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Chp12 Bio
1.
交感神经与副交感神经的比较 交感神经 副交感神经
1 神经发出的部位 2 作用情境 3 作用范围 4 作用性质
2.
接受器 / 感受器
(receptor) ~ 是専门感受体內外环境变化的特殊结构 感觉器官 (sense organ) ~ 接受器內具有高度分化的感受细胞 连同它们的辅助装置共同构成 的 特殊感觉器
3.
接受器的一般生理特性 1. 适宜的刺激
2. 換能作用 ~ 将所感受的刺激轉变为神经元的动作电位 3. 适应现象 (adaptation) ~ 当一种强度不变的刺激持续作用于感觉器时, 传入神经纤维的冲动频率逐渐下降, 引起的感觉逐渐减弱或消失 的现象 . 例子 ?
4.
眼 人的眼睛近似球形,位于眼眶内。 正常成年人其前后径平均为
24mm , 垂直径平均 23mm 。 最前端突出于眶外 12--14mm ,受眼睑保护。
5.
泪腺 (lacrimal gland
) 泪液 ~1. 润滑和清洁 角膜 ,冲洗 结膜囊 内异物,对眼球起 保护 作用 2. 泪液为弱碱性透明液体 3. 含有溶菌酶和免疫球蛋白 A 等成分,故有 杀菌 作用 * 干眼症
6.
结膜 麦粒肿 ?
~ 薄而透明 , 富含血管的粘膜 结膜炎 ? 沙眼 ?
7.
眼外肌 1. 每个眼球有
6 条,包括 4 条直肌和 2 条斜肌, ( 内直肌、外直肌、上直肌、下直肌、上斜肌和下斜肌 )
8.
眼 S clera
鞏膜 Choroid 脉络膜 Retina 视网膜 Fovea 中央 凹 macula 黃点 Optic nerve 视神经 Blind spot 盲点 Ciliary body 睫状体 Suspensory 懸韧帶 ligaments Iris 虹膜 Lens 晶体 Pupil 瞳孔 Cornea 眼角膜 Aqueous humour 水状液 / 房水 Vitreous humour 玻璃体 眼球包括眼球壁、眼内腔和内容物、神经、血管等组织。 1. 眼球壁主要分为外、中、内三层
9.
眼球壁最外层 1.
由角膜、 巩膜 组成 2. 角膜 ~ 占 1/6 ~ 无色透明 , 有屈光作用 ~ 无血管 , 富含感觉神经末梢 3. 鞏膜 ~ 占 5/6 ~ 白色坚韧 , 不透明 , 俗稱”眼白” ~ 作用 : (1) 维持眼球形态 (2) 保护眼球內容物 1. 由角膜、 巩膜 组成 2. 角膜 ~ 占 1/6 ~ 无色透明 , 有屈光作用 ~ 无血管 , 富含感觉神经末梢 3. 鞏膜 ~ 占 5/6 ~ 白色坚韧 , 不透明 , 俗稱”眼白” ~ 作用 : (1) 维持眼球形态 (2) 保护眼球內容物 1. 由角膜、 巩膜 组成 2. 角膜 ~ 占 1/6 ~ 无色透明 , 有屈光作用 ~ 无血管 , 富含感觉神经末梢
10.
眼球壁中层 1. 中层又称色素膜,具有丰富的色素和血管,
包括 虹膜 、 睫状体 和 脉络膜 三部分。 2. 虹膜 ~呈环圆形, 不同种族人的虹膜颜色不同。 ~中央有一 2.5-4mm 的圆孔,称瞳孔 。 ~ 有环肌与纵肌 , 控制瞳孔的大小 3. 睫状体 ~ 平滑肌 ~ 受副交感神经支配 ~ 收缩 、 放松以牵动 悬韧带 ->调节晶体的曲度
11.
眼球壁中层 4. 脉络膜
~ 前方连于睫状体 ~ 含有的丰富色素 -> 吸收眼內分散的光线 ( 暗箱 ) ~ 含丰富的血管 -> 营养眼內组织
12.
眼球內容物 (1) ~包括房水、晶体及玻璃体,三者的特点是透明、无血管,
它们与角膜一起统称为眼的屈光间质 1. 房水 (0.25-0.3ml) ~无色透明循环流动的液体 ~由睫状体产生 ( 经虹膜角隙入鞏膜静脉窦 ) ~作用 (1) 屈光 (2) 营养眼角膜 , 晶体 , 排除代谢废物 (3) 维持眼內圧 -> 青光眼
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