Annual Report 2070 Nepali

cf]/]s g]kfn

jflif{s k|ltj] bg
@)&)

cf]/]s g]kfn jflif{s k|ltj] bg jif{ @)&)

i

cf]/]s g]kfn jflif{s k|ltj] bg @)&)
;Dkfbg

M 8f= ljgfos / fhe08f/ L

tof/ kfg] {

M kfj{tL a:g] t

n] –cfp6

M /d]z e08f/L

sDKo'6/ ;xof]uL M lbndfof e08f/L
k|sfzg jif{

M @)&)

k|sfzsM
cf] / ] s g] kfn
afns'df/L, nlntk'/
kf] =a=g+= M !#@##, sf7df8f}+
kmf] g M )!–%))^#&#, ˆofS;M (&&–)!–%))^@&!
O{d]n M ics@worecnepal.org
j]j M www.worecnepal.org

ii


b'O{ zAb
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{g / ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t lbuf] ;fd'bflos ljsf; ug'{ dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf
s]Gb| -cf]/]s g]kfn_ sf] kl/nIo /x]sf] 5 . cf]/]sn] ljut @@ jif{b]lv dlxnf clwsf/ / ;fdflhs Gofosf
nflu sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . cf]/]s g]kfnn] dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg / ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/ cleofgnfO{ /fi6«AofkL ¿kdf ;~rfng ub} dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f / Ifdtf clej[l¢sf]
nflu ;xhLs/0f tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf ;~hfnx¿sf] ;jnLs/0f, ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;fy} ljleGg
;jfndf gLlt kl/dfh{g, lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu k}/jL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts tyf
cfly{s ¿kdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf l;dfGs[t, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf, t];|f] lnËL / lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljt tyf
clwsf/ xgg ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf nflu cf]/]s g]kfnn] sfd ub} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cf]/]s g]kfnn] …dlxnf lx+;flj?4 z"Go ;xgzLntfÚ sf] nIo /fVb}} dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4sf] cleofgnfO{
lg/Gt/ ;d'bfo, /fli6«ob]lv cGt/fli6«o :t/;Dd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;dfh, ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfo tyf /fHo kIfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg k}/jL / Ifdtf clea[l4sf sfdx¿ ub}{ dlxnf
lx+;f cGTo, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf] kf6f]nfO{ yk alnof] agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 .
dlxnf clwsf/, ;fd'bflos ;zQmLs/0f, ;fdflhs kl/rfng, lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g, lbuf] s[lif / k|fs[lts
;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf ljwfdf cf]/]s g]kfnn] ;+ufn]sf] cg'ejnfO{ of] jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] v'n:t kfg]{ 5 eGg]
xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 . o;} qmddf cf]/]s g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt cleofgdf ;xsfo{ u/L n}lËs e]befjlj?4,
cGofo / zf]if0flj?4, ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgfsf nflu xfdL k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;xof]u ub} cfPsf
ljleGg /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o, ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;ª3–;+:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ cf]/]s g]kfnsf]
tkm{af6 xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

afa' /fd uf}td
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs


iii

ljifo;"rL
-s_

;+:yfsf] kl/ro

-v_
dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg
-v_ ! dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] cleofg
-v_ @ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmd
-u_
-u_ !

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ cleofg
lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu lbuf] s[lif tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmd
-u_ @ ;'/lIft :yfgfudg sfo{qmd
-u_ # dlxnf :jf:Yo clwsf/ sfo{qmd
-u_ $ afn ljsf; tyf afn clwsf/ sfo{qmd
-u_ % dlxnf :jf:Yo k/fdz{ s]Gb| …5xf/LÚ

1
4
24
29
32
34
48
59
74
81

-3_

lbuf] zflGtsf nflu ;xh cleofg

83

-ª_

clen]vfno tyf tYofÍ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL

97

-r_

cg';Gwfg tyf k|sfzg

102

-5_

cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] cfo Joo ljj/0f

105

kl/lzi6M cf]/]ssf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt tyf ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt

111

iv


tflnsf ;"rL
tflnsf g+= ! Ifdtf clej[l¢sf] nflu ;DkGg tflndx¿sf] ljifoj:t' / ;xefuL ;+Vof

8

tflnsf g+= @ cf]/]sn] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/]sf lhNnf :t/Lo ;d"x tyf ;~hfnx¿

30

tflnsf g+= # bfË, l;/xf/ pbok'/df ;~rflnt dlxnf :jf:Yo lzlj/af6 ;]jf lng] dlxnfx¿sf]
;+Vof

70

tflnsf g+= $ lzlj/df :jf:Yo hfFr ubf{ :yfgLo dlxnfx¿df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿

70

tflnsf g+= % dlxnf :jf:Yo k/fdz{ s]Gbdf ;]jf lng cfpg] dlxnfx¿df b]lvPsf
d=:jf=;d:ofx¿

72

tflnsf g+= ^ Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu tflndx¿

92

tflnsf g+= & cf=a ^(–&) sf] dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]G›sf] cfo Joo ljj/0f
tflnsf g+= * cf=a=^(–&) df ePsf] s"n vr{ dWo] sfo{qmd ;xof]u, k|zf;lgs, kfl/>lds tyf
tflnd Joj:yfkgdf ePsf] vr{ ljj/0f

106
106

lrqx¿sf] ;"rL
lrq g+= != cf]/]s g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt dfl;s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿

13

lrq g+= @= ;'/Iffjf;, sfg'gL ;xof]u tyf dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf

20

lrq g=+ #= dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu ljleGg dfWod

30

lrq g+= $= ;"rgf s]Gb|af6 ;'/lIft j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;"rgf lng]x¿sf] ;+Vof

50

lrq g=+ %= dlxnf :jf:Yo lzlj/af6 ;]jf lng] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof

69

lrq g+= ^= dgf]ljdz{ s]Gb|af6 ;]jf kfpg]sf] ;+Vof

93

lrq g+= &= cf]/]s clen]vfnodf pknAw k':tsx¿sf] k|ltzt ljj/0f

98

lrq g+ * = cf=a=^(–&) df ePsf] s"n vr{ dWo] sfo{qmd ;xof]u, k|zf;lgs, kfl/>lds tyf
tflnd Joj:yfkgdf ePsf] vr{ ljj/0f

106


v

-s_

;+:yfsf] kl/ro


1

;+:yfsf] kl/ro
dlxnf k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s_ g]kfn dlxnf clwsf/k|lt
;dlk{t Pjd ;fdflhs Gofosf lglDt ;ª3if{/t Ps
/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . @)$& r}q !( df :yflkt
of] ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ;fdflhs Gofo
/ dlxnf clwsf/ :yfkgfsf] nflu cleofg ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cf]/]sn] dlxnf–lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg /
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] cleofgnfO{
cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . dlxnf–lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg
cGtu{t dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifssf] klxrfg tyf
;'/Iff, dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/lj¿4sf] lqmofsnfk
/ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 eg]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] cleofg
cGt{ut vfB clwsf/, :jf:Yo clwsf/, hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
clwsf/ / ;'/lIft :yfgfudgsf] clwsf/sf nflu
jsfnt / ljljw sfo{qmdx¿ ul//x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf cf]/]sn] ;fd'bflos
;ª3÷;+:yfx¿sf] ;jnLs/0f / ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ ;fdflhs
Gofo :yflkt ug{ u|fdL0f :t/b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo,
kf]if0f nufot cGo If]qdf dlxnf / afnaflnsfdfly
ul/g] e]befj / dfgj a]rlavg÷cf];f/k;f/ dlxnfx¿sf]
cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg ePsfn] To;sf] cGTo
ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf ljlzi6 clwsf/x¿ ;'lglZrt
ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf o; ;+:yfsf] /x]sf] 5 .

kl/sNkgf
;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t dlxnf clwsf/
;'lglZrttf;lxtsf] ;dfh cf]/]s g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf
xf] .

kl/nIo
cf]/]s g]kfn dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{g / ;fdflhs
Gofodf cfwfl/t lbuf] ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf nflu
cleofg/t /xg]5 .

2


nIo
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ dlxnflj?4 x'g]
lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/0f ug'{ cf]/]s g]kfnsf] nIo x'g]5 .

/0fg}lts p2]Zox¿

* dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf] nflu tyf
cfkm"lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTosf] nflu ;ªul7t tyf
kl/rfng ug]{,
* dlxnf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu dlxnf clwsf/sdL{
tyf nlIft ;d"xsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{,
* dlxnf clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu jsfnt
tyf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
* lkt[;QfTds d"No, dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltnfO{
n}ªlus ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g
ug{sf nflu cfd;r]tLs/0f ug]{ /
* ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf :yfgLob]lv cGt/f{li6«o
:t/;Ddsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf hg;ªu7gx¿;Fu ;xsfo{
ug]{ .

;+:yfut /0fg}lts d'2fx¿
*
*
*
*

;fd"lxs dlxnf g]t[Tj ljsf;
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] klxrfg / ;'/Iff
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg /
hLljsf]kfh{g
* ;fdflhs, cfly{s clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / lbuf]
zflGt
* gofF ;+ljwfgleq ;LdfGts[t tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf
;d'bfosf] clwsf/sf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf
* ;+:yfnfO{ l;Sg] / l;sfpg] ynf]sf] ¿kdf ljsf;

cf]/]ssf] sfo{If]q
cf]/]s g]kfnn] k|ToIf ¿kdf !@ lhNnfdf cleofg tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+Ën] sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5
eg] ^# lhNnfx¿df dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o tyf lhNnf ;~hfn;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df dlxnf
lx+;flj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .

cf]/]såf/f ;~rflnt cleofgx¿


3

-v_

4


dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf]
cleofg

dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cleofg
dlxnf ;zlQms/0f

dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] cleofg

dfgj a]rljvg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ lj?4sf]
cleofg
b]zdf a9b} uO/x]sf] dlxnf lx+;flj?4df gful/s ;dfh,
cleoGtf, clwsf/sdL{, o'jfx¿ nufot ;a} ;r]t
gful/saf6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts kfl6{sf
g]tfx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg ul/Psf
ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿k|lt pgLx¿sf] z'Go hjfkmb]lxtfn]
dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf If]qdf yk r'gf}tLx¿ b]vf
k/]sf 5g . of] l:yltn] dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ pkef]u
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .
csf]{lt/ dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf jsfnt ug]{ clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf nflu
klg r'gf}tLx¿ c´ ylkPsf 5g .

5 . csf]{lt/ ;lbof}+b]lv g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ lkt[;QfTds
;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;f]rsf sf/0f lje]lbt eO{ / lx+;fsf]
;fdgf ub}{ afFRg afWo 5g . oL ;fdflhs tyf kfl/jfl/s
d"No / dfGotfx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/lj?4
cfjfh p7fpFg / To;sf] pkrf/ vf]Hg cToGt sl7g
agfPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx¿ bf]xf]/f]
df/df kg'{ kg]{ afWotf 5 . Psflt/ pgLx¿ cfkm"dfly lx+;f
ug]{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf cfkmGtsf]] lj?4 n8g' kl//x]sf]
5 eg] csf{lt/ lx+;fnfO{ dnhn ug]{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ ;fdflhs
d"NodfGotfsflj?4 klg ;+3if{ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf]

:yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fsf af/]df rrf{ kl/rrf{ / ax; ug{ yfn]sf] w]/}
nfdf] ;do ePtf klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfdf
eg] sdL cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sfnflu ;/sf/ cGt/
f{li6«o:t/df k|lta4 b]lvP klg b]zdf tL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{
Jojxf/df ptfg{ c´} lhDd]jf/ aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
b]zdf nDab} uPsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f a9b}
uPsf] b08lxgtfn] dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ yk an k'u]sf]


5

;+3if{n] dlxnfsf] Gofo vf]Hg] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt / s'l07t
agfOlbPsf] 5 . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k s'g} ljsNk ljgf
kLl8t dlxnfx¿ k'gM lx+;fu|:t / b'Jo{jxf/k"0f{ kl/jf/
/ ;dfhdf kms{g jf afFRg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . To;n]
pgLx¿sf] hLjg yk r'gf}ltk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 .
b]z / ;dfhdf ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f
ePdf dfq dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf
;fy cf]/]s g]kfnn] …dlxnf lx+;flj?4 z'Go ;xgzLntfÚ
sf] nIo /fVb} dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;d'bfob]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd ;~rfng ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
kl/jlt{t ;do / ;Gbe{ cg';f/ sfd ub}{ cufl8 a9g]
qmddf cf]/]sn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf]
nflu tyf cfkm"lj¿4 x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTosf] nflu ;ªul7t
tyf kl/rfng ug]{, dlxnf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu dlxnf
clwsf/sdL{ tyf nlIft ;d"xsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{,
dlxnf clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu jsfnt ug]{
/ lkt[;QfTds d"No, dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltnfO{ n}ª
lus ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu
cfd;r]tLs/0f ug{ ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf :yfgLob]lv
cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Ddsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf hg;ªu7gx¿;Fu
;xsfo{ u/L sfd ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ /0fg}lts p2]Zox¿ @))
( b]lv @)!# ;Ddsf] nflu to u/L ;f] cg';f/ cfjZos
sfo{qmdx¿ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg cGtu{t cf]/]sn] :yfgLo
:t/b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Ddsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf
/fv]/ sfd ug]{ l;nl;nfdf lgDg cg';f/ # jif{sf]
/0fg}lts d'2f / p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f u/L cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
/0fg}lts d'2f
* dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] ;'/lIft;Fu sfd
ug{ kfpg] jftfjf/0f;lxtsf] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f
Go"gLs/0f ePsf] cj:yf .
k}/jLsf d'2fx¿
* dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] klxrfg / ;'/Iff
* dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4 ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtf

6


d'Vo p2]Zox¿
!= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4 sfo{/t dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] klxrfgsf ;fy} ;d'bfo :t/b]lv
/fli6«o :t/;Dd ;'/lIft tl/sfn] sfd ug{ kfpg]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ k}/jL ug{] .
@= dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;fdflhs /
dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:Yf /xg kfpg] clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf ug{ ;xof]uL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] .
#= dlxnf / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug{ Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f
ug{] .
$= dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf
36gfx¿ clen]vLs/0f Joj:yfkg / ljZn]if0f u/L
gLlt lgdf{0f / cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu k}/jL ug{] .
lglb{i6 p2]Zox¿
!= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f Go"gLs/0fsf nflu dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ /Ifsx¿, dlxnf, o'jf tyf
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ .
@= dlxnf lx+;f /f]syfd tyf :yfgLo :t/b]lv /fli6«o
:t/;Dd lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljt
dlxnfx¿sf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfpg k}/jL ug]{ .
#= dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;'/Iff gLlt Nofpg
k}/jL ug{] .
$= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfsf] /fli6«o ¿kdf tYofÍ
Joj:yfkgsf nflu k}/jL ug{] .
%= n}lËs d}qL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu jsfnt ug]{ .

sfo{gLltx¿
* cfd ;r]tLs/0f / ;zQmLs/0fdf hf]8 .
* Ifdtf clea[l4 .
* ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ .
* gLltut Joj:yfsf nflu k}/jL .
* tYodf cfwfl/t k}/jLsf] nflu Jojl:yt ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; -clen]vLs/0f, cg';Gwfg, k|sfzg_
ub}{ nfg] .

* lx+;f kLl8t tyf k|efljtx¿sf] nflu ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf]
ljsf; -;'/Iffjf;, dgf]ljdz{, sfg'gL ;xof]u,
:jf:Yo ;]jf_

:s"n lzIff M ljßfnox¿df ljleGg ljifodf !^%
j6f :s"n lZfIffsf sIffx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
:s"n lzIffdf @*@# hgf 5fq / ##^* hgf 5fqfsf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

;DkGg ultljlwx¿

;8s gf6s, krf{, kf]i6/ -;"rgf ;fdu|L_ ljt/0f

!= cfd;r]tLs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf ultljlwx¿
lkt[;QfTds d"No, dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltnfO{
n}lËs ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g ug{
cfd;r]tLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 cf]/]sn] :yfgLo :t/b]lv
/fli6«o :t/;Dd x/]s tx / tKsfdf /x]sf dlxnf, k'?if,
o'jf, k];fsdL{, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLltssdL{, lzIfs
tyf ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ ljleGg ultljlwdfkm{t ;"rgf
k|jfx u/L ;jfndf ;';"lrt ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

ljleGg ;jfndf ufpFb]lv zx/ ahf/;Dd ;/n /

;xh tl/sfaf6 ;"rgf k|jfx ug{sf nflu ;8s
gf6s, lel8of] k|bz{g, krf{ l:6s/, ljt/0f ug'{sf
;fy} kf]i6/sf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L lbg]
sfd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

cled'vLs/0f tyf 5nkmn M ljleGg ljifodf
cled'vLs/0f tyf 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf k|jfx
u/L r]tgf clea[l4 / wf/0ffut ¿kdf :ki6tf Nofpg
o; jif{ ljleGg lhNnfdf $!! j6f ultljlw ;DkGg
ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df *^%# hgf dlxnf / #!*)
k'?ifsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

* /]l8of] sfo{qmd M ;fd'bflos /]l8of] pbok'/ -!)@
yf]Knf] $ d]ufxh{_ af6 x/]s xKtf æGofosf] vf]hLÆ
sfo{qmd k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfh k'/fg}
k/Dk/f, ;f]raf6 d'Qm x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . kl/jt{gsf]
s'/f hlt u/]klg ;dfhdf dlxnfk|lt ul/g] Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0f ;dfhsf
x/]s JolQmnfO{ dlxnf clwsf/k|lt ;Dj]bgzLn
agfpg of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .


7

@= Ifdtf clea[l4sf nflu ul/Psf tflndx¿
n}+lËs lx+;f, dfgj clwsf/, dlxnf clwsf/ / k|hgg
:jf:Yo clwsf/k|lt ;Dj]bgzLn agfO{ Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g Nofpg d2t k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] nlIft ;d"xsf]
Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ /0fgLlt cg'¿k o; ;+:yfn] ljleGg
;d"x tyf ;~hfnsf ;b:ox¿, k'?if, ;]jf k|bfos, dfgj
clwsf/ tyf dlxnf clwsf/sdL{, o'jf, gful/s ;dfhsf
k|ltlglw, lzIfs, kqsf/, nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
Ifdtf clea[l4sf nflu ljleGg ;jfndf tflnd,
uf]i7Lx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ hDdf !(
j6f tflnd ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . h;df dlxnf #)$ hgf
/ k'?if !*& hgf u/L hDdf $(! hgfsf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] .
tflnsf != Ifdtf clej[l¢sf] nflu ;DkGg tflndx¿sf] ljifoj:t' / ;xefuL ;+Vof
lhNnf

tflnd ljj/0f

;+Vof

;xefuL ;+Vof
dlxnf

–

@@

–

@^

@^

@$

%

@(

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL o'jfx¿nfO{
# lbg] tflnd

@

#(

!(

%*

aflnsf / lszf]/Ldfly x'g] of}g lx+;f / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu
lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf ljifos @ lbg] cled'vLs/0f÷tflnd

!

&

!*

@%

n}+lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / k|hgg :jf:Yo clwsf/;DaGwL #
lbg] tflnd

@

$$

!#

%&

k}/jL tflnd # lbg]

!

@@

–

@@

k}/jL tflnd # lbg]

!

@#

–

@#

n}+lËs lx+;flj?4 k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd

l;/xf

@@

Dflxnf lx+;fsf 36gfsf] ph'/L k|lqmof / k}/jL ;Lk;DaGwL tflnd !

s}nfnL

hDdf

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL k'?ifx¿nfO{ !
# lbg] tflnd

bfË

k'?if

!

@$

–

@$

–

!*

!*

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f;DaGwL k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd %
lbg]

!

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL o'jfx¿nfO{ !
# lbg] tflnd

8


lhNnf

tflnd ljj/0f

;+Vof

;xefuL ;+Vof
dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf

wg'iff

n}+lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f tyf dgf]ljdz{;DaGwL o'jfx¿nfO{ # !
lbg] tflnd

!@

@$

#^

pbok'/

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f ljifos # lbg] tflnd

!

@)

*

@*

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f;DaGwL k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd %
lbg]

@

%!

!)

^!

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL k'?ifx¿nfO{ #
# lbg] tflnd

–

^$

^$

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f;DaGwL k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tfnLd %
lbg]

!

@#

hDdf

@)

#!!

df]/Ë
÷;'g;/L

#= ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn /
hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf nflu ul/Psf ultljlwx¿
dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg cGtu{t k|d'v d'2f
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn / hjfkmb]xL agfpg'
/x]sfn] /fHosf gLlt lgdf{0f txdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] txdf /xg] JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIft
u/L :yfgLo txb]lv /fli6«o tx;Dd ljleGg r/0fdf
lgDg ultljlwx¿ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

@#
@)%

%!^

k'?if cled'vLs/0f
n}lËs lx+;flj?4sf] cleofgdf k'?ifx¿ tyf o'jfx¿
;Fusf] ;xsfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ of]
d'2fdf ;Dj]bgzLn / hjfkmb]xL aGg clek|]l/t ug]{
p2]Zon] ;d'bfo tyf lhNnf :t/df k'?if tyf o'jfx¿;Fu
!)& j6f ax; tyf cGt/ ;Djfb sfo{qmd ;DkGg
ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df @()& hgf o'jf tyf k'?ifx¿sf]

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu :yfgLo :t/b]lv
/fli6«o :t/;Dd ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn /
hjfkmb]xL agfpFb} pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf a9fpg] p2]Zon]
lhNnf tyf s]Gb|Lo :t/df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -n}+lËs
lx+;flj?4sf] ;dGjo ;ldlt, dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/lj?4sf] ;ldlt, ljleGg /fhg}lts bnsf
k|ltlglw, ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw, ;ª3÷;+:yfsf
k|ltlglwx¿, dfgj clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sdL{x¿;Fusf]
;dGjo / ;xsfo{df sfo{qmdx¿ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .


9

Goflos tyf cw{Goflos lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu
cGt/lqmof
lx+;f kLl8t tyf k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] Goflos k|lqmofdf
kx'Fr a9fpg / kLl8tn] Gofo kfPsf] cg'e"lt ug]{
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{sf nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
af/]df cfjZos 5nkmn u/L ;xof]uL ;+oGqnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg Goflos / cw{Goflos If]qsf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, pbok'/, l;/xf,
wg'iff, bfË / s}nfnL lhNnfdf u/L hDdf & j6f cGt/
lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df @$^ hgfsf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;xof]u
kfPsf 36gfx¿df kLl8t tyf k|efljtn] Gofo kfPsf] /
;xh ¿kdf ;xof]u gkfPsf 36gfx¿df lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfx¿n] Gofo kfpg g;s]sf] 36gfx¿df 5nkmn
ub}{ cfufdL lbgdf kLl8t÷k|efljtn] ;xh tl/sfn]
Gofo kfpg] jftfj/0f s;/L tof/ ug{ ;lsG5, k|x/L
sfof{nodf cfpg] x/]s 36gfx¿sf] btf{ k|lqmof /
cg';Gwfg k|lqmofnfO{ c´ s;/L n}+lËs ;Dj]bgzLn
agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf ljz]ifu/L k|x/L, k|zf;g, ;/sf/L
jlsn, lhNnf af/ / sfg'gL ;]jf s]Gb| a9L ;Dj]bgzLn
eP/ sfd ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .

g]kfn
k|x/Lsf
sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu
n}lËs
lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f, dlxnf clwsf/ / lx+;f
kLl8t÷k|efljt;Fu ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/sf] ;jfndf !
lbg] uf]i7L
n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f, lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿;Fu
ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfndf ;Dj]bgzLn
/ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] ;fy} lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] Gofodf

10


kx'Fr a9fpg k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg
/ x/]s k|x/L sfof{nodf n}lËsd}qL jftfj/0f agfpg
kxn ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL g]kfn k|x/Lsf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu
df]/Ë, pbok'/, l;/xf, wg'iff, bfË / s}nfnLdf hDdf (
j6f ! lbg] uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] To;df @#$
hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf
ljifos lhNnf :t/Lo uf]i7L
dlxnf clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug{] ;ª3÷;:yfx¿,
n}+lËs lx+;flj?4 lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ /Ifsx¿aLr a9bf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] 36gfx¿sf]
cj:yf / o;sf] sf/0fsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L lx+;f
Go"gLs/0f / lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfn] Goflos pkrf/sf]
nflu ;xh ¿kdf l/kf]l6{Ë ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{
cufdL lbgdf s;/L sfd ug]{ eGg] af/]df ;a} ax'kIfLo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr a[xt ¿kdf 5nkmn ug'{sf ;fy}
PsLs[t ¿kdf of]hgf klg tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . dlxnf
clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿n] lbg] ;]jfsf] dfkg
u/L l/km/n ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog
ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoSt u/]sf lyP . sf7df08f}+, nlntk'/,
sfe|], df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, pbok'/, bfË, s}nfnL nufotsf
@# lhNnfdf of] sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df *%!
hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] Gofosf] nflu Goflos
cw{Goflos lgsfosf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu
cGt/lqmof
dlxnf lx+;flj?4df k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf sfd ug]{
ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª3÷;+:yfsfaLrdf
Ps lbg] cGt/lqmofTds sfo{qmd l;/xfsf] nxfgdf

@)&)÷!÷$ ut] ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf @)^(
j}zfvb]lv r}q @)^( ;Dddf cf]/]sn] clen]vg u/]sf
dlxnflx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cf]/]sn] l;/xf
lhNnfsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf ´Nsfpg] cfwf/kq k|:t't
u/]sf] lyof] . o; cjlwdf 36]sf jf l/kf]l6{Ë ePsf hDdf
!*( j6f 36gf clen]vg ul/Psf] lyof] . tL 36gfdf
kLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf kxF'rsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ hDdf
!) hgf dlxnfsf 36gf klg Goflos lgsfo;Dd k'Ug
g;s]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] lyof] . l;/xf lhNnfdf dlxnf
lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ lbgk|ltlbg a9b} uO{/x]sf] / kLl8tsf]
Gofodf kx'Fr gePsf] l:yltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ kLl8tsf]
Gofodflysf] kx'Fr a9fpg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Dj]bgzLn /
lhDd]jf/ x'gkg]{ s'/fnfO{ dgg ub}{ lhNnfdf lx+;fdf
k/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf kx'Fr a9fpg ;xof]usf nflu
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no l;/xfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
& ;b:oLo -Quick Response Team_ u7g ul/Psf]
lyof] . of] l6dn] cfufdL lbgdf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf]
cfjZostf cg';f/ Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
t'?Gt ;xhLs/0f / kxn ug]{, 36gfsf] ;To tYo kQf
nufpg cg'udg ug]{ k|lta4tf l6dsf ;+of]hs dlxnf
tyf afnaflnsf clws[t ;f}of{ ;fxn] AoQm ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . k|ToIf tyf ck|TIf ¿kdf dlxnflx+;flj?4 sfo{/t
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª3;+:yfx¿n] o; ljifonfO{
uDeL/ ¿kdf lnO{ ;a}sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df dlxnfsf]
Gofodflysf] kxF'r a9fpg sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{
p2]Zon] cfof]lht pQm sfo{qmddf n}+lËs lx+;flj?4sf]
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf
k|ltlglw, kqsf/, clwsf/sdL{x¿ u/L ^) hgf eGbf
a9Lsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] .
o;}u/L wg'iff, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L / bfË lhNnfdf klg o;
ljifodf cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] To;df !&@ hgfsf]

Dflxnf lx+;f Go"gLs/0fdf /fhgLlts bnsf]
e"ldsf ljifos cGt/lqmof
/fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] a9b} uPsf] b08xLgtfn] lx+;f
ug]{x¿nfO{;d]t an k'¥ofPsf] 5 . kLl8t cem kLl8t
aGg k'u]sf 5g . lx+;fsf :j¿kx¿ ablnb} 5g .
To;}n] of] ;d:ofnfO{ c´ yk hl6n aGg glbg,
ck/fw ug]{x¿nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L lx+;f kLl8t k|efljt
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;Ddflgt hLjg lhpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{
;dodf g} /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;Dj]bgzLn / lhDd]jf/ x'g
kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . oxL ;jfndf s]lGb|t eO{ /fhgLlts
bnx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg ljleGg lhNnf
tyf s]Gb|df /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf tyf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu
Ps lbg] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd -!(_ j6f ;DkGg ul/Psf]
lyof] To;df ^*$ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

dlxnf lx+;f / kqsf/x¿sf] e"ldsf ljifos
cGt/lqmof
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lbg k|ltlbg a9b} / ablnb} uO/x]sf]
kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] klg 36gfnfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fvL l/kf]l6{Ë ug]{ sfo{ klg a9b} uPsf]
5 . l/kf]6{ ug]{ qmddf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff /
Gofosf] nflu w]/} g} ;Dj]bgzLn x'g cfjZos 5 .
t/ slxn]sfxL ;~rf/ dfWodn] lx+;fsf 36gfsf] ;To
tYo g} kQf gnufO{ ;dfrf/sf] ¿kdf dfq k|sfzg /
k|;f/0f ul/lb+bf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnf c´ a9L lx+;fdf
kg'{kg]{ l:ylt cfO/x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f kLl8tsf]
uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ kLl8tsf] Gofosf]
nflu ;jfnsf] p7fg ug{ ljZn]if0ffTds ;dfrf/,
n]v, /rgfx¿dfkm{t ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn /
hjfkmb]xL agfpg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k}/jL ug]{
p2]Zon] ;~rf/sdL{x¿;Fu s]Gb| tyf lhNnfx¿df !*
j6f cGt/lqmof ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

of}ghGo lx;f+;DaGwL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu 5nkmn
sfo{qmd
a9b} uPsf] of}ghGo lx;f+, o;sf] sf/0f / xfn ePsf]
sfg'gL Joj:yf;DaGwL ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr 5nkmn u/L gofF


11

sfg'g agfpg bjfj k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] @)&) ;fn h]7
# ut] s}nfnL lhNnfsf] wgu9Ldf 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljz]if u/L anfTsf/sf] 36gfdf
dlxnfn] Gofo gkfO{ /x]sf] / kL8snfO{ s8f sfg'gL
;hfo gePsf sf/0f ;dfhdf x/]s lbg 36gfx¿ a9b}
uPsf 5g . cf]/]sn] clen]vg u/]sf 36gfnfO{ ljZn]if0f
ubf{ @%^ j6f anfTsf/sf 36gf l/kf]l6{Ë ePsf 5g
eg] !)& j6f of}g lx+;fsf 36gf /x]sf 5g . To;sf/0f
lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] Gofodf kxF'r a9fpg / dlxnfn]
;xh tl/sfn] Gofo kfpg gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f x'g
cfjZos 5 eGg] ;jfndf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}
anfTsf/;DaGwL gofF sfg'g lgdf{0f x'gkg]{ / o:tf ljz]if
k|s[ltsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] x/]s lbg ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kg]{df
hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf
ljsf; sfof{no, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, ;z:q k|x/L
sfof{no, lhNnf af/ Pzf]l;o;g, ;/sf/L jlsn
sfof{no, zflGt ;ldlt, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
tyf ljleGg u};;sf k|ltlglwx¿, clwjQmf, kqsf/x¿,
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿ u/L $# hgfsf] pkl:ylt
/x]sf] lyof] .

k}/jL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . cf]/]ssf] ljleGg cg';Gwfgn]
dlxnf lx+;f ;a}eGbf a9L cfˆg} 3/leq / kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿af6 x'g] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf]n] cf]/]s g]kfnn]
3/]n' lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/df kf/]sf] k|efj tyf /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ljifodf
cg';Gwfg ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o; cg';GwfgnfO{ 3/]n'
lx+;f ljifos dfgj clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ;+oGq -8f]ef_ sf]
k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] 5 . of] 8f]ef ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;sf]
qmddf cf]/]s g]kfn nufot o'/f]k, Nofl6g cd]l/sf,
clkm|sfsf ;xefuLx¿sf] ;+o'St k|of;df Pd km/ xo'dg
/fO{6; gfds g]b/Nof08sf] ;+:yfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] xf] .
o; cg';Gwfgdf dfgj clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ;+oGqsf] k|of]u
u/L cf]/]s g]kfn tyf cGo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿ qmdzM
d'lSt g]kfn, n'd g]kfn, ;xofqL ;dfh g]kfn, dlxnfsf]
lglDt dlxnf d~r, dlxnf Pstf ;dfh tyf g]kfn
ckfË dlxnf ;ª3sf] ;+o'St k|of;df 3/]n' lx+;fn]
dlxnfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/df
kf/]sf] k|efj tyf o;df /fHosf] bfloTjx¿sf]] tYout
k|df0fsf cfwf/df ljZn]z0f ub}{ tof/ kfl/Psf] k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k}/jL ug]{ of]hgf
/x]sf] 5 .

k':ts cgfj/0f sfo{qmd
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s 3/]n' lx+;fdf dfgj clwsf/
lgwf{/0f ;+oGq -8f]ef_ sf] k|of]u u/L cg';Gwfg ul/g]
ePsf] x'bf o; ;+oGqsf] cg';Gwfg k':tssf] cgfj/0f
sfo{qmd @)&) h]7 @) ut] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

3/]n' lx+;f ljifos dfgj clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ;+oGq
-8f]ef_ sf] cg';Gwfg
cf]/]s g]kfnn] cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} dlxnf lx+;fsf]
cGTo tyf dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu sfo{/t
;+:yf xf] . o;n] dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu
sfg'gx¿sf] ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog tyf ;do ;fk]If
sfg'g tyf gLltx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu ljleGg :t/df

12


sfo{qmddf c:6«]lnog PDa];Lsf dxfdlxd Un]g xjfO{6n]
k':tssf]] cgfj/0f ub}{ 3/]n' lx+;f Ps cGt/f{li6«o d'2fsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] / ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf of] s'g} /fi6«df sd /
st} a9L /x]sf] ljifodf k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] . ljleGg
;ª3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, kqsf/, clwsf/sdL{ nufot ^)
hgfeGbf a9Lsf] sfo{qmddf pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

$= clen]vLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg
tYodf cfwfl/t k}/jLsf] nflu Jojl:yt ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; -clen]vLs/0f, cg';Gwfg, k|sfzg_
ub}{ nfg] cf]/]ssf] sfo{gLlt cg'¿k dlxnf clwsf/
xggsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;a}sf] cufl8 h:tfsf] t:t} /fv]/
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn / hjfkmb]xL agfpg,
gLlt lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cf]/]s g]kfnn] cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} clen]vgnfO{
k|fyldstf lbO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}
l;nl;nfdf ;do / cfjZostf cg';f/ clen]vgnfO{
Jojl:yt / kl/dflh{t ub}{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf clen]vg tyf ljZn]if0f
k|ltj]bg
dfl;s k|ltj]bg M cf]/]sdf clen]vg ul/Psf 36gf tyf
ldl8of cg'udgsf] cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ lgsflng] dfl;s k|ltj]bg cg';f/
o; jif{df !&(@ j6f 36gf l/kf]l6{Ë ePsf] b]lvG5 .
h;df ;aeGbf a9L 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gf *&& 5g .
anfTsf/sf #@% j6f 5g eg] xTofsf 36gf !^^ l/kf]l6{Ë
ePsf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

clen]vgstf{ tof/
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;f tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿dfly ePsf lx+;fsf] clen]vg tyf ;ªsngsf
nflu cf]/]s / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o
;~hfnsf] ;xsfo{df &% lhNnfdf clen]vgstf{x¿
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . clen]vgstf{x¿;Fu ;dLIff a}7s,
lg/Gt/ kmnf]ck ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

clen]vgstf{x¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4
dlxnfjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6, JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfnfO{
;Dj]bgzLntfsf ;fy lnO{ 36gfnfO{ clen]vg ug{sf
nflu cfjZos ;Lk tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ sfd lg/Gt/
¿kdf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf o; jif{ cf]/]sn]
la/f6gu/, sfe|] / bfËdf u/L kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qsf &!
hgf clen]vgstf{x¿nfO{ @ lbg] k'gM tfhuL tflnd
;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L cf]/]sn] k|ToIf ¿kdf sfd ug]{
lhNnfx¿df dlxnf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf ;b:ox¿ /
o'jfx¿sf] klg 36gf clen]vg;DaGwL Ifdtf tyf ;Lk
ljsf; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

lrq ! M cf]/]s g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt dfl;s k|ltj]bg cg';f/
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿

q}dfl;s k|ltj]bg tof/
cf]/]sn] clen]vg u/]sf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf /
/fli6«o kq klqsfdf cfPsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f
u/L x/]s # dlxgfdf ;DalGwt lhNnf jf b]ze/ g}
dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, s:tf k|s[ltsf 36gf
36], ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] s:tf] e"ldsf /xof] / kLl8t
k|efljtsf] ;'/Iff / Gofosf] nflu s] ug{ cfjZos 5
/ kLl8tsf] Gofosf] nflu ;a}nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg]
p2]Zon] k|ltj]bg ;]ol/Ë / 5nkmn ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
36gf clen]vg M ljut @)!@ h'nfO{b]lv @)!#
h'g;Dddf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf !&)# j6f 36gf
/ dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf !!
j6f 36gfx¿sf] clen]vg ul/Psf] 5 .


13

s]; o'lg6 ;'b[9Ls/0f, 36gfsf] cg'udg, kmnf]ck /
cfjZos ;xof]u / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGh{]G6 clkn,
k]|; lj1KtL, Wofgfsif{0f kq a'´fpg] sfd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
eO/x]sf] 5 .

%= gLlt lgdf{0f tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf
nflu k}/jL

;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3sf] %& cf}+ sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf
cd]l/sf l:ylt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª3sf] d'Vofno Go"of]s{df $
b]lv !% dfr{, @)!# ;Dd ;DkGg ePsf] Commission
on the Status of Women (CSW) sf] %& cf}+ ;];gdf
cf]]/]s g]kfnaf6 ;+:yfks cWoIf 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L
/ ;lrj ljgf kf]v/]nn] ;xeflutf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
ljleGg d'n'saf6 ;xefuL ePsf dlxnf jf ;+:yfn]
;~rfng u/]sf sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿df dlxnf lx+;fsf
ljifodf ljleGg d'2fx¿ p7]sf lyP . dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fsf ;d:ofsf jt{dfg r'gf}tLx¿, :j¿kx¿ tyf
To;sf] ;dfwgsf laifodf ;d]t 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
CSW sf] %& cf}+ ;];g "Elimination and prevention
of all forms of violence against women and girls" df
s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] .
& dfr{ @)!# df CSW ;Fu} cf]/]s g]kfn, /fO6; km/
r]Gh, Masimanyane n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Making our
Domestic Violence laws work in practice sfo{zfnf
uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . sl/a ^) hgf ;xefuLx¿

14


/x]sf] pQm sfo{zfnfdf 8f]ef (DOVA) pks/0f tyf
3/]n' lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs sfplG;n
(ECOSOC) cGtu{tsf] CSW nfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf
dlxnfsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ O{sfOsf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . x/]s jif{ ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿n] n}lËs
;dfgtfdf eO/x]sf] k|ultsf] ;ldIff, r'gf}tL klxrfg,
ljZjJofkL dfGotf :yfkgfsf nflu kxn, ljZjJofkL
¿kdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] k|aw{g / dlxnfsf] ;zQmLs/0f
ug{sf nflu of] sfo{qmddf efu lng] ub{5g .

dlxnflx+;f tyf Gofodf kx'Fr ljifos Ps lbg]
cGt/lqmof
cf]/]s g]kfn / dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no l;/xfsf]
;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ldlt @)&) Ho]i7 !$ ut]sf lbg
l;/xfdf dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] lhNnf :t/Lo ;dGjo
;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sfaLrdf
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/L, ;z:q k|x/L pkl/Ifs O{Gb|/fh sfsL{,
g]kfn k|x/Lsf l8 P; kL /d]z s'df/ tfdfË, lhNnf
GofolwjQmf uf]kL rGb| e6/fO{ nufot ljleGg /fhg}lts
bnsf k|ltlglw, clwsf/sdL{, kqsf/x¿ u/L %% hgf
eGbf a9Lsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
l;/xf lhNnfdf dlxnflx+;fsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df ljifodf
5nkmn ub}{ lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] lhNnf ;dGjo
;ldlt;Fu ;xh tl/sfn] kx'Fr a9fpg] / lhNnf
;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg k}/jL ug]{

p2]Zon] cfof]lht o; sfo{qmddf !# hgf lx+;f kLl8t
dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;d:of /fv]sf lyP . !# hgfdWo] !!
hgf dlxnfx¿n] bfO{hf]sf] sf/0f lx+;fdf k/]sf] atfPsf
lyP .
lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿ e/v{/ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy
aflx/ cfP/ l/kf]l6{Ë ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f aGb} uPsf] t/
;DalGwt lgsfodf hfFbf cfjZos ;xof]u gkfP/ ´g
b'Mv kfpg' kbf{ Gofo kfpg'sf] ;f6f] c´ a9L lx+;fdf
k/]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] s'/f JoQm u/]sf lyP .
sfo{qmddf /fhg}lts bnsf JolQmx¿n] klg bjfj lbO{
ldnfkq ug{ afWo kfg]{ u/]sf] / kL8s kIfsf] arfpsf]
nflu kLl8tnfO{ g} pN6f] ldNg / l/kf]6{ gug{ bjfj
lbg] ePsf sf/0fn] kL8sn] pGd'lQm kfO{ lx+;f ug{
pS;fPsf]n] s'/f ljleGg gful/s ;dfhsf JoflQmx¿n]
JoQm u/]sf lyP . /fhg}lts bnx¿n] t/fO{ ;d'bfodf
bfO{hf]sf] sf/0fn] dlxnflx+;fsf 36gfx¿df j[l4 ePsf]
sf/0fn] cfufdL lbgdf bfO{hf] k|yfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf
nflu ;a}n] ;ªul7t ¿kdf ;fdflhs e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf lyP . g]kfn k|x/Lsf l8 P; kLn]
dlxnfx¿sf] Gofosf] nflu cfufdL lbgdf c´ a9L
;Dj]bgzLn eP/ sfd ug]{ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf lyP .
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] dlxnfx¿n] d'2f aflx/ NofPs}
sf/0f pgLx¿dfly ;dfhdf wDsL lbg] JolQmx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L sf/jfxL k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] / lx+;f
kLl8tsf] Gofosf] nflu ;ldlt / k|zf;gn] sfd ug]{
k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP . ;fy} l;/xfdf bx]hsf sf/0f
dlxnfx¿dfly w]/} lx+;f eO/x]sfn] bx]hlj¿¢ klg sd
ug'{kg]{df ;a}sf] ;'´fj /x]sf] lyof] .

……dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu PsLs[t
pkfo Gofo tyf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf M
kLl8tb]lv kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs;DdÚÚ ljifos
dlxnf lx+;flj?4 /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4 tyf dlxnf clwsf/nfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fVg g]kfn ;/sf/n]] sfg'g, gLlt, lgod
tyf ljljw sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 dlxnf lx+;flj?4
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo ;xof]uL ;+oGq / ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f
tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu pNn]vgLo cEof; u/] klg lx+;f
kLl8tx¿sf clwsf/nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ / kLl8td'vL Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0f klg
dlxnfsf] Gofo dflysf] kx'Fr Go"g /x]sf] 5 .
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;Djf]wgsf nflu /fHo /
gful/ssf] ;xeflutfsf] cfjZostfsf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fpg cfjZos
5 . jt{dfg ultljlwsf] nflu ;+:yfut txaf6
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ tyf cg'ejx¿
cfbfgk|bfg u/L Psh'6sf] k|of; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{
dxz'; u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifbsf] sfof{no,
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, cf]/]s / dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf
@)^( kf}if @@–@# ut] x]6f}+8fdf ædlxnf clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttfsf nflu PsLs[t pkfo Gofo tyf clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf M kLl8tb]lv kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs;DdÆ
ljifos dlxnf lx+;flj?4 /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] lyof] .
dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] jt{dfg cj:yfk|lt hfgsf/L


15

u/fpFb} kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxsx¿sf] cg'ej ;f6f;f6 /
clen]lvs[t ug'{, k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] lglDt /fHosf
tkm{af6 ;+:yfut ¿kdf ePsf k|of;x¿ -gLlt lgodsf]_
d'Nofªsg ug'{, gful/s ;dfh, dlxnf clws/sdL{x¿
tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿aLrsf] ;dGojdf b]lvPsf] vf8nsf]
d'Nofªsg u/L, dfgj clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sf
If]qdf lqmofzLn ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLrsf] sfd u/fO{df
Ps¿ktfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] p2]Zon] cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
;f] ;Dd]ngdf ljleGg ;jfndf * j6f Kofgn 5nkmn
ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf b]zsf &% lhNnfaf6 @@%
hgfeGbf a9L ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
o; ;Dd]ngn] ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿sf l;sfO{sf]
cfbfgk|bfg ub}{ dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf cleofgstf{x¿aLr
Pstf Nofpg] hdsf]{ u/]sf] lyof] . dlxnflj?4 lx+;fsf]
;dLIff / dlxnf clwsf/sf] lglDt ePsf k|of;x¿,
pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dLIff / efjL lbgsf
nflu ul/g'kg]{ k|of;x¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L ;/sf/L
lgsfo, ;ª3 ;+:yfx¿sf lglDt ;fGble{s pkfox¿
l;kmfl/; ug'{sf ;fy} gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ;+:yfut
;'wf/dfkm{t dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf cleofgstf{x¿sf]
cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ / Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfsf lglDt
cfjfh p7fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf]
;Dk"0f{ pknlAwx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ dlxnf lx+;f lj/f]wL
36gfx¿df tbf¿stfsf ;fy sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpgsf]
nflu ;/sf/L nufot l;+uf] gful/s ;dfh g} cu|;/
x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNb} !( a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkq
hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .

16


National Consultation on Women's Right
in Nepal: Rhetoric and Reality"Challenges
to Human Rights, Peace and Democracy
and Development"

dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj
clwsf/sf ;+oGqx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfO{ cfˆgf]
clwsf/sf] bfjL / pkef]u ug{ d2t ldNng]5, dlxnf
lx+;f / dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yf, g]kfnsf]
sfg'g / o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] af/]df k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;ª3sf ljz]if k|ltj]bs;Fu 5nkmn u/L ef]lnsf]
lbgdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f /
;+j4{gdf Wofg lbgsf] nflu ljz]if k|ltj]bsaf6 l;kmfl/;
x'g]5 eGg] dfGotfn] of] sfo{qmd cGt/f{li6«o ljZj
zflGt lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . dlxnf
dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs, dfgj clwsf/sdL{ nufot ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ u/L !)) hgfeGbf a9Lsf] pkl:yltdf
;DkGg o; sfo{qmddf dlxnf clwsf/ /Ifsx¿ /
lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+o'Qm

/fi6«;ª3sf ljz]if k|ltj]bs;Fu cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿sf]
af/]df 5nkmn u/]sf lyP . of] sfo{qmddf p7]sf
;jfnnfO{ lnP/ ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|d'v
tyf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu Wofg
lbg'kg]{ If]qsf] af/]df 5nkmn klg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

……kmf:6 6«fs sf]6{ÚÚ sf] cfjZostf, ;DefJotf /
r'gf}tLx¿ ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd
;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L / gful/s;dfhaf6 dlxnf lx+:ff
cGTo x'g}k5{ egL lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k}/jL ul//x]sf 5g t/
klg g t dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f 36]sf] 5 gt dlxnfsf]
Gofodf kx'Fr g} a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf w]/} sf/0fx¿
eP klg b]zdf ljBdfg lje]bsf/L Pjd lkmtnf] sfg'g,
sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cefj / ´geml6nf]
k|lqmofn] ubf{ kLl8t ´g kLl8t / kL8sn] pGd'lQm
kfpg] jftfj/0f aGb} uPsf] 5 .
dlxnfn] ;fx; u/]/ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsflj?4df
af]n]/ Gofo kfpg w]/} ;do nfUb5 . anfTsf/, a]rljvg,
cf];f/k;f/ h:tf d'2fx¿ lsgf/f nfUg aiff}{+ nfUg] u/]sf]
5 . o; l:yltdf d'2f aflx/ NofPs} sf/0f dlxnfn] yk
kL8f vKg' kb{5 . h;sf] sf/0f w]/} dlxnfx¿n] d'2f aLrd}
5f8g], aofg km]g]{ sfdx¿;d]t ug{ afWo x'g' k/]sf] oyfy{
xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . t;y{ dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{ / kLl8tn]
;/n / rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] Gofo kfpg …kmfi6 6«fs sf]6Ú{
sf] Joj:yf x'g cfjZos eGg] ;jfnnfO{ lbP/ cf]/]sn]
@)^^ b]lv g} k}/jL ub}{ cfO/xsf] 5 . o;} qmddf @)^(
;fn kmfu'g !* ut] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr 5nkmn
u/L o;sf] cj;/, ;DefJotf clg u7gsf nflu ljBdfg
;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ af/] hfgsf/L lng], lbg] clek|fon]

dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs ;~hfn, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u
/ cf]/]s g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf cGtlq{mof sfo{qmd
;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh
sNof0f dGqfnosf k|ltlglw, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf
cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿, sfg'g dGqfnosf k|ltlglw, sfg'g
Joj;foLx¿, kqsf/, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿
tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf ;ª3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ u/L
%& hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf
o;sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g] eGg] af/]df Pp6f ;ldlt u7g
u/L To;n] cjwf/0ff tof/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof]
h; cg';f/ g]kfn af/ P;f]lzP;gsf dxf;lrjsf]
;+of]hsTjdf ;ldlt u7g eO{ @ r/0fdf 5nkmn ePsf]
5.

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;flj?4 sfo{ ;~rfng
sfo{ljlw, @)^& ;DaGwL @ lbg] /fli6«o uf]i7L
n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;flj?4sf sfo{qmdx¿df
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{, n}lËs lx+;faf6
kLl8t÷k|efljtsf] cfjZos uf]kgLotf sfod u/L
cfjZos :jf:Yo pkrf/, dgf]ljdz{, sfg'gL ;Nnfx
/ ;'/Iff tyf ;xfotf;d]tsf If]qdf ;xof]u tyf
;xhLs/0f u/L pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt x'g]
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ tyf o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L
tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaLr ;dGjo / ;xof]uaf6 n}lËs
lx+;flj?4sf sfo{qmdx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] dfGotf tyf
kLl8td'vL cjwf/0ffdf s]lGb|t u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu n}+lËs lx+;flj?4 sfo{ ;~rfng
sfo{ljlw g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfu";d]t ul/;s]sf] cj:yf
5 . of] sfo{ ;~rfng sfo{ljlwnfO{ :yfgLo :t/b]lv
/fli6«o :t/;Dd sfof{Gjogdf gNoffP;Dd ;f]r]sf] h:tf]
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] x'bfF ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{
;Dj]bgzLn / pQ/bfoL agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfg
dGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifbsf] sfof{no, cf]/]s g]kfn / o"
Pg Pkm lkPsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf @ lbg] sfo{zfnf
uf]i7L sf7df08f}df ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf
!* lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, dlxnf afnaflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf k|ltlglw, u[x dGqfnosf

17

k|ltlglw, :jf:Yo dGqfnosf k|ltlglw, dlxnf clwsf/
tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qsf lqmofzLn u}=;=;x¿sf
k|ltlglwx¿ u/L $@ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . of]
sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf ;xefuLx¿n] ;a} lhNnfdf g} o;
ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu lhNnf :t/df 5nkmn ug]{
of]hgf agfP cg';f/ !* lhNnfdf g} 5nkmn ul/Psf]
lyof] .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljz]if u/L anfTsf/sf
36gf / lrlsT;sLo sfg'gL kl/If0f xfnsf]
cj:yf ;DaGwL @ lbg] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf
dlxndfly x'g] anfTsf/sf 36gfx¿df w]/} lx+;f kLl8t
dlxnfx¿n] k|df0f h'6fpg g;s]s} sf/0f pgLx¿n]
Gofo gkfPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . x'gt g]kfnsf] sfg'gn]
anfTsf/sf 36gfdf kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / kL8snfO{ b08
;hfo ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg anfTsf/sf]
36gfdf ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg
g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/
anfTsf/sf] 36gf xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . k|df0f nf]k
x'g glbgsf] nflu @$ 306fleq :jf:Yo hfFr ug'kg]{
Joj:yf, ;a} lhNnfx¿df ;j{;'ne ¿kdf ;]jf pknAw
gx'Fbf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfn] ;dodf g} :jf:Yo hfFr
u/fpg g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . csf]{ k'?if 8fS6/ ePs} sf/0f
pgLx¿nfO{ ;a} s'/f dlxnfx¿n] eGg ;Sb}g . ;fy}
g]kfndf :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ Medico-legal sf] af/]df
k|lzIf0f klg sd 5 . oL ;a} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿n]

18


Gofo gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
o;} l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} cf]/]s g]kfn, g]kfn d]l8sn
P;f];Lo;g s]lGb|o sfof{no / o" Pg Pkm lkPsf] ;+o'Qm
cfof]hgfdf sf7df08f}df ædlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljz]if
u/L anfTsf/sf 36gf / Medico-legal examination
xfnsf] cj:yfÆ ljifos @ lbg] /fli6«o sfo{zfnf
uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf !$ j6f
lhNnfsf -d]l8sn P;f];Lo;sf] zfvf sfof{no ePsf_
lhNnf c:ktfndf sfo{/t 8fS6/x¿, sf7df08f}sf
;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿df sfo{/t 8fS6/x¿ u/L hDdf
%^ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf Medicolegal examination sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
cfjZos s'/fx¿df 5nkmn u/L cfPsf] lgisif{ tyf
;'´fjx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf ;lrjHo"nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] .

wgf{
“ca

clt ef]” dlxnf lx+;f cGTo u/, bf]ifLdfly s8f
eGbf s8f sf/jfxL / ca km]l/ o:tf 36gf g36g] vfnsf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/ eGg] gf/f;lxt ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] p2]Zon] @)^( k'if !@ ut]
dlxnf clwsf/sdL{x¿sf] ;+of]hgdf gful/s ;dfhn]
l;+xb/af/sf] blIf0f u]6df b]zdf dlxnf lx+;f r/d
¿kdf k'u]sf] eGb} wgf{ lbPsf lyP . pQm sfo{qmddf !)
a'Fb]dfu;lxtsf] Wofgfsif{0fkq dlxnf clwsf/sdL{x¿n]

k|wfgdGqLnfO{ a'´fPsf lyP . ;f] bjfj sfo{qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lb+b} b]ze/ dlxnf lx+;f cGTo u/, kLl8tnfO{
Gofo b]p eGg] dfu;lxt of] cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf]
lyof] . sf7df08f}+df :jtGq gful/sx¿åf/f ;~rflnt
cs'kfO{ afn'jf6f/ cleofg # dlxgf;Dd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] .
o;}u/L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f lg/Gt/ ¿kdf a9bf] / o;k|lt
;/sf/sf] z'Go hjfkmb]xLtf /x]sf sf/0f dlxnf lx+;f
cGTosf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg
clwsf/sdL{, gful/s ;dfh / cleoGtfx¿af6 dlxnf
lx+;fdf t'?Gt} Gofosf nflu kxn ug{ cljnDa Fast Track
Court sf] Joj:yf u/L Gofo ;Dkfbg k|lqmofsf] t'?Gt
yfngL u/L clxn];Dd 36]sf 36gfx¿sf] ^ dlxgfleqdf
km};nf x'gkg]{, dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cg';Gwfg, sf/jfxLsf]
l;kmfl/; tyf sfg'g sfof{Gjog eP÷gePsf] cg'udg
ug{ dlxnf clwsf/sdL{;lxt cljnDa s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo
:t/;Dd ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{, lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljt
dlxnfx¿sf] nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;'/Iffjf;, lgz'Ns
sfg'gL ;xof]u, kL8s w/f}6Ldf l/xf x'g] Joj:yfsf]
vf/]hL, uf]kgLotfsf] ;+/If0f, ;fIfL ;'/Iffsf] sfof{Gjog
ug]{ gLltsf] Joj:yf x'gkg]{, anfTsf/;DaGwL /x]sf] xfnsf]
sfg'g t'?Gt vf/]h u/L gofF sfg'gsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ /
n}lËs lx+;fsf] s;'/df s'g} klg kmf}hbf/L d'2f cleof]udf
;+nUg 7xl/Psf JolQm / lx+;f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;+/If0f
lbg] /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/
x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf lgjf{rg;DaGwL cWofb]zdf Joj:yf
ug'{kg]{ dfu /fvL sf7df08f}+ / cGo lhNnfdf @)&)
a}zfv !^ utb]lv -x/]s xKtfsf] ;f]djf/ !@ ah]b]lv
! ah];Dd_ nuftf/ $ dlxgf;Dd wgf{ lbPsf lyP .
wgf{;Fu} cleoGtfx¿n] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ldfkm{t
k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf cWoIf / /fhgLlts
kfl6{sf g]tfx¿nfO{ Wofgfsif{0f kq;d]t a'´fPsf lyP .
;fy} lhNnfdf klg dlxnf cleoGtfx¿n] k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/L / /fhlglts kfl6{x¿nfO{ a'´fPsf lyP .


19

^= lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljtx¿sf] nflu ;xof]uL
;+oGqsf] ljsf; tyf cfjZos ;xof]u
dlxnfdfly x'g] ljleGg vfn] lx+;fx¿sf]lj?4df cfjfh
p7fpgsf] nflu xf]; jf p7fO;s] kl5sf] cj:yfdf xf];
kLl8t tyf k|efljt dlxnfx¿ cem a9L hf]lvd tyf
c;'/lIft cj:yfdf x'g] oyfy{tf xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfx 5 . of]
;dodf dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs dgf]ljdz{dfkm{t dfgl;s
;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} ;zQm agfpg] ;xof]uL
jftfj/0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oxL cfjZostfnfO{
dWogh/ u/L cf]/]s g]kfnn] @$ 306] x6nfOg ;]jf,
% ljsf; If]qnfO{ dWogh/ u/L & j6f ;'/Iffaf;
;~rfng ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . ;'/Iffaf;df ;fdflhs
dgf]ljdz{, k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/ / sfg'gL k/fdz{
tyf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;Lk /
Ifdtf clea[l4sf nflu tflndx¿, hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu
Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; / cfly{s ;xof]u, aflnsfx¿sf]
nflu k9g ;xof]u ul/Psf] 5 .

;'/Iffjf;, sfg'gL ;xof]u tyf dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf
o; jif{df #$# hgfnfO{ ;'/Iffjf;, !#@ hgfnfO{

:jf:Yo pkrf/, #&( hgfnfO{ dgf]ljdz{ ug'{sf ;fy}
@$% hgfnfO{ sfg'gL ;xof]u ul/Psf] 5 . o; jif{df
k9gsf] nflu -JTA tyf CLA nufot_ ^ hgfnfO{
;xof]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L kfl/jfl/s dgf]ljdz{ !&@,
kfl/jfl/s k'g{ldng @)# hgfnfO{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] !@)
hgfsf] kmnf]ck ul/Psf] 5 . &# j6f 36gf cGo ;+:yfdf
l/km/ ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf x6nfO{g ;]jf
lx+;f kLl8t tyf k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;xof]usf
nflu ;xh xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] cf]/]s g]kfnn] @$ 306]
dlxnf x6nfOg ;]jf ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljleGg
:yfgaf6 k|efljt kLl8t dlxnfx¿n] cfjZos k/]df
tTsfn ;xof]usf] nflu kmf]g ug]{, k/fdz{ lng] u/]sf
5g . o; jif{df sf7df08f}+df #* hgf df]/Ë !*# hgf,
s}nfnLdf #$ hgf / bfËdf &) hgfn] u/L hDdf #@%
j6f s]; x6nfOgdf l/kf]l6{Ë ePsf] 5 . l/kf]l6{ª ePsf
s];df 3/]n' lx+;fsf s]; a9L /x]sf 5g .

lrq @M ;'/Iffjf;, sfg'gL ;xof]u tyf dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf
20


:yfgLo :t/df ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
sf]if :yfkgf M lg/Gt/ ¿kdf 36]sf dlxnf lx+;fsf
36gfx¿n] ubf{ dlxnf lx+;fsf] r/d cj:yf, ;dfhdf
a9bf] cfk/flws k|j[lQ / /fHon] dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff /
;xof]usf] nflu u|fdL0f :t/;Dd ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf]
ljsf; ug{ g;ls/x]sf] ;dodf dlxnfx¿ cfkm}+ ;zQm
¿kdf cufl8 cfP/ lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{
cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ sf]if :yfkgf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;'/Iffjf; / l/km/n ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} sfd
ul//x]sf 5g .

eP/ cufl8 hfg'kg]{df 5nkmn u/L z'l;nf rf}w/Lsf]
;+of]hsTjdf ( ;b:oLo ;f´f ;jfnsf nflu dlxnf
Pstf d~r, l;/xf u7g ePsf] 5 .
o;}u/L bfËdf lx+;f kLl8t÷k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;~hfn
klxnf g} u7g eO{ ;+:yfut ¿kdf sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g eg] pbok'/, df]/Ë, ;'g;/Ldf ev{/ u7g ePsf
5g . cf]/]sn] ;~hfn u7g tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;~hfnsf
;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ ;xhLs/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
5.

dlxnf lx+;flj?4 !^ lbg] cleofg M

lx+;f k|efljtx¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f M l;/xf lhNnfdf lx+;f
kLl8t÷k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] Goflos k|lqmofdf kxF'r /
:yfgLo :t/df pgLx¿sf] nflu ;xof]uL ;+oGq s:tf] 5
eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ub}{ l;/xf lhNnfsf @) uflj;af6 #)
hgf lx+;f kLl8t tyf k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf
cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nflu lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ ;ªul7t

;d'bfo :t/b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd ;ªul7t ¿kdf dlxnf
lx+;flj?4 cfjfh p7fpg tyf dlxnf lx+;flj?4 …z"Go
;xgzLntfÚ sfod ug{sf] nflu dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] !^
lbg] cleofgn] Ps O§f yk ug]{ sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . x/]s
jif{ dgfOg] of] cleofgn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df åGåsfn /
zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf;d]t dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf]
l:ylt / clxn]sf] b]zsf] kl/l:yltnfO{ s]lGb|t ub}{ dlxnf
lx+;f cGTo ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ clkn u/]sf] 5 .
æljZjzflGtsf] ;'?jft 3/af6 M ;}GojfbnfO{ r'gf}tL
lb+b} dlxnf lx+;f cGTo u/f}+Æ eGg] cGt/f{li6«o gf/fk|lt
P]Soj4tf hgfpFb} cf]/]s g]kfnn] @)!@ df “dlxnf lx+;f
cGTosf nflu b]zdf zflGt M b]zdf zflGtsf nflu ;+ljwfg,
;+ljwfgsf nflu /fhgLlts kfl6{x¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg
xfd|f] ;xsfo{ ÛÛÚÆ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf
nflu jf~5gLo /fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf lgldQ bjfj
l;h{gf ug]{, dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu cfd gful/sdf
;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{, jif{e/L dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf
36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] æcGj]ifLÆ k|ltj]bgdfkm{t
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;dIf lx+;fsf] cj:yf phfu/ ug]{ /
lx+;f cGTosf nflu ;/sf/, /fhgLlts kfl6{, gful/s
;dfh nufot ;anfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg], dlxnf dfgj


21

clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df ;a}nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpFb} pgLx¿sf] klxrfg / ;'/Iffsf nflu
k}/jL ug]{ p2]Zo to u/L ljleGg ultljlwx¿ lhNnf /
s]Gb|df ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

;DkGg ePsf d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

kqsf/ ;Dd]ng
dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4 æ¥ofnL tyf sf]0f;efÆ
;"rgf ;fdu|L k|bz{gL
dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] jflif{s k':ts, æcGj]ifLÆ
sf] ljdf]rg / xfn;Dd dlxnf lx+;flj?4 ePsf
sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|bz{gL
dlxnf lx+;f / sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ljifos
cGt/lqmof
zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf
ljifos cGt/lqmofÆ
lszf]/Lx¿sf] of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo clwsf/ M
of}g lx+;fsf] k|efj, c;/x¿ tyf r'gf}tL ljifos
/fli6«o ax; .
dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng
ug]{ dxf;lGw -l;8_ / dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
cfjlws ;dLIff -o"lkcf/_ sf] pknlAwsf] af/]df
5nkmn
Uf|fdL0f dlxnf lbj;sf] cj;/df ;Ddflgt u|fdL0f
dlxnf clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg sfo{qmd
;~rf/ dfWod / ;~rf/sdL{x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg sfo{qmd
dlxnf zlxbx¿sf] tl:j/df bLk k|Hjng
dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu /fhgLltsdL{ tyf
;~rf/sdL{ nufot ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu
uf]i7L
dlxnf dfjg clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu
cfjZos ;+oGq ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;j]{If0f
tyf 5nkmn
dlxnfjfbL Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd lnPsf
;xefuLx¿;Fu ;dLIff / cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ 36gf
clen]vLs/0f;DaGwL k'gtf{hfuL tflnd

22


* ablnbf] kl/l:yltdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] cj:yf / ;'/Iff ;+oGq ljifos k/fdz{
uf]i7L
* cfktsflng cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g tyf
;+/If0f ljifos @ lbg] tflnd
cGt/f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;
cGt/f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; ljZjdf ePsf >lds
dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/sf] nflu ul/Psf 7"nf7"nf
cfGbf]ngx¿sf] ;Demgf / ;Ddfgdf yfngL ePsf]
xf] . !)# cf}+ cGt/fli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; -*_ dfr{
o; jif{ ædlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu dlxnfsf] sfdsf]
d"NofÍg / cfly{s clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfÆ eGg] cGt/
f{li6«o gf/fsf;fy g]kfndf ……s'/f xf]O{g sfd u/f}+ dlxnf
lx+;f cGTo u/f}+ ÚÚ eGg] gf/fsf;fy s]Gb| tyf lhNnfdf
tn lbOPsf ljljw sfo{qmdx¿ u/L dgfOPsf] lyof] .
* ¥ofnL, sf]0f;ef
* ;8s gf6s,
* cled'vLs/0f, cGt/lqmof, ax;
* tflnd, uf]i7L
* ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
!)# cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o lbj;sf] cj;/df pbok'/n]
dlxnfx¿sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg, cfly{s clwsf/
;'lglZrttf / dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf] nflu pbok'/ 3f]if0ff
kq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf] nflu hf/L
ul/Psf] pbok'/ 3f]if0ff kqdf $ j6f /fhgLlts bnsf
k|ltlglwx¿n] x:tfIf/ u/L k|ltj4tf hgfPsf lyP .


23

-v_ !

24


dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] cleofg

dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] cleofg
ædlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] cleofgÆ dlxnf
clwsf/sdL{sf] ;fd"lxs cfjfh xf] . of] dlxnf clwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] ;ª3if{ / k|ltj4tfsf] ;ªul7t sfo{tflnsf
jf sfo{of]hgf klg xf] . of] ;ªu7g geP/ zlQm xf],
k|lqmof geP/ kl/0ffddf k'Ug] dfu{lrq xf] . of] cleofg
cGTf/f{li6«o :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ub}{ /fli6«o ¿kdf
;zQm ¿kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .

;b[9Ls/0f, ;~hfnsf ;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4,
dlxnf dfgj clwsf//Ifsx¿sf] ;'/Iff / klxrfgsf]
;jfndf k}/jL ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;'?sf jif{x¿df
cf]/]sn] ;xhLs/0f u/]tf klg xfn cfP/ cf]/]s / dlxnf
dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ;dGjo /
;xsfo{df of] cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .

;~hfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f

cleofgsf] cj:yf
ædlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] cleofgÆ
dlxnfclwsf/ sdL{sf] ;fd"lxs cfjfhsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o
:t/b]lv lhNnf uflj;:t/;Dd ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf]
jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{ /fli6«o:t/df / lhNNff:t/df /x]/
sfd ug]{ clwsf/sdL{x¿sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf
/fli6«o ;~hfn, lhNnf ;~hfn lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{
cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . of] cleofgn] xfn &% lhNnfdf
lhNnf:t/Lo ;~hfn, ljsf; If]qLo / /fli6«o ;~hfnsf]
;+/rgfx¿ tof/ u/L ;~hfnsf] ;:yfut ljsf; tyf

dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn / lhNnf
:t/Lo ;~hfnx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf
nflu lg/Gt/ ¿kdf a}7s a:g], 5nkmn ug]{ ul/Psf]
5 . ;~hfnn] of]hgf th'{df sfd ug]{ / k|ult ;dLIffsf]
sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;~hfnsf]
/0fg}lts of]hgf th'{dfsf] cfwf/df lhNnf ;~hfnx¿n]
klg /0fgLlt tof/ ul//x]sf] 5g . ;~hfnnfO{ c´
;+:yfut ug{ x/]s jif{df ;fwf/0f;ef ug]{ / # jif{df
gofF g]t[Tj rog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .


25

dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ cled'vLs/0f
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs ;~hfnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
dfgj clwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/sf] af/]df c´ a9L
hfgsf/L lng] lbg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g
tyf ;+oGqx¿sf] af/]df &$ lhNnfdf cled'vLs/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . cled'vLs/0fdf hDdf @@($ hgf dlxnf
clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ cled'vLs/0f
o;}u/L lhNnfsf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ k|x/L, jlsn /
;~rf/sdL{x¿nfO{ dlxnf clwsf/ / dfgj clwsf/ /
kLl8t k|efljt;Fu ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/sf] af/]df @) lhNnfdf
cled'vLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df ^$) hgfsf]

;Dj]bgzLn eP/ nfUg' kg]{df bjfa lbg] p2]Zon] @)
lhNnfdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ul/Psf] lyof] h;df ^@)
hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

g]t[Tjdf /x]sf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ n}lËs lae]bdf cfwfl/t
lx+;f / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf]
e"ldsfsf] af/]df 5nkmn
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] dxŒjk"0f{
lqmofsnfkx¿ / of]ubfgsf] af/]df pgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] clwsf/
/Ifs dlxnfx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf] sfdsf] ;/fxgf
ub}{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u?g eGg] p2]Zon] dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ tyf
>Ldfgx¿;Fu of] sfo{qmd wgs'6f / cf]vn9'+ufdf ul/Psf]
lyof] . h;df *$ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

lhNnfdf dlxnf dfgclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] cj:yf
;d:of / r'gf}tL laifos ! lbg] 5nkmn tyf
;dLIff sfo{qmd

;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;dGj a}7s
^% lhNnfx¿df dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] sfd ubf{
´]Ng' k/]sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf]
nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;xof]uL jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof
dlxnf lx+;flj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o of]hgf, dfgj
clwsf/sf] of]hgf nufot xfn eO/x]sf] sfg'g, gLlt
lgodx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{ lnP/ dlxnf
dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] lhNnf tyf /fli6«o ;~hfnn]
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu of]hgf gLlt, lgodx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog / lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] Gofosf] nflu ;a}

26


dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f /f]syfdsf] nflu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfd
ug]{ / dlxnf clwsf/sf] nflu sfo{/t dlxnf clwsf/
/Ifsx¿n] :yfgLo :t/df ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ljsf;sf]
nflu 5nkmn ug]{ p2]Zon] @^ lhNnfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf
s]; p7fg ubf{ clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] v]Kg'k/]sf] r'gf}tLsf
af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFb} ;'/Iff
;+oGq ljsf;sf nflu k/fdz{ u/]sf lyP . ;d:of /
r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/] kZrft ;'/Iff ;+oGq alnof]
/ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f gePdf dlxnf clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n]
dlxnf lx+;flj?4 sfd ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f klg gx'g]
ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff / lx+;flj?4sf] ;xsfo{df
P]Soj4tfsf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;Dj]bgzLn
/xg'sf ;fy} k|ltj4 /xg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf (!) hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
o;} u/L lhNnf :t/af6 cfPsf] ;'´fj / lgisif{nfO{
s]lGb|o :t/df ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sfaLr 5nkmn u/L
dlxnf clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0fsf

nflu k}/jL ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf !*& hgfsf]

dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu :yfgLo :t/df dlxnf
dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] ckgfPsf pkfox¿
ljifos sfof{zfnf uf]i7L
dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf, dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTo
/ cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf nflu dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿n]
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k}/jL ul//x]sf 5g . pgLx¿n] dlxnf
lx+;f cGTosf nflu :yfgLo :t/df g} ;xsfo{ / ;dGo
lj:tf/ u/L lx+;f kLl8t tyf k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g . of] sfo{nfO{
cem k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo :t/df cEof; ul/Psf
;+oGqx¿sf] af/]df cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / s:tf
pkfox¿ cjnDag ubf{ dlxnf lx+;f cGTo x'g ;S5g
eg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{], 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf] lgisif{sf]
cfwf/df ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf nflu /0fgLlt to ug{], dlxnf
lx+;flj?4 sfo{/t ;a} tx / tKsfdf /x]sf dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ /Ifs / dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿aLrsf] P]Soa4tf
;'b[9 ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ædlxnf lx+;f
cGTosf nflu :yfgLo :t/df dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿n] ckgfPsf pkfox¿Æ ljifos sfof{zfnf uf]i7L
gf]e]Da/ @^ / @& df sf7df08f}+df cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
lyof] . !@% hgf eGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm
sfo{qmddf %) lhNnfx¿af6 dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

k|x/L k|d'vx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof
a9b} uPsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] /f]syfdsf /
kLl8tsf] Gofosf] nflu k|x/Ln] pQm 36gfsf] 5fgljg
ug{ k|efjsf/L / b|'t cg';Gwfg k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg'kg]{ ;fy} lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx¿ k|x/L sfof{nodf
hfFbf n}+lËs ;Dj]bgzLn Jojxf/ ul/g'kg]{ / 36gf btf{
x'g'kg]{ ;jfnx¿nfO{ lnP/ g]kfn k|x/Lsf k|x/L k|d'vx¿
/fh axfb'/ lai6, b'uf{ l;+x, s[i0f uf}td nufotsf
clws[tx¿;Fu sf7df08f}+df cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] .

Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu tflnd
dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gsf nflu ag]sf
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf ljifodf
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ !) lbg]
k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd
dlxnfdfgjclwsf/ clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ !) lbg]
k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd @)^( r}q @! b]lv #) ut];Dd
sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] kfTn]v]t uflj;df ;DkGg ePsf]
lyof]. klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn
ljsf; If]qsf !$ lhNnfsf @# hgf dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm tflnddf
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf
cWoIf 8f=/]0f' /fhe08f/L, 8f= g]q ltlD;gf, clwjQmf
OGb' t'nfw/, ;l/tf bxfn, /rgf >]i7, nIdL Gof}kfg]
/ ;'wf sfkmn]n] ;xhLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . tflndsf]
cGTodf ;xefuLx¿n] cfkm"n] l;s]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ cf—
cfˆgf] lhNnfdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ p2]Zon] of]hgf tof/
u/]sf lyP .


27

dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ n}lËs lae]bdf
cfwfl/t lx+;f;DaGwL # tflnd
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿df n}lËs lae]bdf cfwfl/t
lx+;f / dflxnf clwsf/;DaGwL wf/0ffut :k:6tf u/fpg]
p2]Zon] vf]6fË lhNnfdf lhNnf ;~hfnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
n}lËs lae]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f;DaGwL # lbg] tflnd ;DkGg
ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df #@ hgf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] .

sfo{lalw sfg'g;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f ÷ tflnd
@ lbg]
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs lhNnf ;~hfnsf
;b:ox¿nfO{ dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df sfg'gL k|lqmofdf
cufl8 a9bf s;/L hfg' kb{5 / xfn dlxnfsf ;DaGwdf
ag]sf sfg'gx¿ s] s] 5g eGg] af/]df Jojxfl/s
hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] ef]hk'/, vf]6fË, t]x|y'd /
cf]vn9'+ufdf lhNnf af/;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df @
lbg] cled'vLs/0f tflnd ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df
!$@ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

36gf clen]lvs/0f;DaGwL % lbg] tflnd
dfgjclwsf/ xgg tyf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf
36gfx¿nfO{ dlxnfd'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 laZn]if0f u/L
clen]vLs/0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ / clen]lvs/0f
ul/Psf 36gfx¿nfO{ Gofo k|flKt ug{ k}/jLsf] nflu

;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon]
)&) h]7 @& ut]b]lv #! ut];Dd dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf nflu dlxnfd'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgj clwsf/
xggsf 36gf clen]vLs/0f laifos wf/0ffut :ki6tf
tflnd % lbg] bfËsf] ;fd'bflos tflnd s]Gb|df ;DkGg
ul/Psf] 5 . k"jf{~rn, klZrdf~rn / dWo klZdf~rn
lasf; If]qsf !) lhNnfsf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿
@$ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] o; tflnddf cf]/]ssf
kfj{tL a:g]t, ?kf >]i7 / dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf If]qLo
;+of]u s[i0fd'/f/L v/]nn] ;xhLs/0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿nfO{ 36gf
clen]vLs/0f;DaGwL @ lbg] k'gtf{huL Tfflnd
36gf clen]vLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ dlxnfdfly x'g]
lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu tYodf cfwfl/t k}/jL ug{sf nflu
cf]/]s g]kfnn] nfdf] ;dob]lv dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf]
36gfx¿sf] clen]lvs/0f ub{} cfPsf] 5 . cf]/]s g]kfnn]
;d'bfodf lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿
tyf ;d'bfodf lqmofzLn dlxnf tyf o'jfx¿nfO{ 36gf
clen]vLs/0fsf] tflnd lbO{ a]nfa]nfdf k'gtf{huL tflnd
klg ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . cf]/]s g]kfnn] xfn ;lqmo
¿kdf clen]vg u/L ;xof]u ug{] clen]vgstf{x¿nfO{
!^ lbg] cleofgsf] cj;/df @^–@& l8;]Da/, @)!@
df sf7df8f}+sf] ;fkm kmfNrfdf 36gf clen]vLs/0f
k'gtf{huL tflnd ;DkGg u/]s]f 5 . clen]vLs/0f
ubf{ cfO{kg{] ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn
u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{] /
clen]vLs/0fsf nflu clen]vgstf{nfO{ yk 1fg tyf
;Lksf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy o;
k'g/tf{huL tflndsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
36gf clen]vLs/0f k'gtf{huL tflnddf ljz]ifu/L
36gf clen]vLs/0fsf pknAwLx¿, r'gf}tLx¿, cfjZos
;xof]ux¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf af/]df, s]z p7fg
ubf{ cfO{kg{] sfg'gL Jojwfgx¿ / ;'/Iffsf ;jfndf
s]lGb|t /x]/ pQm tflnd ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

28


-v_ @

dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
sfo{qmd


29

dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmd
dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf] nflu tyf cfkm"lj?4
x'g] lx+;f cGTosf] nflu ;ªul7t tyf kl/rfng ug]{ /
;dfg p2]Zo ePsf :yfgLob]lv cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Ddsf
;+:yfx¿ tyf ;~hfnx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k
dlxnfsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cf]/]sn] dlxnf
lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/ cleofg cGtu{t ;~rfng ul/g] ultljlwx¿
dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf]
nflu s]lGb|t ul/Psf 5g .

ljsf;sf nflu ;xhLs/0f / Ifdtf clea[l4sf] If]qdf
sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . xfn cf]/]sn] tn pNn]lvt ;d"x
tyf ;~hfnx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df dlxnf
lx+;flj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf g= @ cf]/]sn] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/]sf lhNnf
:t/Lo ;d"x tyf ;~hfnx¿
lhNnf

j8f
:t/Lo
;d"x

;b:o
;+Vof

df]/Ë

@*&

%@%@

;'g;/L
pbok'/
l;/xf
wg'iff
bfË
hDdf

!*)
@**
$@
!^@
*$
!)$#

$!)!
$$(^
&@^
@%(&
!$#!
!*^)#

p2]Zox¿
;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿sf]] ;fd"lxs g]t[Tj ljsf; ub}{
;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ;|f]tsf]
;+:yfut ¿kdf Joj:yfkg tyf k"0f{ kl/rfng ug{
Ifdtf clea[l4sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
;~hfn la:tf/, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;xhLs/0f
ug]{ .

dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu cf]/]s g]kfnn] dfly pNn]v
u/] h:t} ljleGg dfWodaf6 sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
;fy} ;d"x, ;ªu7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;+:yfut

lrq #M dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu ljleGg dfWod

30


uf=lj=;
;b:o
:t/Lo dlxnf ;+Vof
;fd'bflos
;+:yf
@(
%%(
!*
!)
*
!^
%
*^

#$#
(%
!*%
@($
&!
!%$&

* j8f :t/Lo dlxnf tyf lszf]/L ;d"x M !)$#
* uf=lj=; :t/Lo dlxnf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf M *^ j6f
* lhNnf :t/Lo dlxnf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf M @ j6f
cf]/]sn] ;d'bfo :t/b]lv g} ;fd"lxs dlxnf g]t[Tj
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cf]/]sn] ljleGg ;~hfn / ;d"xdf cfj4 em08}+ @)!%)
eGbf a9L dlxnf / lszf]/Lx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df
:yfgLo :t/b]lv s]Gb|;Dd ljleGg ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿,
dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodf
dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Dj4{g / k|j4{gsf nflu
sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

*
*
*

;d"x ;~hfn lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu
;xhLs/0f
tflndx¿
;+:yfsf] /0fg}lts of]hgf, jflif{s of]hgf tof/ ug{
;xhLs/0f

;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf ;~hfnx¿sf] cj:yf
cf]/]sn] ljutsf jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf pbok'/df
!) j6f dlxnf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf;Fu ;f´]bf/L ¿kdf
ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] l:ylt lyof] .
cf]/]ssf] cfˆgf] /0fgLlt cg';f/ xfn cfP/ ;a} sfo{qmd
/ :yfgLo ;+/rgfx¿ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/;s]sf] 5 . k|d'v ¿kdf cf]/]sn] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf]
cg'bfg h'6fpg], ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;DalGwt
;+:yfgx¿;Fusf] ;Dks{ a9fpg, ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿sf]
Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 eg]
cGo lhNnfx¿df ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 /
;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ a9fpg a9L
;xhLs/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng
/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu klg
;xhLs/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
;du|df ljleGg lhNnfdf u7g ePsf dlxnf ;fd'bflos
;+:yfx¿sf] sfd ug]{ Ifdtf, g]t[Tj / ;+:yfut klxrfg
km/s km/s /x]sf] 5 eg] Pp6} lhNnfdf klg ;+:yfx¿
km/s km/s :t/sf 5g . ;+:yfx¿n] dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf]
cleofgnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L :j:km"t{ ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df

r]tgf clea[l4, lx+;fsf 36gfdf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf]
nflu cfjZos ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; / cfjZos
;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} bjfjd"ns sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g . :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] klxrfg u/L kl/rfng ug{ ;Ifd
ePsf 5g . ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ lhNnf :t/;Ddsf]
g]t[Tj lnO{ sfo{qmd ug{ k|of; ul//x]sf 5g . pgLx¿
cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf] nflu tyf cfkm"lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf]
lj?4df ;ªul7t eO{ cfjfh p7fpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g .

;sf/fTds kIfx¿
*

*

*
*
*

dlxnfx¿sf] ;fd'lxs g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy}
g]t[Tjtxdf ;xeflutf a9]sf] 5 . s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf
:t/df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs /
/fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ kTofPsf]÷l:jsf/]sf] cj:yf .
:yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgdf dlxnf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf]
kxF'r / lgoGq0f a9b} uO/x]sf] 5 / :yfgLo :t/sf
ljleGg ;d"x ;ldltdf ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/df dlxnf
;xeflutf klg a[l4 ePsf] 5 .
uf=lj=;= ;Fusf] ;f´]bf/LnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cufl8
a9fpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g .
;jfnnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L d'2fdf ;ªul7t ¿kdf
sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g .
lhNnfb]lv s]Gb|Lo :t/;Dddf ljleGg ;~hfnx¿;Fu
;dGjo a9fpFb} cfˆgf d'2fx¿sf] p7fg ug{ lqmofzLn
/x]sf 5g .


31

-u_

32


cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts clwsf/
cleofg

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ cleofg

;+o'Qm / fi6« ;ª3åf/ f dfgj clwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL
3f] if0ffkqdf s] lGb|t x'Fb} tof/ ePsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|lt1fkq !(^^
cg'df] bgsf] nflu NofOof] / sfg'gL :j¿k lbOof] .
To;nfO{{ g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] klg cg'df] bg ul/ ;s] sf] ]
5 . x/ ] s gful/ sn] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, gful/ s / / fhgLlts clwsf/ x¿sf] pkef] u
ug{ kfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq dfgj clwsf/ sf] k|Tofe"lt
x'g ;Sb5 . gful/ ssf] hLljsf] kfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt
clwsf/ x¿ cfly{s clwsf/ x'g . ;dfhsf] ;b:osf]
x} l;otn] x/ ] s JolQmn] kfpg'kg] { clwsf/ x¿ ;fdflhs
clwsf/ x'g eg] JolQmn] hLljsf] kfh{gsf] qmddf xfl;n
u/ ] sf] 1fg, snf / cg'ej;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/ x¿
;f+:s[lts clwsf/ x'g .

dfgj clwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ffkqsf] wf/ f @%
df k|To] s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] / p;sf] kl/ jf/ sf] vfgf,
sk8f, 3/ tyf cf} ifwf] krf/ sf ;'ljwfx¿ / cfjZostf
cg';f/ sf] ;fdflhs ;] jfx¿;lxt :t/ o'Qm hLjgofkg
ug{] clwsf/ 5 eGg] s'/ f pNn] v ul/ Psf] 5 .
oL clwsf/ x¿sf] cefjdf gful/ s / / fhg} lts
clwsf/ k"0f{ x'g ;Sb} g eGg] dfGotfn] cf] / ] sn] cfly{{s,
;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ cleofg ;~rfng ub} {
cfO/ x] sf] 5 . o; cleofg cGtu{t ljz] ifu/ L dlxnfsf]
:jf:Yo clwsf/ , vfB clwsf/ / ;'/ lIft :yfgfudsf]
clwsf/ nfO{ s] lGb|t u/ L ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ :yfgLo
:t/ b] lv g} ;~rfng ul/ / x] sf] 5 . oL clwsf/ x¿
;'lglZrt ePdf dfq dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f sd x'G5
eGg] cf] / ] ssf] dfGotf / x] sf] 5 .


33

-u_ !

34


lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
nflu lbuf] s[lif
tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t
Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd

lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu lbuf] s[lif tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
]
hldg g] kfnsf] cfly{s zlQm s] Gb|sf] ¿kdf / xFb} cfPsf]
5 . hldg nufot hn, h+un h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f] tsf]
c;dfg ljt/ 0fsf sf/ 0f JolQm JolQmaLr ;fdflhs,
cfly{s / / fhg} lts c;dfgtf a9b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
g] kfnsf] 7"nf] hg;+Vof of] ;|f] taf6 6f9f / x] sf] 5
eg] ;fgf] ;d"xsf] dfq} o;dfly lgoGq0f / x] sf] 5 .
To;} n] oxL ;fgf] ;d"x cfly{s, ;fdflhs / / fhg} lts
zlQm s] Gb|sf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 .
o;af6 g] kfnsf ax';Vos ;fgf ls;fg, dlxnf, blnt
+
/ l;dfGts[t ;d"xx¿ k|fs[lts ;|f] tx¿sf] pkef] u
/ lg0f{o ug] { clwsf/ af6 al~rt x'Fb} cfO/ x] sf 5g .
ls;fgx¿ Psflt/ k/ Dk/ fut s[lif k|0ffnL / cfsfz]
v] tLdf e/ kg'{ kg] { / csf] {lt/ hldgdfly clwsf+z
s[ifsx¿sf] :jfldTj gePsf sf/ 0f hLljsf] kfh{gnfO{{
;xh / lbuf] agfpg sl7gfO{ eO/ x] sf] 5 .

k|To] s JolQmnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ kf] if0fo'Qm
vfBj:t'sf] cfk"lt{ g} vfB ;'/ Iff xf] . :jR5 hLjg
tyf dfgj ljsf;sf] nflu vfB ;'/ Iff clgjfo{ zt{
xf] . o; sf/ 0f vfB;'/ IffnfO{ dfgj clwsf/ sf] cleGg
cËsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;} sf/ 0fn] vfBsf] clwsf/ sf]
ljifo ;|f] t ljlxg afnaflnsf, dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf /
;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf clwsf/ sf] ljifo;Fu ;+w} hf] l8P/
cfpg] ljifo xf] . ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;ª3sf] vfB tyf s[lif
;ªu7gsf] egfO{ cg';f/ clxn] klg ljZjdf ! c/a
eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ ef] sd/ L tyf s'kf] if0fsf] lzsf/
x'g] u/ ] sf 5g . logdf klg ul/ a tyf ljkGg ju{sf
JolQmx¿ g} o;sf] lzsf/ x'g] s'/ f pQm ;ªu7gn] :ki6
kf/ ] sf] 5 .
hg;+Vofsf] rfk;Fu} vfBfGgsf] dfu klg a9bf] 5 .


35

a9bf] dfusf] k"lt{ ug{ lbuf] s[lif k|0ffnL / l;+rfO{sf]
ljsf; ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . xfd|f] b] zdf a9L pTkfbg
lngsf] nflu ljb] zL ljsf;] aLp, cToflws / f;folgs
ljifflb / / f;folgs dnsf] k|of] u eO/ x] sf] kfOG5 .
o;n] Psflt/ df6f] sf] pj{/ f zlQmdf x|f; NofO/ x] sf]
5 eg] csf] {lt/ h} ljs ljljwtf gi6 x'Fb} uO/ x] sf] 5 .
;fy} o;n] ubf{ dflg;sf] :j:y jftfj/ 0fdf afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/ / :j:y vfgf vfg kfpg] clwsf/ sf]
;d] t xgg eO/ x] sf] 5 . log} s'/ fx¿nfO{{ dWogh/ u/ L
cf] / ] sn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/ cleofgleq lbuf]
hLljsf] kfh{gsf nflu s[lif, ;|f] t ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg
sfo{qmdd ;~rfng ub} { cfO/ x] sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd
cGtu{t s[lif k|ljlwaf6 jftfj/ 0f, dfgj :jf:Yo /
df6f] sf] pj{/ f zlQmdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbO{ nlIft
uflj;sf ls;fgx¿sf] hLljsf] kfh{gnfO{{ ;xh / lbuf]
agfpg yk 6] jf k'¥ofpg] p2] Zon] pbok'/ , l;/ xf /
bfªdf ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLnfO{{ k|a4{g ug] { sfd ub} {
cfPsf] 5 .

lglb{i6 p2]Zox¿

/0fg}lts d'2f

;DkGg ultljlwx¿

dlxnfsf] vfB ;+k|e"tf / dlxnfsf] e"lddflysf]
clwsf/ .
d'Vo p2]Zox¿
h} ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/ If0f / k|j4{g ug] { .
k|fs[lts ;|f] tdfly e"ldxLgx¿sf] clwsf/ nfO{
;'lglZrt ug{ k} / jL ug] { .
e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 ug] { .
blnt tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ;fd'bflos
;zQmLs/ 0f / ;fd"lxs g] t[Tj ljsf; ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f
ug] { .
;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/ t kof{j/ 0fLo
ufFp -Osf] len] h_ x¿sf] lgdf{0fdf ;xhLs/ 0f tyf
;xof] u k'¥ofpg] .

36


;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLdfkm{t lhljsf] kfh{gsf]
;'lglZrttfsf] nflu k} / jL ug] { .
Dflxnfsf] vfB clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu
k} / jL ug] { .
:yfgLo ;|f] t, aLp lahg, h} ljs ljljwtf,
df} lns 1fg / k|ljlwsf] ;+/ If0f ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f
tyf k} / jL ug] { .
e"ldxLg dlxnf, blnt / k5fl8 kfl/ Psf] ;d'bfosf]
hLljsf] kfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f] tsf] vf] hL] /
To;df pgLx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f
tyf k} / jL] ug] { .
s[ifs clwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;~hfn
lj:tf/ tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f ug] { .
gd'gf kof{j/ 0fLo ufFp tof/ ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f ug] { .

cled'vLs/0f
s[ifsx¿nfO{ s[ifs clwsf/ , vfB clwsf/ , s/ ] ;faf/ L,
a] df} ;dL t/ sf/ L pTkfbg, ;3g h} ljs v] tL, / f] u ls/ f
klxrfg / To;sf] Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo aLp lahgsf]
;+/ If0f, h} ljs ljljwtf, jftfj/ 0f / :jf:Yo clwsf/ ,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ , sDkf] i6 dn,

Rofp v] tL, 3/ ] n' ljiffbL] , hnjfo' kl/ jt{g, kz' :jf:Yo
nufotsf ljifodf hfgsf/ L lbO{ ;';"lrt u/ fpg] p2] Zon]
o; jif{df pbok'/ , l;/ fxf, wg'iff, df] / Ë, ;'g;/ L / bfË
lhNnfdf @!* j6f cled'vLs/ 0f ;DkGg ul/ Psf] 5 .
h;df dlxnf $#@! hgf / k'?if !$$& hgf u/ L hDdf
%&^* hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

ul/ Psf] lyof] . ls;fgx¿nfO{ ahf/ Joj:yfkg, t/ sf/ L
v] tLdf k|j4{g ug{ tyf hnjfo' kl/ jt{g / o;sf] c;/
;fy} ljiffbLo'Qm vfg] s'/ f / :jf:Yo ;d:of nufotsf
;jfndf lj:t[t ¿kdf hfgsf/ L tyf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg
ug'{sf ;fy} cfufdL lbgdf ax'kIfLo ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿aLr
;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpg ul/ Psf] 5nkmndf !(% k'?if / #(!
dlxnf u/ L hDdf %*^ hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng
s[ifsx¿nfO{ s[lif k|ljlwsf] af/ ] df hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] ,
pTkfbg u/ ] sf] afnL tyf t/ sf/ Lsf] / ] s8{ Jojl:yt
ug] { / s[lif ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Nemfpg s[ifsx¿nfO{ PsLs[t
zq'hLj Joj:yfkg k|ljlwaf6 hfgsf/ L lbg] p2] Zon]
o;jif{df df] / Ëdf ! :yfg, l;/ xfdf @ :yfgdf u/ L #
:yfgdf s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng ul/ Psf] lyof] .

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof
hLljsf] kfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f] t / To;df
pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr tyf lgoGq0f, :yfgLo ;|f] t, aLp
lahg, h} ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/ If0f, Joj;flos t/ sf/ L
v] tL, 3/ ] n' ljiffbL tof/ L / o;sf] k|of] u, ;3g h} jLs
v] tL k|0ffnLsf] dxŒj, Jofj;flos df5fkfng, ahf/
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf uf=lj=;= tyf lhNnf :t/ df
;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿;Fu #^ j6f cGt/ lqmof tyf 5nkmn


37

s[ifs ;d"x ;~hfnsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf Joj:yfkg
cf] / ] sn] s[ifs clwsf/ sf] nflu uf=lj=;= :t/ Lo /
lhNnf :t/ Lo ;~hfnx¿ agfpg ;xhLs/ 0f ug'{sf ;fy}
;~hfnsf] ;'b[9Ls/ 0f, ;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4sf nflu
;xhLs/ 0f / cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof] u ub} { cfO/ x] sf]
5 . s[ifs ;d"x, g] 6js{ / ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿sf] aLrdf
;DaGw la:tf/ , ;~hfn tyf ;d"xx¿sf] ;do ;dodf
a} 7s a;L cfjZostf cg';f/ 5nkmn, of] hgf lgdf{0f
tyf / 0fgLltx¿ to ug] { / ;a} sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df
sfof{Gjog ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 .

ul/ Psf] lyof] . xfn gd'gf k|bz{gL kmfd{ tyf cGo
t/ sf/ L v] tLsf] nflu klg ls;fgx¿n] 3/ ] n' ljiffbL
agfP/ k|of] u ub} { cfO/ x] sf 5g . dn agfpg gd'gf
k|b{zgL kmfd{sf cu'jf s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|f] T;fxg :j¿k 8«d
/ :k|] o/ klg ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] .

/]l8of] sfo{qmd
/ ] l8of] pbok'/ !)@=$ d] ufxh{;Fusf] ;xsfo{df lbuf]
s[lif k|0ffnL / To;sf] dxŒjaf/ ] ;d'bfo :t/ df ;"rgf
k|jfx u/ L hgr] tgf km} nfpg] p2] Zon] ;fKtflxs ¿kdf
/ ] l8of] sfo{qmd v] tLkftL nfO{ lg/ Gt/ ¿kdf ;~rfng
ul/ Psf] 5 . sfo{qmddf ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLsf]
k|j4{g, Dflxnfsf] vfB clwsf/ , :yfgLo ;|f] t, aLp
lahg, h} ljs ljljwtf, df} lns 1fg / k|ljlwsf] ;+/ If0f,
hLljsf] kfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f] tsf] vf] hL] / To;df
pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr tyf lgoGq0f, ls;fgsf cg'ej, nufot
g] kfn ;/ sf/ sf] s[lif gLlt / of] hgf ;fy} s[ifsx¿sf]
clwsf/ sf] af/ ] df ls;fgx¿nfO{ lj:t[t hfgsf/ L lbg]
u/ L o; jif{df ## j6f sfo{qmd k|zf/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] .

3/]n' ljiffbL agfpg] k|of]ufTds cEof;
cf] / ] sn] k|ToIf ¿kdf sfd ug] { pbok'/ , l;/ xf, bfË, df] / Ë
/ ;'g;/ L lhNnfsf s] xL uf=lj=;= / gd'gf ufFpx¿df
s[ifs ;d"xx¿ u7g u/ L pgLx¿nfO{ ;3g h} ljs v] tL
lt/ k|f] T;fxg ug{ lg/ Gt/ ¿kdf k|of; ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
o;} qmddf s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfO{=lk=Pd= tyf k|fËufl/ s
tl/ sfaf6 / f] u sL/ fx¿sf] k|efjsf/ L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg
ug{ 3/ ] n' ljiffbL jf lutL dn agfpg k|of] ufTds
cEof; u/ fOPsf] lyof] . :yfgLo :t/ df pknAw x'g]
ljleGg emf/ kftx¿, uf] a/ , n;'g, Kofh, ;okqL, uf} pt
nufotsf ;fdu|Lx¿ hDdf u/ L ljlwk"j{s Jojl:yt
tl/ sfn] lutL dn jf 3/ ] n' ljiffbL agfpg cEof;

38


;3g h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfO{ /x]sf k'/fgf
s[ifsx¿ / gofF s[ifsx¿aLr cg'ej cfbfg
k|bfg
ldlt @)&) a} zfv @% ut] ] l;/ xfdf ;3g h} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnL;DaGwL wf/ 0ffut / Jofjxfl/ s kIfsf af/ ] df
:ki6tf Nofpg] / gofF s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;3g h} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnL lt/ k|f] T;fxg ug{] p2] Zon] ;3g h} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnL ckgfO{ / x] sf k'/ fgf s[ifsx¿ / gofF s[ifsx¿aLr
cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg sfo{qmd / flvPsf] lyof] . ;3g
h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLsf] kmfObf / o;sf] cfjZostf tyf
cK7] / fx¿sf] af/ ] df @# hgf s[ifsx¿aLr gd'gf kmfd{df
g} uP/ Jofjxfl/ s ¿kdf 5nkmn ul/ Psf] lyof] .

s[lif d]nf k|b{zgL
@)^(÷!!÷)& ut] l;/ xfsf] a:tLk'/ uf=lj=;=df
;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnL lt/ s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|f] T;fxg
ug{, :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ k|f] T;fxg ug{, ls;fgnfO{
k|fyfldstfsf ;fy ;xefuL u/ fO{ pgLx¿sf] xf} ;nf
a9fpg] / s[ifsx¿sf] aLrdf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug] {
p2] Zon] s[lif d] nf k|bz{gLsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] .

s[ifsx¿n] cfkm"n] pAhfPsf] cGg afnL, t/ sf/ L afnL,
kmnkm"n tyf gub] afnLx¿ klg k|bz{gLdf / fv] sf lyP .
k|bz{gLdf hDdf !*! hgf s[ifsx¿sf] ;xeflutf / x] sf]
lyof] . !*! hgf dWo] ;a} eGbf pTs[i6 / lg/ f] uL afnLx¿
k|bz{gL ug] { !) hgf dlxnf / !^ hgf k'?if u/ L hDdf
@^ hgf s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|f] T;fxg:j¿k gub k'/ :sf/ tyf
k|df0fkq ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] . d] nfn] s[ifsx¿nfO{ yk
Joj;fodf nfUg pT;flxt kf/ ] sf] , :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{
;+/ If0f / ;Da4{g ug] { jftfj/ 0f tof/ ePsf] , s[lifsf]
If] qdf sfo{/ t ;ª3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
a9fpg] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ePsf] ] lyof] .

e"ld clwsf/ If]qLo ;ef sfo{qmd
@)^( d+l;/ @# ut] l;/ xf lhNnfsf] nxfgdf / fli6«o
e"ld clwsf/ d~r g] kfn l;/ xf, ;Kt/ L / pbok'/ sf]
cfof] hgf tyf cf] / ] s g] kfn nufot / ljleGg ;ª3
;:yfx¿sf] ;xsfo{df blnt, ;'s'Djf;L / e"ldxLgx¿sf]
e"lddfly kxF'r / lgoGq0f a9fpg bjfj k'¥ofpg] p2] Zon]
j[xt ;efsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf]
;'?jftdf ¥ofnLn] ahf/ kl/ qmdf u/ L ;efdf kl/ 0ft
ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;a} kfl6{sf g] tfx¿n] blnt
tyf ;'s'djf;Lx¿sf] e"ld clwsf/ ha;Dd ;'lglZrt
x'g ;Sb} g ta;Dd g] kfnL blnt tyf ;'s'Djf;Lx¿sf]
cfwf/ e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g g;Sg] s'/ f JoQm ub} {
cfˆgf] kfl6{n] ;w} blnt, e"ldlxg tyf ;'s'Djf;Lsf]
lxtsf nflu sfo{ ub} { cfPsf] / eljZodf klg ug] {
k|ltj4tf JoQm u/ ] sf lyP .

;'s'Djf;L cfof] usf k|d'v, ljleGg kfl6{x¿sf
k|ltlglwx¿, clwsf/ sdL{x¿, kqsf/ nufot ;ª3
;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ u/ L nueu b'O{ xhf/ hgfeGbf
a9Lsf] pkl:ylt / x] sf] lyof] . o;} u/ L klxnf] a[xt
;efdf blnt, ;'s'Djf;L / e"ldlxgx¿sf] clwsf/ sf]
nflu ul/ Psf k|ltj4tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog :t/ df klg
n} hfg k} / jL ug] { p2] Zon] k'gM @)^( ;fn r} q dlxgfsf]
@# ut] l;/ xfdf cfde] nf ul/ Psf] lyof] .

vfB clwsf/sf nflu lbuf] s[lif sfo{qmd ljifos
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu a[xt 5nkmn
vfB clwsf/ ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu s[lif sfo{qmdnfO{ lbuf]
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 . *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L
g] kfnLx¿ s[lif If] qdf lge{/ / x] sfn] ;/ sf/ n] of] If] qnfO{
a9L eGbf a9L Wofg lbg cfjZos / x] sf] 5 . s[lif cg'bfg,
l;+rfO{nfO{ la:tf/ ug'{kg] { / s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlws
;Lk tyf 1fg ls;fgx¿nfO{ lbg' klg plQs} h¿/ L / x] sf]
5 . s[lifdf Jofj;flos ¿kn] nfUg] ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{
k|f] T;fxg:j¿k lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] lhNnfsf]
;|f] t ;fwg / ls;fgx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbO{
of] hgf agfpg klg cfjZos / x] sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/ sf
s[ifsx¿df k|f] T;fxg a9fpg] , lhNnf s[lif sfof{nosf]
of] hgfsf] af/ ] df ;a} ls;fgx¿nfO{ hfgsf/ L lbg] /
vfB clwsf/ / lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ;jfnsf] ;DaGwdf
5nkmn u/ L s[lifdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug{
lhNnfdf ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿aLr a[xt 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf]
cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] . ;'g;/ L, pbok'/ , l;/ xf /
bfËdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf !#@ hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf]
lyof] .

vfB clwsf/ lbj;
vfB clwsf/ lbj;sf] cj;/ df lhNnf tyf s] Gb|Lo
:t/ df s[ifs g] 6js{, vfB g] 6js{ tyf s[lifsf] If] qdf
sfo{/ t ljleGg ;ª3 ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df
ljleGg ultljlwx¿sf] cfof] hgf u/ L dgfOPsf] lyof] .
pbok'/ df lhNnf s[lif sfof{no;Fusf] ;xsfo{df xfd|f]
s[lif Jofj;fo lxhf] , cfh / ef] nL eGg] ljifodf lhNnf
:t/ Lo ax; sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] h;df $!
hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] . df] / Ë, ;'g;/ L, l;/ xf /

39

bfËdf uf=lj=;= :t/ df cGt/ lqmof tyf 5nkmn sfo{qmd
/ flvPsf] lyof] .
* ;"rgf d]nf
pbok'/ lhNnfdf gu/ kflnsf / ;fgf pBf] u Jofj;foL
;ª3sf] cfof] hgfdf ufO{3f6df ;DkGg # lbg] d] nfdf
cf] / ] sn] ;3g h} ljs v] tL, gd'gf ufFp, hnjfo' kl/ jt{g
/ o;sf] c;/ nufot vfB clwsf/ sf] af/ ] df nueu
#%)) hgf eGbf a9LnfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug] {
sfd u/ ] sf] lyof] .

s'/ f p7] sf] lyof] . s[lif;DaGwL tflnd, qmo ;'lawf,
pTkfbg tyf ljt/ 0fsf k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz] if
k|fyldstf lbg'kg] {, vfBfGg ljt/ 0f ubf{ kl/ jf/ sf dlxnf
;b:osf gfddf lbg] , ;/ sf/ n] agfPsf y'k|} Ph] 08f
;/ x s[lif / vfB ;'/ Iffsf r'gf} ltnfO{ cGo Ph] G8fdf
h:t} gLlt lgod agfO{ To;sf] plrt sfof{Gjog ug] { .
o; gLltdf pNn] lvt Ph] 08fn] ul/ a / hf] lvddf k/ ] sf
JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'/ Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf u/ fpg'kg] {, / fli6«o
vfB ;'/ Iff k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} h} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnLnfO{ k|f] T;fxg ub} { :yfgLo ;|f] t / ;fwgsf] k|of] u
u/ L s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{‘kg] { / fHosf] bfloTj / x] sf]
wf/ 0ff ;a} af6 cfPsf] lyof] . To; 5nkmn sfo{qmddf
%!( hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg sfo{sd

vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf;DaGwL
s[ifsx¿;Fu 5nkmn
vfB ;'/ Iffsf nflu s[lif;DaGwL ag] sf gLltx¿sf
af/ ] df s[ifs / cGo ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿sf] aLrdf 5nkmn
u/ L hfgsf/ L lng] lbg] p2] Zon] pbok'/ , l;/ xf, bfª,
df] / ª, ;'g;/ L lhNnfdf uf=lj=;= :t/ df !% j6f
sfo{qmd ul/ Psf] lyof] . 5nkmndf s[lif If] q, vfB ;'/ Iff
/ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s;/ L Ps cfk;df cGt/ lglxt
5 eGg] ljifonfO{ klg 5nkmndf p7fOPsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿n] cf–cfˆgf ef] ufO{, s[lif;DaGwL
gLlt / of] hgfsf af/ ] df 5nkmn u/ ] sf lyP . s[lif /
vfB ;'/ Iffsf] ljifo / dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts clwsf/ sf af/ ] df ;a} n] ;r] t x'g /
dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ g] kfndf k|d'v s[lif If] q
g} dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] s'/ f 5nkmndf cfPsf] lyof] . o'jfx¿
ljb] z knfogsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx¿df sfo{ef/ ylkg' /
s[lif If] q dlxnfdf g} cfl>t ePsf] n] gLlt, gofF of] hgf
tyf sfo{qmd agfpFbf dgg ug{‘kg] { cfjZostf / x] sf]

40


$)cf} + ljZj jftfj/ 0f lbj;sf] cj;/ df ;3g h} ljs
v] tLn] jftfj/ 0f ;+/ If0f, dflg;sf] :jf:o / df6f] sf]
pj{/ f zlQmnfO{ sfod / fVg s;/ L ;xof] u ug{ ;S5
eGg] af/ ] df 5nkmn ub} { ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLnfO{
ckgfP/ sfd ul/ / x] sf] s[ifsx¿nfO{ yk k|f] T;fxg /

gofF s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;3g h} ljs v] tL lt/ nfUg pTk|] / Lt
ug] { p2] Zon] pbok'/ df !* hgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg
sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf jftfj/ 0f
;+/ If0fsf nflu af] 6 la?jfsf] ;+/ If0f ug{ klg plQs}
h¿/ L ePsf] 5nkmn ub} { Ps JolQmn] Ps jif{df %
j6f la?jf nufpg'kg] { cfjZostf / x] sf] af/ ] df 5nkmn
ul/ Psf] lyof] .

Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu tflnd

;3g h}ljs v]tLk|0ffnL ;DaGwL wf/0ffut
:ki6tf / Jofjxfl/s kIfaf/] % lbg] tflnd
;3g h} ljs k|ljlwsf] af/ ] df cjwf/ 0ffut :ki6tf Nofpg] ,
a9bf] / f;folgs laiffbLnfO{ sd ub} { zq'hLjx¿sf]
Joj:yfkgdf ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] , cfO{=lk=Pdsf] dxŒjsf]
af/ ] df hfgsf/ L u/ fpFb} / f;folgs ljiffbLsf] xflgsf/ s
kIf / k|of] u ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fjwfgLx¿sf] af/ ] df
hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] p2] Zon] ;3g h} ljs v] tL;DaGwL /
gd'gf k|bz{gL kmd{ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL % lbg] tflnd
@)^(÷!@÷@ b] lv ^ ;Dd bfªdf ;Nofg lhNnfsf
;f´] bf/ ;+:yfsf sd{rf/ L tyf cf] / ] ssf s[lif k|fljlwsx¿
u/ L @! hgfnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] .
o;} u/ L ;wg h} ljs v] tL;DaGwL # lbg] Jofjxfl/ s
tyf wf/ 0fut :ki6tf tflnd l;/ xfdf @ j6f ;DkGg
ul/ Psf] lyof] h;df !* hgf dlxnf / ## hgf k'?if
u/ L %! hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .
pbok'/ df klg @ j6f # lbg] ;3g h} ljs v] tL;DaGwL

Jofjxfl/ s tyf wf/ 0fut :ki6tf tflnd ;DkGg ul/ Psf]
lyof] h;df %^ hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

kz' :jf:Yo / kf]if0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL @ lbg]
tflnd
@)&) h] 7 % / ^ ut] bfªdf s[ifsx¿nfO{ kz'df nfUg]
ljleGg / f] ux¿ / o;sf] pkrf/ sf] af/ ] df hfgsf/ L
lbg] , kz'x¿sf] nflu kf] if0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hfgsf/ L
u/ fpg] / lhNnf kz' :jf:Yo;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
a9fpg ;xhLs/ 0f ug] { p2] Zon] kz' :jf:Yo / kf] if0f
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL @ lbg] tflnd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof]
h;df @) hgf s[ifsx¿sf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

gd"gf kmfd{ Joj:yfkg / s[ifskf7zfnf;DaGwL
@ lbg] tflnd
gd"gf kmfd{ Joj:yfkg / s[ifs kf7zfnf;DaGwL cu'jf
s[ifsx¿sf] k|fljlws 1fg tyf ;Lk ljsf; ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f
ug] { p2] Zon] @ lbg] tflnd @)!@ gf] e] Da/ @^ / @&
tf/ Lsdf bfªdf ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . tflnddf ( hgf
k'?if / !$ hgf dlxnf u/ L hDdf @# hgfsf] ;xeflutf
/ x] sf] lyof] .

PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg s[ifs kf7zfnf
;~rfng ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL # lbg] tflnd
cf] / ] sn] PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg s[ifs kf7zfnf
;~rfng ug{ ;Lk ljsf; ug{] p2] Zon] bfª, l;/ xf,
df] / ª / pbok'/ sf !@ hgf h] l6P sd{rf/ Lx¿nfO{


41

@)&) h] 7 % ut] b] lv & ut] ;Dd pbok'/ df # lbg]
tflnd ;~rfng ul/ Psf] lyof] .
kof{j/0fLo clwsf/ (Ecological right) ;DaGwL
% lbg] tflnd
;Nofg lhNnfsf ;f´] bf/ ;+:yfsf kl/ rfnsx¿, o'jf
Snj / afn Snjsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ cjwf/ 0ffut ¿kdf
:ki6 u/ fpg] p2] Zon] ldlt @)&) h] 7 !@ utb] lv
!^ ut] ;Dd bfªdf kof{j/ 0fLo clwsf/ ;DaGwL % lbg]
tflnd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . pQm tflnddf !% hgfsf]
;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

kz' :jf:Yo tyf s]/;faf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL %
lbg] tflnd
cf] / ] s lj/ f6gu/ df ;z:q åGådf j] kQf kl/ jf/ sf
;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s / hLljsf] kfh{gdf s] xL xb;Dd
;xof] u tyf 6] jf k'¥ofpg] p2] Zon] % lbg] kz' :jf:Yo
tyf s] / ;faf/ L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL # j6f tflnd ;DkGg
ul/ Psf] 5 . kz'kfngsf] dxŒj tyf kz'df b] lvg]
/ f] u tyf ;d:ofx¿ / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg, uf] 7 ;'wf/ ,
3fF;kft tyf s/ ] ;faf/ Lsf] ] dxŒj, Joj:yfkg, df6f] sf]
pkrf/ / ljleGg / f] u, sL/ fx¿sf] af/ ] df hfgsf/ L /
3/ ] n' laiffbLsf] af/ ] df ;d] t hfgsf/ L lbOPsf] lyof] .
tflnddf &* hgf dlxnf / @( hgf k'?if u/ L hDdf
!)& hgfsf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .

s[ifs e|d0f
l;/ xfdf gd'gf ufFp la:tf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ug] { qmddf
gd'gf ufFp cjnf] sg / s[ifsx¿aLr cg'ej cfbfg

42


k|bfgsf nflu l;/ xfaf6 !) hgf s[ifsx¿nfO{ pbok'/ sf]
j} / ] gL / rf} sLaf/ L gd'gf ufFpdf nluPsf] lyof] . gd'gf
ufFpsf] k|j4{g, k|f] T;fxg / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 5nkmn
ug] { p2] Zon] l;/ xfsf] -wgu8L j8f g=+ # g} gk'/ ,
j:tLk'/ j8f g=+ $ 3n] 6f] n / j:tLk'/ j8f g+= %
ug] zk'/ _ # j6} gd'gf ufFpaf6 s] xL cu'jf ls;fg
/ ;ldltsf ;+of] hsx¿n] gd'gf ufFp cjnf] sg ug] {
qmddf gd'gf ufFpsf] ;|f] t gS;f, pQm 7fFpdf / x] sf
:yfgLo ;|f] t tyf ;fwgsf] klxrfg, s[ifsx¿n] kfn] sf
s'v'/ f, kz' / ;'wfl/ Psf] uf] 7, t/ sf/ L v] tL, / f] u sL/ f
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL s[ifsx¿;Fu la:t[t ¿kdf hfgsf/ L
lnPsf lyP .
uf] j/ UofF;sf] cjnf] sg;Fu} vfgf agfpg tyf aQL afNg
uf] j/ sf] OGwg k|of] u x'g] / uf] j/ UofF;af6 lg:s] sf]
n] bf] af6 dn agfpg] tl/ sfaf/ ] klg hfgsf/ L kfPsf
lyP . o;} qmddf ;f] nf/ sf] klg cjnf] sg u/ ] sf lyP .
o;/ L gd'gf ufFpsf] cjnf] sgkZrft cf] / ] s zfvf
sfo{no pbok'/ sf sfo{qmd clws[t ;/ f] h kf] v/ ] nn]
sl/ a Ps 306f gd'gf ufFpsf] cjwf/ 0ff, dxŒjsf af/ ] df
cled'vLs/ 0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

gd'gf k|bz{gL kmd{ Joj:yfkg
cf] / ] sn] cfˆgf] sfo{If] qdf s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;3g h} ljs
v] tL k|0ffnL cg';f/ gd'gf k|bz{gL kmfd{ k|j4{g /
Joj:yfkg ug{ l;/ xfdf !$, df] / ª÷;'g;/ Ldf *, bfªdf
( / pbok'/ df !& hgf cu'jf s[ifsx¿nfO{ 5gf] 6
u/ L cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof] u tyf ;xhLs/ 0f ub} {

cfO/ x] sf] 5 . gd'gf kmfd{sf] nflu h} ljs ljiffbL agfpg
s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|f] T;fxg:j¿k 8«d klg ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf]
lyof] .

;kf]6{ sfo{qmd
:yfgLo :t/ df blnt, l;dfGts[t / lx+;f kLl8t
tyf k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz] if ¿kdf s] lGb|t u/ L
pgLx¿sf] hLljsf] kfh{gnfO{ ;xh agfpg pgLx¿s}
of] hgf / cfjZostf cg';f/ aLp lahg, k|fljlws
;xof] u, l;+rfO{, t/ sf/ L v] tL, df5fkfng, afv|f, a+u'/ ,
aLp af] sf ;xof] u ug'{sf ;fy} km] o/ Jofkf/ sf nflu
aLpk"FhL klg pknAw u/ fpFb} ;xof] u ub} { cfO/ x] sf] 5 .

kz' :jf:Yo pkrf/ s]G› -e]6]/Lg/L Nofj_
;fw/ 0f kz' k/ LIf0f / :jf:Yo pkrf/ , vf] k, kz'
aGWofs/ 0f, uf] a/ hFfr, cf} iflw las|L / kz'kfng;DaGwL
ljleGg hfgsf/ L tyf k/ fdz{ ;] jf lbg] p2] Zon]
cf] / ] sn] laut nfdf] ;dob] lv pbok'/ sf] / fhfjf;
/ bfªsf] k89fdf kz' :jf:Yo pkrf/ s] Gb| :yfkgf
u/ L ;] jf pknAw u/ fpFb} cfO/ x] sf] 5 . o; jif{df
pbok'/ af6 *@) / bfªdf !(&# j6f afv|f e] 8f,
s'v'/ f, xfF; tyf cGo kz'nfO{ ;] jf lbOPsf] 5 .

kz' :jf:Yo lzlj/

:yfgLo s[ifsx¿nfO{ kz'x¿sf] hfFr tyf pkrf/
:yfgLo :t/ df g} ug{ ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] , s[ifsx¿nfO{
kz' ;d:ofk|lt ;r] t agfpg] p2] Zon] cf] / ] s, lhNnf
kz' sfof{no / :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df
pbok'/ sf] r'xf8] / sfnLvf] nf bfªdf x] s'nL / dfgk'/ /
;Nofgsf] afurf} / df kz' :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;DkGg ul/ Psf]
lyof] . lzlj/ df lk=lk=cf/ = vf] k, Eofu't] / rr{/ ] lj?åsf]
vf] k, kz' aGWofs/ 0f, uf] j/ hFfr, h'sf gfDn] nufotsf


43

;d:ofsf] ;fwf/ 0f hfFr / cf} iflw ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] .
d] nfdf e] 8f afv|fdf nfUg] lk=lk=cf/ , a+u'/ df nfUg] x} hf
/ gfDn] df6] h:tf kz' ;d:ofsf] af/ ] df hfgsf/ L
u/ fpg] p2] Zon] krf{ lat/ 0f / k/ fdz{ klg ul/ Psf]
lyof] . bfªdf (($, pbok'/ df !*%& / ;Nofgdf %!&*
kz'nfO{ ;] jf lbOPsf] lyof] .

h]=l6=P= sIff ;~rfng -kfFrf}+ Aofh_
;LdfGts[t, blnt tyf k5fl8 kfl/ Psf] ;d'bfosf lszf] /
lszf] / Lx¿nfO{ nlIft u/ L k|fljlws lzIff ;xh tl/ sfn]
lng ;Sg] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug{ cf] / ] sn] pbok'/ df !%
dlxg] s[lif h] =l6=P= tflnd ljut $ jif{b] lv ;~rfng ub} {
cfO/ x] sf] 5 . o;} qmddf o; jif{df a9L gd'gf ufFpdf
:yfgLo o'jfx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;Lk tyf 1fg lbO{ :yfgLo
:t/ df g} s[lif k|fljlwsx¿ tof/ u/ L s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{
k|fljwLs/ 0f ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f ug] { / o'jfx¿nfO{ :j/ f] huf/
/ :jfanDaL aGg k|f] T;fxg ug] { p2] Zon] of] tflnd
;~rfng ul/ Psf] lyof] . s} nfnL, ;Nofg, bfª, l;/ xf
/ pbok'/ af6 of] jif{ hDdf @$ hgf 5fq 5fqfx¿
cWoogsf] nflu cfPsf lyP . oL dWo] !% hgfnfO{
cf] / ] sn] 5fqj[lQdf k9g ;xof] u u/ ] sf] lyof] .

# dlxg] l;=Pn=P= sIff ;~rfng
;d'bfodf
kz'kfng
Joj:yfkg,
kz'kf] if0f
kz'cfxf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/ L clea[l4 u/ fpg] , kz'kfng
Joj:yfkgdf ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] , kz' :jf:Yo;DaGwL
k|ljlw tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; u/ fO{ :yfgLo :t/ df g} kz'sf]
pkrf/ ug] { jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug{] ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ lbuf]
lhljsf] kfh{gdf ;d] t ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] p2] Zon] ] cf] / ] s
tLg dlxg] kz' :jf:Yo tflnd ;~rfngnfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf
lb+b} cfO/ x] sf] 5 . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kz'kfng Joj:yfkg,
kz'kf] if0f, kz'cfxf/ ;DaGwL 1fg tyf ;Lk clea[l4 u/ L
kz'kfngnfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg pTk|] / 0ff
lbg] ;fy} Joj:yfkgdf ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] / :yfgLo :t/ df
kz';] jfnfO{ ;xh agfpg] p2] Zon] o; jif{ @ r/ 0fdf
tflnd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . tflnddf pbok'/ , ;Nofg
nufot cGo lhNnfaf6 klg cWoogsf] nflu o'jfx¿

44


cfPsf lyP . hDdf @* hgf ;xefuLdWo] !! hgfnfO{
cf] / ] sn] lgz'Ns ¿kdf tflnd pknAw u/ fPsf] lyof] .

Osf] len]h Joj:yfkg;DaGwL s]xL k|d'v
ultljlwx¿

Osf] len]h
Osf] len] hnfO{ To:tf] ufFp jf dfgj a:tL dfGg ;lsG5
hxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿ k|s[lt tyf kof{j/ 0fd} qL Jojxf/
/ k|lalwsf] k|of] u ;fd"lxs lg0f{osf cfwf/ df u/ L

dfkb08x¿
dlxnfdfly x'g] u/]sf ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fsf] cGTo
ePsf] cj:yf
afnaflnsfx¿dfly x'g] u/]sf ;a} k|sf/sf
lje]bsf] cGTo ePsf] cj:yf
lzIffdf ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ePsf]
cj:yf
k|fylds :jf:Yodf ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt
/ s'kf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] l;h{gf ePsf] cj:yf
dlxnfsf ljz]if :jf:Yo cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg
ePsf] cj:yf
k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf]
;lqmo ;xeflutf ePsf] cj:yf
gjLs/0fLo phf{sf] clwstd pkof]u ePsf]
cj:yf
;3g h}ljs v]tL k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g / Jofj;flos
¿k lnPsf] cj:yf
;d'bfosf ;f+:s[lts klxrfg :yflkt / ;+/lIft
ePsf] cj:yf
/}yfg] 1fg / k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;+/If0f
/ k|j4{g ePsf] cj:yf
;fd"lxs g]t[Tj ljsf; tyf Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf]
l;h{gftkm{ cu|;/ ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljifdtfx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
;Daf]wg ug{ ;d'bfo ;lqmotfk"j{s nfluk/]sf]
cj:yf .

pknAw ;|f] t / ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ub{5g / hxfF
pgLx¿sf ;fdflhs, efjgfTds, cfTdut, ef} lts /
cfly{s cfjZostfx¿ cgGt sfn;Dd lbuf] ¿kdf k"/ f
ePsf x'G5g . cf] / ] sn] k/ Dk/ fut ufFpnfO{ Osf] len] hdf
¿kfGt/ 0f ug] { of] cjwf/ 0ff PsLs[t dfgjclwsf/ jfbL
;f] r / lbuf] ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/ 0ff /
sfo{z} nLdf cfwfl/ t 5 . g] kfnL kl/ k|] If cg'¿k cf] / ] sn]
Osf] len] hsf cfwf/ e"t dfkb08x¿nfO{ df] 6fdf] 6L ¿kdf
to u/ L ;f] cg';f/ pbok'/ , l;/ xf, bfª / ;Nofgdf
sfd ub} { cfO/ x] sf] 5 .
dfgjclwsf/ x¿sf] ;'lglZrttf;lxtsf] a} slNks lbuf]
s[lif -;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnL_, gjLs/ 0fLo phf{,
kmf] x/ d} nfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/ 0f
tyf dfgj / kof{j/ 0faLr :j:y cGt/ ;DaGwsf] k|j4{g
ug'{ Osf] len] hsf d"ne"t kIfx¿ x'g .
3/w'/L ;j]{If0f M Osf] len] hsf] k|j4{g / lj:tf/ sf]
qmddf cf] / ] sn] ;j{k|yd 3/ w'/ L ;j] {If0f ug] { u/ ] sf] 5 .
o;qmddf of] jif{ pbok'/ df !@( 3/ w'/ L, l;/ xf @((
3/ w'/ L, ;Nofgdf @&* 3/ w'/ L / bfªdf 3/ w'/ L ;j] {If0f
ul/ Psf] lyof] .
cled'vLs/0f M Osf] len] hsf afnaflnsf,
lszf] / ÷lszf] / L, o'jf, dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿nfO{ ljleGg
;jfndf ;';"lrt agfpg] / Osf] len] hsf] dfkb08nfO{
k"/ f ug{ Jofjxfl/ s ¿kdf n} +lËs lje] bdf cfwfl/ t
lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/ 0f, afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, lzIff
nufotsf clwsf/ x¿sf] ;+/ If0f tyf k|j4{g, k|fs[lts
;|f] t Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf a9fpg /
;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g / Jofj;flosLs/ 0ftkm{
s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|f] T;fxg ug{] p2] Zon] ljleGg ljifodf @!&
k6s cled'vLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] 5 . h;df $!(# hgfsf]
;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .
gd'gf ufFp Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g tyf 5nkmn M
gd'gf ufFp la:tf/ ug] { qmddf gofF gd'gf ufFpx¿nfO{
Jojl:yt / ;'rf¿ ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] p2] Zon] gd'gf

ufFp Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/ L cfjZostf cg';f/
5nkmn ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 .

Osf] SNa u7g M afnaflnsf tyf lszf] / lszf] / Lx¿sf]
;xeflutfdf j[lå u/ fO{ pgLx¿sf] rf} tkmL{ ljsf;sf]
nflu afnd} qL / o'jfd} qL jftfj/ 0fsf] k|jå{g / ljsf;sf]
nflu afnaflnsfx¿sf] Sna tyf lszf] / lszf] / Lx¿sf]
sNa u7g ul/ Psf] 5 . ljleGg sfo{qmdsf] of] hgf tyf
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf / ;xsfo{df
e"ldsf a9fpg] p2] Zon] Osf] Snasf ;b:ox¿nfO{
ljleGg ljifodf ;';"lrt u/ fpg] , pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf
clea[l4df ;xhLs/ 0f ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 .
;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f M Osf] len] hdf ;fd'bflos ejg
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu :yfgLo >dbfg / cf] / ] s nufot
cGo ;ª3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof] uaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{
lg/ Gt/ tf lbOPsf] 5 . ejg ljleGg sfo{qmd, 5nkmn
/ a} 7s ubf{ ;xh x'g] / :yfgLo bg'jf/ ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/ If0fsf nflu klg pQm ejgsf] k|of] u ul/ g] 5 . ejg
lgdf{0f ubf{ cf] / ] saf6 cfly{s ;xof] u ul/ Psf] lyof]
;d'bfosf] >dbfg / cfˆgf] d] xgtn] ejg lgdf{0f u/ ] sf
5g .
s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng M Osf] len] hleqsf s[ifsx¿nfO{
PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg k|ljlwaf6 ljleGg s[lif


45

k|ljlwx¿sf] af/ ] df hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] , s[ifsx¿n] pTkfbg
u/ ] sf] afnL tyf t/ sf/ Lsf] / ] s8{ Jojl:yt ug{ Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{] , j} 1flgs k|ljlwaf6 afnLgfnLsf] lgl/ If0f
tyf cg'udg ug] { ;Lk ljsf; ug] { / s[lif ;d:ofnfO{
;'Nemfpg] p2] Zon] Osf] len] h l;/ xfdf @ :yfgdf,
pbok'/ df # :yfgdf, bfªdf # :yfgdf / ;Nofgdf %
:yfgdf u/ L hDdf !# :yfgdf km/ s km/ s afnLdf
s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng ul/ Psf] lyof] .

sfof{nosf] ;+o'Qm ;xsfo{df ;Nofg lhNnfsf] Yff/ df/ ] ,
DffFemsf8f / lzj/ y uf=lj=;=df :yfgLo :t/ df / x] sf
kfgLsf d"nx¿sf] ;+/ If0f u/ L lkpg] kfgL tyf l;+rfO{sf]
nflu sfd ul/ Psf] 5 . o;af6 &$ 3/ w'/ L nfeflGjt
ePsf 5g . o;} u/ L bfª, l;/ xf / pbok'/ df klg l;+rfO{
/ lkpg] kfgLsf] nflu sfd ePsf] 5 .
aLp lahg ;xof]u M s[ifsx¿nfO{ df} ;dL tyf a] df} ;dL
t/ sf/ L v] tLsf] nflu cfjZos aLplahgx¿ cf] / ] saf6
pknAw u/ fpg] ul/ Psf] 5 . ls;fgx¿n] :yfgLo :t/ df
cfkm} +n] klg aLp pTkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} / :yfgLo aLp
;+/ If0f lt/ ug{ yfn] sf 5g . pgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/ ] sf]
aLpnfO{ cf] / ] sn] lsg] / cGo ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljt/ 0f klg
ug] { u/ ] sf] 5 .
aLp af]sf, afv|f tyf a+u'/ ;kf]{6M gd'gf ufFpdf gZn
;'wf/ sf nflu aLp af] sf pbok'/ , l;/ xf / bfªdf x/ ] s
gd'gf ufpFdf !÷! j6f ;xof] u ul/ Psf] 5 eg] gd'gf

lkpg] kfgL tyf l;+rfO{ M Osf] len] hleq t/ sf/ L tyf
cGo afnL nufpg l;+rfO{sf] cfjZostf ePsf sf/ 0f
;Nofg / bfªdf xfn eO/ x] sf l;+rfO{sf k"jf{wf/ x¿sf]
dd{t ;+Def/ ug{ cf] / ] s g] kfn, :yfgLo ;f´] bf/ ;+:yfx¿
-kf; g] kfn, zf/ bf ;Nofg_ / lhNnf s[lif ljsf;

46


ufFp l;/ xfdf $), pbok'/ df #) j6f afv|f ljt/ 0f
ul/ Psf] lyof] eg] bfª, l;/ xf / pbok'/ df u/ L &@ j6f
a+u'/ / v/ fof] klg ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] .
s[ifsx¿nfO{ km]/f]dg kf;f] ;kf]{6 M cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f gd'gf
ufFpsf cu'jf s[ifsx¿nfO{ t/ sf/ L tyf kmnkm"ndf
nfUg] / f] usL/ f lgoGq0fsf nflu km] / f] d] g6«ofksf] k|of] u
ug{ km] / f] dg kf;f] ;kf] {6 ug'{sf ;fy} cfjZos k|fljlws
;xof] u ul/ Psf] 5 .
ufFp3/ lSnlgs ;~rfng M afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo
hfFrsf] nflu dfl;s ¿kdf gd'gf ufFpdf ;~rfng ug] {
ul/ Psf] 5 .
dlxnf :jf:Yo k/fdz{ s]G› tyf :jf:Yo 3'DtL
lzlj/ M dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL ePsf
;d:of / f] syfd tyf ;'wf/ sf] nflu dlxnfx¿nfO{ hfFr,
:jf:Yo k/ fdz{, h8La'6Laf6 pkrf/ ljlw, cg'udg
nufot cGo cfjZos s'/ fx¿df hfgsf/ L u/ fpg] /
cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|lt ;';"lrt x'g] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug] {
p2] Zon] dlxnf :jf:Yo k/ fdz{ s] G› ;~rfng tyf
cfjZostf cg';f/ :jf:Yo 3'DtL lzlj/ ;~rfng ug] {
ul/ Psf] 5 .
kz' :jf:Yo 3'DtL lzlj/ M Osf] len] hx¿df kz':jf:Yo
;] jfnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;do ;dodf 3'DtL lzlj/
;DkGg ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 . ;do ;dodf kz'x¿df b] vf
kg] { ljleGg ;d:ofnfO{ ;dodf g} lgoGq0f ug{ ;"rgf
k|jfx ug'{sf ;fy} kz'x¿sf] pkrf/ ug{ ;xof] u ug] {
ul/ Psf] 5 . kz'sf] hfFr, EofS;Lg tyf cfjZostf
cg';f/ cf} iflw pknAw / lzkmfl/ ; ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 .
uf]7 tyf rlk{ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;xof]u tyf ;xhLs/0f M Osf]
len] hleq ;a} 3/ kl/ jf/ df rlk{sf] cfjZostf, k|of] u /
dxŒjsf] af/ ] df 5nkmn, kz'kfng / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu

Jojl:yt uf] 7sf] cfjZostf / dxŒjsf] af/ ] df 5nkmn
u/ L ;d'bfonfO{ o;sf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/ fO{
cfjZos k"jf{wf/ x¿ agfpg / k|of] u ug] { jftfj/ 0f
tof/ ug{ k/ fdz{, cled'vLs/ 0f, cfly{s ;xof] u /
;xhLs/ 0f ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 .
;fdflhs tyf ;|f]t gS;f tof/ M ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf]
k"0f{;xeflutfdf Osf] len] hdf pknAw / x] sf k"jf{wf/ x¿
/ k|fs[lts ;|f] tx¿sf] klxrfg u/ L :yfgLo :t/ df g}
;fwg, ;|f] t / k/ Dk/ fut 1fg / ;Lksf] clwstd
k|of] udf Nofpgsf] nflu ;a} gd'gf ufFpsf] ;fdflhs
tyf ;|f] t gS;f tof/ ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs gS;f tof/
u/ L xf] l8{Ëaf] 8{df / flvPsf] 5 .

ax' p2]ZoLo g;{/L ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u M ;Nofg,
bfª, l;/ xf / pbok'/ df x/ ] s gd'gf ufFpdf Ps hgf
cu'jf s[ifsnfO{ 5gf] 6 u/ L kmnkm"n, t/ sf/ L / cGo
h8La'l6sf] klg Jofj;flos tl/ sfn] g;{/ L Joj:yfkg
ug{ cfly{s tyf cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof] u ul/ Psf] 5 .
kmnkm"nsf] la?jfx¿ ljt/0f M s[ifsx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos
kmnkm"n v] tLtkm{ cfslif{t ug{nfO{ lhNnf e"— ;+/ If0f
sfof{no ;Nofg, kf; g] kfn / cf] / ] ssf] ;xsfo{df
s[ifsx¿nfO{ ljleGg kmnkm"nsf la?jfx¿ #&@# j6f
ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] .


47

-u_ @

48


;'/lIft :yfgfudg
sfo{qmd

;'/lIft :yfgfudg sfo{qmd
:yfgfudg ug{ kfpg' x /]s JolQmsf] g};lu{s clwsf /
xf] . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf x]bf{ @ ca{ !$ s /f]8 cGt /f{li6«o
cfk|jf;L sfdbf /x¿dWo] !) b]lv !% k|ltzt cn]vj4
sfdbf /x¿ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul /Psf] 5 .

lbg g;Sbf x /]s lbg o'jfx¿ lab]lzg] qmd a9] / uPsf] 5 .
o; /L /fd|f] cj; /sf] vf]hLdf j}b]lzs /f]huf /Ldf hfg]
g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf /x¿sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
klg plQs} /x]sf 5g .

g]kfnLx¿ !( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] aLrlt /af6 /f]huf /Lx¿sf]
nflu bfh{lnËsf] lrof aufg, cf;fd / ;g !(&) sf]
bzsb]lv t]nsf] vfgL ePsf vf8L d'n'sx¿df uPsf]
kfOG5 . ljutsf s]xL jif{ otf j}b]lzs /f]huf /Lsf nflu
:yfgfudg ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof lbg k|ltlbg a9b} uO /x]sf]
5 . cfhsf] ;do;Dd cfO{k'Ubf j}b]lzs /f]huf /sf]
sfdsf] k|s[lt / ;+Vof dfq a9g uPsf] b]lvG5 . t /
sf /0f / d'Vo p2]Zodf eg] vf;} kl /jt{g ePsf] kfOb}g .

; /sf /L / u} / ; /sf /L tj /af6 s]xL k|of;x¿ eO /x]sf
5g t / klg ;d:ofx¿ p:t} 5g . x /]s lbg h:t} ;~rf /
dfWoddf cfO /xg] j}b]lzs /f]huf /L;Fu hf]l8Psf lx+;f,
a]rlavg tyf cf];f /k;f /, 7uL nufot p2f / ug'{kg]{
;d:of tyf ;jfnx¿nfO{ dWogh / ub}{ cf] /]s g]kfnn]
:yfgfudgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;' /lIft agfpg cfˆgf] 7fFpaf6
;"rgf ;+k|]if0f, Ifdtf clea[l4, cWoog, cg';Gwfg,
cfjZostfdf cfwfl /t ;xof]u / gLlt lgdf{0f tyf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu k} /jL ub}{ cfO /x]sf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf / ljefusf] tYofÍ cg';f / )^*÷^(
df k'?if #$$#)) hgf / dlxnf !)$!* hgf
u /L hDdf #%$&!* hgf j}b]lzs /f]huf /Lsf] nflu
:yfgfudg ePsf 5g eg] cfly{s jif{ )^(÷)&)
df k'?if $@%*#) / dlxnf @&&!# hgf u /L hDdf
$%#%$# hgf g]kfnLx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf / ljefuaf6
>d :jLs[lt lnP / j}b]lzs /f]huf /Lsf nflu t];|f]
d'n'sdf uPsf 5g . j}b]lzs /f]huf / ljefusf] tYofÍ
cg';f / xfn b}lgs ; /b / !&)) sf] xf /fxf /Ldf
g]kfnLx¿ -o; tYofËsn] ef /tdf / ef /tsf] af6f]
eP / hfg]x¿sf] tYofÍsnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g_ /f]huf /Lsf
nflu ljleGg d'n'sx¿df hfg] u /]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
l5d]sL /fi6« ef /tdf sfd ug{ uPsf sfdbf /x¿sf]
olsg tYofÍ eg] pknAw 5}g . t / klg nueu $)
nfv g]kfnLx¿ Eff /tdf dfq sfd ul / /x]sf] cg'dfg
ul /Psf] 5 . To:t} u /L >d :jLs[lt glnP / hfg] g]kfnL
sfdbf /x¿sf] ;+Vof :jLs[lt lnP / hfg]sf] xf /fxf /Ldf g}
5 eGg] cg'dfg ul /Psf] 5 .
b]zdf ePsf] cfGtl /s åGå, v'Nnf cy{gLlt,
ljsf;sf /0fgLlt, ;:tf] >dsf] dfu a9]sf sf /0fn]
klg of] k|lqmofnfO{ tLa| agfPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] b]zn] o'jf
a] /f]huf /LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ kof{Kt ljsNkx¿ ;dodf g}

/0fg}lts d'2f -;jfnx¿_
;' /lIft :yfgfudgsf] clwsf /sf] ;''lglZrttf .
;' /lIft :yfgfudgnfO{ dfgj clwsf /sf ¿kdf
cfTd;ft u /]sf] cj:yf
dlxnfsf] :yfgfudgnfO{ ;' /lIft agfpg ;Sg]
jftfj /0f .

d'Vo p2]Zo
:yfgfudgnfO{ dlxnfd''vL ;f]raf6 dfgj clwsf /sf]
¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ .

lglb{i6 p2]Zox¿
j}b]lzs /f]huf /df hfg] sfdbf /x¿sf] :yfgfudgnfO{
;' /lIft agfpgsf nflu ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf /sf nflu hfg] JolQmx¿ / pgLx¿sf]
kl /jf /sf] clwsf /nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu k} /jL
ug]{ .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf /x¿sf] clwsf /sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{
alnof] agfpg ljleGg ; /f]sf /jfnf lgsfox¿sf]
Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ .
sfdsf] nflu cfk|jf;gsf] qmddf a]rljvgdf jf


49

Annual Report 2070 Nepali

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