1. pro-iBiosphere Markup Workshop
Efforts and plans towards
Markup of the BHL Content
William Ulate R.
BHL Technical Director
Missouri Botanical Garden
Berlin, Feb. 10, 2014
7. Scientific Name Extraction
• TaxonFinder algorithm in production since
2008
– More than 100 million candidate name strings
– More than 1.5 million unique, verified names
– Available through UI, APIs, Data Exports & Internet
Archive
• New collaboration with Global Names project
– Improved algorithm, better precision & recall
– More data with TaxonFinder and Neti Neti!
– http://gnrd.globalnames.org/
31. The Art of Life schema: describing and providing access to natural history
illustrations from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL)
by William Ulate, Trish Rose-Sandler, Gaurav Vaidya, Robert Guralnick
Example of illustration described using Art of Life schema
Title
Stictospiza formosa
Type
Illustrations
Date
Publication: 1898
Agent
Description
Subjects
Inscriptions
Source
Rights
Author: Arthur G. Butler (1844-1925)
Illustrator: F.W. Frohawk (1861-1946)
A pair of finches with green and yellow bodies resting on reeds
Scientific name: Amandava formosa (Latham, 1790)
Vernacular Name: Green Avadavat or Green Munia
Accepted Name: Amandava formosa (Latham, 1790)
Birds, finches
bottom center: Green Amaduvade Waxbill (Stictospiza formosa)
Butler, Arthur Gardiner. Foreign finches in captivity. Hull and London: Brumby and
Clarke, limited,1889 (2nd edition). This image comes from the Biodiversity Heritage
Library, and is available online at biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17195895
Public domain
Art of Life schema elements required in Red
Element
Agents
Definition
person or corporate entity involved in
the creation, design, production, or
publication of a visual resource.
Examples
Repea
t
<vra:agent>
<vra:name type="personal" vocab="LCNAF" refid="89015596>
Curtis,John</vra:name>
<vra:dates type="life">
<vra:earliestDate>1791</vra:earliestDate>
<vra:latestDate>1862</vra:latestDate>
</vra:dates>
<vra:role vocab="AAT" refid="300025574">publisher</vra:role>
</vra:agent>
Y
Copyright
The copyright status of the visual
resource.
Date
Date or range of dates associated with
the creation or publication of the visual
resource.
<vra:date type="creation">
<vra:earliestDate>1945</vra:earliestDate>
<vra:latestDate>1955</vra:latestDate>
</vra:date>
Y
Description
A free-text note about content of the
image, including comments, description,
or interpretation, that gives additional
information not recorded in other
categories.
<vra:description>This illustration shows a scale, coloured illustration
of Sepsis annulipes (now known as Encita annulipes) beside the
Trifolium ochroleucum plant. Several dissections from Sepsis
cylindrica Fab. (all these details are provided on the next page of this
book and the subsequent page).</vra:description>
Y
Inscriptions
All marks, caption, or written words
added to the object at the time of
production or in its subsequent history,
including signatures, dates, dedications,
texts, and colophons, as well as marks,
such as the stamps of silversmiths,
publishers, or printers.
<vra:inscription>
<vra:position>bottom</vra:position>
<vra:text>Radula of L. souleyetianum on a more
reduced scale</vra:text>
</vra:inscription>
Y
Source
A citation for the book, journal or
resource that hosts the visual resource
<vra:source><vra:name type=”book”>Butler, Arthur Gardiner.
Foreign finches in captivity. HullBrumby and Clarke, limited,1889 (2nd
edition). </vra:name>
<vra:refid
type=”URI”>http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17195895</vra:refid>
</vra:source>
N
Subject
Terms or phrases that describe, identify,
or interpret the visual resource.
<vra:subject><vra:term type=”personalName”>Carl
Linnaeus</vra:term></vra:subject>
Y
<vra:rights refid=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/2.0/deed.en”>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0
Generic (CC BY-NC 2.0)
</vra:rights>
N
<dwc:scientificName>Plant: Picea abies</dwc:scientificName>
<dwc:acceptedName>Plant: Picea abies</dwc:acceptedName>
<dwc:vernacularName>Plant: Norway spruce<dwc:vernacularName>
Title
The title or identifying phrase given to an
Image
<vra:title xml:lang=”la”>Sepsis annulipes</vra:title>
<vra:title type=“alternate”>Orangutan</vra:title>
Y
We welcome your feedback on the schema! http://tinyurl.com/9hm7nsb
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35. Purposeful Gaming
DIGITALKOOT
• Joint project run by the National
Library of Finland and Microtask to
index the library's enormous archives
so that they are searchable on the
Internet for easier access to the
Finnish cultural heritage.
.
36. Purposeful Gaming
DIGITALKOOT
• Launched on Feb 8 2011, nearly 110 000
participants completed over 8 million word
fixing tasks by Nov 29 2012
• DigiTalkoot enabled volunteers to participate
in this fixing work by playing games.
• .
37. Purposeful gaming and BHL:
engaging the public in improving and
enhancing access to digital texts
• IMLS Grant Program:
National Leadership Grants for Libraries
• Partners:
–
–
–
–
Missouri Botanical Garden
Harvard University
Cornell University
New York Botanical Garden
• P.I.: Trish Rose-Sandler, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Dates: Dec 2013 – Nov. 2015
38. Project objectives and benefits
• Test new means of crowdsourcing to support the
enhancement of content in BHL
• Demonstrate if digital games are an effective tool for
analyzing and improving digital outputs from OCR and
transcription
• Benefits of gaming include:
– improved access to content by providing richer and more
accurate data;
– an extension of limited staff resources; and
– exposure of library content to communities who may not
know about the collections otherwise.
42. iDigBio’s aOCR Hackathon
• Improve OCR parsing of labels with clear metrics
(datasets, output formats, scoring algorithm)
• Libraries of regular expr. to clean up each field
(different error correction for latitude/longitude
coordinates than personal names or herbarium
catalog numbers)
• Tool for classifying segments of the image before
submitting to OCR
• Do a first pass of OCR to clean images before
sending them to a second, 'real' pass of OCR
43. iDigBio’s CITScribe Hackathon
1. Interoperability betweenpublic participation
tools and biodiversity data systems,
2. Transcription quality assessment/quality
control (QA/QC) and the reconciliation of
replicatetranscriptions,
3. Integration of optical character recognition
(OCR) into thetranscription workflow
4. User engagement
44. NfN & iDigBio’s CITScribe Hackathon
• Jason Best’s DarwinScore
• Ben Brumfield’s Handwriting Gibberish Detector
• Dictionaries to improve crowdsourcing consensus
(e.g., names of collectors, scientific names)
• Word Clouds created using n-gram scoring,
faceting, and Solr for indexing + Carrot2 for
specimen selection (visualize and explore of the use
with a word of interest from the word cloud) and a
data cleaning step (highlight infrequent words by
the system).
45. NESCent EOL-BHL Research Sprint
There is no place like home: Defining “habitat” for
biodiversity science
Robert D. Stevenson
UMass Boston, Dept. of Biology, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston,
MA 02125-3393
Carl Nordman (Natureserve) and
Evangelos Pafilis
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, Heraklion,
71003, Crete, Greece
46. NESCent EOL-BHL Research Sprint
Assessing Risk Status of Mexican Amphibians Through Data
Mining.
Esther Quintero and Bárbara Ayala
National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity
(CONABIO)
and
Anne Thessen
Marine Biological Laboratory and Arizona State University
47. NESCent EOL-BHL Research Sprint
Evolution in the usage of anatomical concepts in the
biodiversity literature
Todd Vision (tjv@bio.unc.edu),
Prashanti Manda (manda.prashanti@gmail.com), and
Dongye Meng
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
48. MiBIO: Mining Biodiversity
• Mining Biodiversity: Enriching Biodiversity Heritage
with Text Mining and Social Media
• One of the international projects that won in the
third round of the 2013 Digging Into Data Challenge
• Promote the development of innovative
computational techniques to apply into big data in
the humanities and social sciences
– The National Centre for Text Mining (UK)
– Missouri Botanical Garden (US)
– Dalhousie University's Big Data Analytics
Institute (Canada)
– Social Media Lab (Canada)
49. MiBIO: Mining Biodiversity
1.
Automatic error correction of OCR text errors.
2.
Crowdsource annotation of legacy texts with semantic metadata.
3.
Adapt text mining techniques to extract terminology, entities and
significant events automatically and to track terminology evolution
over time.
4.
Use Interactive visualization techniques to help users manage
search results through next generation browsing capabilities,
assisted by a semantic similarity network of important terms and
entities.
5.
Design of a social media layer, serving as an environment for
diverse users to interact and collaborate on science, public
education, awareness and outreach.
51. Crowdsource Markup
Display text
Species Profile Model category
General/summary
TaxonBiology
Geographic range
Distribution
Habitat
Habitat
Food sources and feeding behavior
TrophicStrategy
Physical description (general)
Description
Physical description (detailed morphology) DiagnosticDescription
52. Thank you
William Ulate
Global BHL Project Manager / Technical Director
Missouri Botanical Garden
william.ulate@mobot.org
Skype: william_ulate_r
Hinweis der Redaktion
I would especially like you to prepare a presentation of about 10-15 min about markup efforts at BHL (US and global), including some remarks on Rod Page's proposed workflow. A representative of NCBI will attend the workshop.Markup efforts at BHLWhat use cases for markup of biodiversity literature do you see as promising but not yet well explored?Where should resources for markup of biodiversity literature - or biodiversity research materials more generally - be directed in the coming years?Who is doing interesting work around markup of biodiversity literature but not present here?What aspects of markup would be suitable projects for the pro-iBiospherehackathon in March?Do you have ideas around markup of biodiversity literature for which you are looking for a partner?Anything else you'd like to communicate about markup of biodiversity literature or the workshop?Identify use cases for structured data generated on the basis of biodiversity literatureOutline of the structure and focus of D3.3.2 - report on progress during the coordination process of partners and non consortium partners“Connecting the Plazi repository with BHL would close the loop toget even more contextual information and continue the literature research. The basic workflow isalready in place, but it is not fully automated, due to the technical challenges involved inautomatically recognising text at the high accuracy required for taxonomic work.”
The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is a consortium of natural history and botanical libraries that cooperate to digitize and make accessible the legacy literature of biodiversity held in their collections and to make that literature available for open access and responsible use as a part of a global “biodiversity commons.”
Loosely based on Library of Congress Subject Headings
New types of content:- Handwritten Text from Field Notes, Letters
New types of content:- Special formatted content like CommercialSeed Catalogues and Seed Lists
Global Names recognition and discovery tools and servicesFind scientific names on web pages, PDFs, Microsoft Office documents, images, or in freeform text. Encrypted or image-based PDFs and image files first pass through an OCR routine using Tesseract prior to using the excellent TaxonFinder and NetiNetinames discovery engines. The language of incoming content is determined using unsupervised language detection. If found to be other than English, TaxonFinder is preferentially used. Found names can be optionally resolved against a number of resources.
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?GrowthMore Global ContentTaxon NamesArticle MetadataMicrocitations and COiNSAPIZoobankOCR improvements through GamingCrowdsource MarkupWFO?
BHL-Europe has used several webservices for search term expansion to facilitate searches for more than just species names. The Virtual International Authority Files (VIAF) webservice makes different spellings of author names accessible to facilitate the search for author names (e.g. Linne, Linnaeus, etc). The webservice of the Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB, serial database) is used to also extend the search for serial abbreviations.
The Smithsonian Institution Libraries (BHL partner), in collaboration with the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), have produced an online version of the Taxonomic Literature II (TL-2), a guide to the systematic botany literature published until 1940. Initially, a basic website is being offered that is searchable by keyword, author name, title identification number, author name abbreviation and title abbreviation. (http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/TL-2/)In a second step, the entire TL-2 dataset is to be provided as Linked Open Data. This way, each author and publication will get a permanent and authoritative URI on the web. These URIs will contain information in both human-readable form (via HTML) and computer-readable form (via RDF/XML). A SPARQL endpoint will also be provided for querying the linked data.
Towards BioStor articles marked up using Journal Archiving Tag SetI've made some progress on putting this together, as well as expanded the goal somewhat. In fact, there are several goals:BioStor articles need to be archived somewhere. At the moment they live on my server, and metadata is also served by BHL (as the "parts" you see in a scanned volume). Long term maybe PubMed Central is a possibility (BHL essentially becomes a publisher). Imagine PubMed Central becoming the primary archival repository for biodiversity literature.BioStor articles could be more useful if the OCR text was cleaned up and marked up (e.g., highlighting taxon names, localities, extracting citations, etc.).If BioStor articles were marked up to same extent as ZooKeys then we could use tools developed for ZooKeys (see Towards an interactive taxonomic article: displaying an article from ZooKeys) for a richer reading experience.Cleaned OCR text could also be used to generate searchable PDFs, which are still the most popular way for people to read articles (see Why do scientists tend to prefer PDF documents over HTML when reading scientific journals?). BioStor already generates PDFs, but these are simply made by wrapping page images in a PDF. Searchable PDFs would be much friendlier.For BioStor articles to be archived in PubMed Central they would need to be marked up using the Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite (formerly the NLM DTDs). This is the markup used by many publishers, and also the tag suite that TaxPub build upon.The idea of having BioStor marked up in JATS is appealing, but on the face of it impossible because the all we have is page scans and some pretty ropey OCR. But because the NLM has also been heavily involed in scanning the historical literature they are used to dealing with scanned literature, and JATS can accommodate articles ranging from scans to fully marked up text. For example, take a look at the article "Microsporidian encephalitis of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar) in British Columbia" which is in PubMed Central (PMC1687123). PMC has basic metadata for the article, scans of the pages, and two images extracted from those pages. This is pretty much what BioStor already has (minus the extracted images).
Initially, software tools will help discover visual resources (illustrations, maps, and other works of art) in BHL’s corpus, and basic metadata will be recorded. These resources will then be shared on multiple image delivery systems, including Flickr and the Wikimedia Commons, where citizen scientists will be able to add further annotations. Because of the wide diversity of information that a citizen scientist can add to any image, a comprehensive yet manageable schema is needed to help standardize inputs and enable synchronization and seamless import back into the BHL databases.
Initially, software tools will help discover visual resources (illustrations, maps, and other works of art) in BHL’s corpus, and basic metadata will be recorded. These resources will then be shared on multiple image delivery systems, including Flickr and the Wikimedia Commons, where citizen scientists will be able to add further annotations. Because of the wide diversity of information that a citizen scientist can add to any image, a comprehensive yet manageable schema is needed to help standardize inputs and enable synchronization and seamless import back into the BHL databases.
Initially, software tools will help discover visual resources (illustrations, maps, and other works of art) in BHL’s corpus, and basic metadata will be recorded. These resources will then be shared on multiple image delivery systems, including Flickr and the Wikimedia Commons, where citizen scientists will be able to add further annotations. Because of the wide diversity of information that a citizen scientist can add to any image, a comprehensive yet manageable schema is needed to help standardize inputs and enable synchronization and seamless import back into the BHL databases.
Reviewing Metadata Thumbnail view of the pages (06-enter-metadata.png) Large version of the image has a magnifier
Reviewing Metadata List view to see more metadata at once (07-metadata.png) Standard Metadata is suitable for BHL use No additional metadata modules are needed
The authors have worked on the development of an effective metadata schema for such natural history illustrations, but instead of developing yet another schema from scratch, they have identified existing schemas that meet the needs of the project and integrated a solution that combines the best in biodiversity informatics and image curation standards and best practices. This schema needs to support three main objectives: (1) to enable the discovery, description and use of the identified images by artists, biologists, humanities scholars, and educators; (2) to make BHL’s metadata and images available to other platforms; and (3) to import crowdsourced metadata generated in other platforms back into BHL..A preliminary schema version will be presented to the TDWG community, explaining how we addressed metadata challenges specific to biodiversity data, in order to obtain feedback on the final version.
Natural history illustrations from the Biodiversity Heritage Library seem to leap across boundaries while being catalogued, emerging simultaneously as history, science and art. As historic documents, they paint a vibrant picture of the first time European scientists and explorers encountered exotic plants and animals in the 17th and 18th centuries, drawn by some of the finest illustrators of the world. Also, as biodiversity records, they provide valuable documentation of when, where, and who first observed a species, and some of them are our only surviving representations of extinct species. Finally, as aesthetic elements, they communicate human emotions and other values toward nature by exemplifying the mimesis in art and providing a vivid expression of human creativity and imagination.This year, the Missouri Botanical Garden received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) to support a project called The Art of Life: Data Mining and Crowdsourcing the Identification and Description of Natural History Illustrations from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).
Title:The Art of Life Schema: describing and providing access to natural history illustrations form the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) Authors:William Ulate (Missouri Botanical Garden): William.Ulate@mobot.orgTrish Rose-Sandler (Missouri Botanical Garden); trish.rose-sandler@mobot.orgGaurav Vaidya (University of Colorado Boulder): gaurav@ggvaidya.comRobert Guralnick (University of Colorado): robgur@gmail.com
You can see from this slide that accuracy goes way down when processing older blackletter-type typefaces.
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?GrowthMore Global ContentTaxon NamesArticle MetadataMicrocitations and COiNSAPIZoobankOCR improvements through GamingCrowdsource MarkupWFO?
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?GrowthMore Global ContentTaxon NamesArticle MetadataMicrocitations and COiNSAPIZoobankOCR improvements through GamingCrowdsource MarkupWFO?
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?GrowthMore Global ContentTaxon NamesArticle MetadataMicrocitations and COiNSAPIZoobankOCR improvements through GamingCrowdsource MarkupWFO?
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?GrowthMore Global ContentTaxon NamesArticle MetadataMicrocitations and COiNSAPIZoobankOCR improvements through GamingCrowdsource MarkupWFO?
The Missouri Botanical Garden and partners at Harvard University, Cornell University, and New York Botanical Garden will test new means of crowdsourcing to support the enhancement of content in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL). The BHL is an international consortium of the world’s leading natural history libraries that have collaborated to digitize the public domain literature documenting the world’s biological diversity, resulting in the single, largest, open-licensed source of biodiversity literature. The project will demonstrate whether or not digital games are an effective tool for analyzing and improving digital outputs from optical character recognition and transcription. The anticipated benefits of gaming include improved access to content by providing richer and more accurate data; an extension of limited staff resources; and exposure of library content to communities who may not know about the collections otherwise.
- The Missouri Botanical Garden and partners at Harvard University, Cornell University, and New York Botanical Garden will test new means of crowdsourcing to support the enhancement of content in the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL). - The project will demonstrate whether or not digital games are an effective tool for analyzing and improving digital outputs from optical character recognition and transcription. - The anticipated benefits of gaming include improved access to content by providing richer and more accurate data; an extension of limited staff resources; and exposure of library content to communities who may not know about the collections otherwise.
(improve OCR parsing of specimen labels) with clear metrics (these datasets, these output formats, this scoring algorithm) One participant had created separate libraries of regular expressions to clean up each kind of field, having discovered that latitude/longitude coordinates require different error correction than personal names or herbarium catalog numbers do. Another group had built a touch-screen tool for classifying segments of the image before submitting them to OCR. My own project required a first pass of OCR to clean images before sending them to a second, 'real' pass of OCR.Jason Best’s DarwinScoreBen Brumfield’s Handwriting Gibberish Detector
Here we develop a framework that connects the general needs for survival and reproduction with the descriptions of habitats of species using text mining approaches of EOL data and BHL literature to map species specific-habitat relationships within and across lineages, a comparison of established controlled vocabularies/ontologies to better understand how the location aspect of habitats can be defined, and spatial data queries of species observation records to quantify which habitats species use.
Amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates, while at thesame time a keystone to the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to assess their risk of extinction to take appropriate steps towards their conservation. In this project we propose to use data mined from the EOL and BHL projects in order to obtain data to statistically assess the species of Mexican amphibians in a cost-effective method to identify their risk status.
Observations on the morphology, anatomy and other properties of biological taxa have been accumulating in the scientific literature for centuries. Our understanding of the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the natural world has changed dramatically over this time. How much has scientific usage of the anatomical concepts that are accepted today evolved, as well? We propose to address this by comparison of word frequency in the vicinity of anatomical terms as sampled from texts in the Biodiversity Heritage Library. We will extract the frequency of words (not including common ‘stop’ words) in the neighborhood of (stemmed) words that have matches in a large ontology of vertebrate skeletal terms [1]. Vectors of word frequencies (aka ‘context vectors’) have limitations as summaries of the meaning of a text, but are amenable to statistical comparison and are the workhorse of state-of-the-art word sense disambiguation algorithms [2]. Some of the questions we would like to address with these context vectors in hand include: (1) How rapidly does the context of an anatomical term drift? (2) How much variation in drift is there among concepts? (3) How is the context affected by the taxonomic focus? (4) by the geographic origin of the author? (4) Is there more or less variation in older or contemporary usage? (5) How has the frequency with which different terms are used evolved?
Automatic correction of errors in text extracted automatically from legacy biodiversity literature via optical character recognition (OCR).Development of a crowdsourcing facility that will encourage users to annotate legacy texts with semantic metadata.Adaptation of text mining technologies to extract metadata (i.e., terminology, entities and significant events) automatically and to track terminology evolution over time. This will facilitate semantic search, allowing users to explore search results according to multiple information dimensions or facets.Interactive visualisation techniques will be used to help users to make sense of search results through the integration of next generation browsing capabilities, assisted by a semantic similarity network of important terms and entities.Design of a social media layer, serving as an environment for diverse users to interact and collaborate on science, public education, awareness and outreach.
Automatic correction of errors in text extracted automatically from legacy biodiversity literature via optical character recognition (OCR).Development of a crowdsourcing facility that will encourage users to annotate legacy texts with semantic metadata.Adaptation of text mining technologies to extract metadata (i.e., terminology, entities and significant events) automatically and to track terminology evolution over time. This will facilitate semantic search, allowing users to explore search results according to multiple information dimensions or facets.Interactive visualisation techniques will be used to help users to make sense of search results through the integration of next generation browsing capabilities, assisted by a semantic similarity network of important terms and entities.Design of a social media layer, serving as an environment for diverse users to interact and collaborate on science, public education, awareness and outreach.
Aims to transform the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) into a next-generation social digital library resource to facilitate the study and discussion (via social media integration) of legacy science documents on biodiversity by a worldwide community and to raise awareness of the changes in biodiversity over time in the general public. The project integrates novel text mining (TM) methods, visualisation, crowdsourcing and social media into the BHL. The resulting digital resource will provide fully interlinked and indexed access to the full content of BHL library documents, via semantically enhanced and interactive browsing and searching capabilities, allowing users to locate precisely the information of interest to them in an easy and efficient manner.
On legacy literature, what your plans are with BHL, and especially your move into content?GrowthMore Global ContentTaxon NamesArticle MetadataMicrocitations and COiNSAPIZoobankOCR improvements through GamingCrowdsource MarkupWFO?