women and girls isViolence against women and girls is
on the increase.on the increase.
 More violent forms, such asMore violent forms, such as
 femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders,femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders,
 gang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced earlygang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced early
marriages,marriages,
 Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war,Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war,
trafficking in women and girls andtrafficking in women and girls and
 ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.

5. WOMEN IN MORDEN TIMES

6. Education
Gender gaps in higher education
○ About 1 percent of total women population
has college education
○ Women account for a third of the students at
college/university level
○ In engineering and business, the proportion of
female students is much smaller
○ In education, nearly half of the students are
women

7. Barriers to Female Education
Poverty: one-fourth of India’s population
lives below the poverty line (2002)
Social values and parental preferences
Inadequate school facilities
Shortage of female teachers: 29 percent at
the primary level and 22 percent at the
university level (1993)
Gender bias in curriculum

8. Employment
Difficult to get an overall picture of employment
among women
○ Most women work in the informal sector
Women accounted for only 23 percent of the
total workers in the formal sector in 1991
The number of female workers has increased
faster than the number of male workers
Female unemployment rates are similar to male
unemployment rates

9. Barriers to Female Employment
Cultural Restrictions
○ Hierarchical society (caste system)
○ Purdah system: the veiling and seclusion of women
Discrimination at Workplace
○ More prevalent in fields where male competition is high
○ Less prevalent in fields where competition is low
Lack of employment opportunities

10. Empowerment
 Social Empowerment
Education
○ There is no direct relationship between education
and work force participation; but may affect their
participation in household decision making
Economic Independence:
○ Economic independence does not imply significant
improvement in social standing
○ Culture and tradition play an important role
○ A small fraction has opened up towards Western
values

11.  Economic Empowerment
 Property Rights
○ Patriarchal society
Economic Decision Making
○ In the household
○ In businesses
 Political Empowerment
Representation in democratic institutions
Government reservations policy for women:
the constitutional amendment of 1990s

12. Famous Faces
 Indira Gandhi
 Mother Teresa
 Mira Nair
 Kalpana Chawla
 Gurinder Chadha
 Arundhati Roy
 Jhumpa Lahiri
 Aishwarya Rai
 Sushmita Sen

14. Holistic approach to
Empowerment
Health
& Nut.
Education
Water & San.
Skills
Technology Credit
Political
Participation
Marketing
Asset base

15. Action Areas
 Women availing servicesavailing services of public utilities
like road transport, power, water and
sanitation, telecommunication etc.
 TrainingTraining of women as highly skilled workers-
top end skills
 Research/TechnologyResearch/Technology for women
 Women in the work force
 Asset ownershipAsset ownership by women
 Women as EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs

16.  Implementation of Laws like
Equal remuneration
Minimum Wages
Factories Act
 Infrastructure for women like
Water and sanitation at workplace
Creches
Working Women Hostels
Transport services
Security

17. To Conclude
 “It is more important to create a general
awareness’ and understanding of the
problems of women’s employment in all
the top policy and decision making and
executive personnel. There is also the
special problem facing women like the
preference for male children for social
and cultural reasons. This will require
awareness, understanding and action.
The best way to do so is to educate the
children, orient the teachers, examine the
text books and teaching-aids and ensure
that the next generation grows up with
new thinking.”

18. Thank YouThank You