1. COSMOPOLITANISM
AND PATRIOTISM.
Matveeva Polina 9“A”

2.  Cosmopolitanism - the ideology of world
citizenship that places the interests of
humanity as a whole above the interests of
individual nation or state, and considers man
as a free individual within the Earth.

3.  Patriotism - the moral and political principle , social
feeling , whose content is the love of the fatherland
and the willingness to subordinate its interests their
private interests . Patriotism assumes pride in the
achievements and culture of their homeland , the
desire to preserve its character and cultural
characteristics and identification with other members
of the people , the desire to protect the interests of the
country and its people. Historical source of patriotism -
for centuries and millennia enshrined the existence of
separate states, forming an attachment to their native
land , language and traditions. In the context of the
formation of nations and the formation of national
states patriotism becomes an integral part of public
consciousness , reflecting national moments in its
development.

4. Cosmopolitanism. History.
 Cosmopolitanism originated in ancient Greece, the idea of ​​world
citizenship expressed Socrates , but for the first time proclaimed
himself " cosmopolitan " Diogenes . [1] While cosmopolitanism
developed in the teachings of the Cynics , a strong impetus for this
was the Peloponnesian War , which led to a negative view of the
requirements of local patriotism limited due to the loss of
independence and the significance of individual policyholders. Later
Stoics developed a theoretical basis , especially in the Roman era ,
helped by the universal character of the empire.
 In the Middle Ages cosmopolitanism had a religious character and
viewed in an effort to create a Catholic papal theocracy , but not
developed in theoretical terms . Starting from the XVI century
cosmopolitanism is predominantly secular. In 1544 Guillaume Bed
reinvents the term " cosmopolitanism ", putting into it is not heaven
and earth sense , imagining a world state as a supra-national and
non-religious brotherhood, based on the free choice of each .
However, cosmopolitanism was still in its infancy , developing in
secret societies and the Hermetic alchemists .

5.  Freemasonry became the first major center of spread of cosmopolitanism through
brotherhood developed structure and political influence . Becoming outlook
coincided with the growth of pacifist sentiment tired of wars Europeans , it has led to
the fact that some leaders of the Enlightenment , such as Montesquieu and
Voltaire, began to see the problem in the unification of Europe into a single republic
, in which the country should become provinces. In this way the important role played
by the projects " Eternal Peace " Kant and Bentham , proposes to establish a
permanent European Congress , the main purpose of which would be the union of
nations in the world. In his discussion of Kant went further and saw the crown of
cosmopolitanism history , including its natural state of man .
 Revival of cosmopolitanism occurs in the XX century in the wake of strong social
upheavals associated with the wars and revolutions . At the beginning of the century
appears in the thinking of Marxist intellectuals as an opponent of internationalism
, but recognized in comparison with it impersonal and unsuitable for socialism .
However, note that Lenin developed the idea of the destruction in the long run , "
after the dictatorship of the proletariat on a world scale ," not only " the division of
mankind into small states and all isolation of nations , not only the convergence of
nations , but also to merge them " . Such an idea has developed in Europe with
beznatsionalizma movement , which can be considered a branch of radical
cosmopolitanism , in 1921, founded the World Eugene Lunt supranational
Association (SAT), whose mission is to contribute to the disappearance of all nations
as sovereign unions and the use of Esperanto as a common language of culture. In
1931 he published the main document association - "Manifesto Beznatsionalizma ."

6.  After World War II cosmopolitanism in the capitalist countries is expressed
in a number of successful projects : December 10, 1948 adopted "The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights" , enshrined in international law
natural rights of every person on Earth , and in 1954 Harry Davis founded "
World Government of World Citizens " ( world Service Authority), a non-
profit organization known issue of "Passport of a citizen of the world ."
Philosophical platform continues to evolve in the writings of Jacques
Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas .
 Although the philosopher Michael Walzer ideological communitarianism
considered CCSR communist ideology as " perverted cosmopolitanism "
, at the same time in the USSR occurred and the reverse process , known
as the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" - an ideological campaign
conducted in 1948 - 1953 years , directed against the part of the Soviet
intelligentsia is regarded as the bearer of skeptical and pro-Western
tendencies. Furthermore , in fact, although it is officially denied , under
cosmopolitans usually understood representatives of Jewish nationality.
Due to political propaganda about the alleged representation appears
unrelated to cosmopolitanism themselves " well-born " Communists "
rootless cosmopolitan ," the person for whom the homeland is where "
thrown sunbed " and cosmopolitanism generally interpreted as a desire for
world domination of imperialism .

7.  In the XXI century cosmopolitanism continues
its development in the wake of globalization.
Part libertarians and communitarians even in
opposition to nihilism and individualism
considers cosmopolitanism as one of the most
important pillars of human freedom. A good
supporter of cosmopolitanism is Steve Hurwitz
.

8. Patriotism.History.
 Imperial Rome, in turn, saw in Christianity a
threat to imperial patriotism. Despite the fact
that Christians preached obedience to the
authorities and offered prayers for the welfare
of the empire, they refused to take part in the
imperial cult, which, according to the emperors
should contribute to the growth of the imperial
patriotism.

9.  Modern understanding of patriotism was formed
era American and French bourgeois revolutions,
and identical to the concept of "nationalism " in
the political ( non-ethnic ) understanding of a
nation , and for this reason, in France and
America at that time the concept of "patriot" was
synonymous with " revolutionary ." This
revolutionary symbols of patriotism are "
Declaration of Independence " and the "
Marseillaise ." With the advent of a modernized
nation-state , the concept of patriotism still inherits
the idea of ​​an imperial state patriotism , but
shifted to the commitment of human community (
nation). However, these concepts are often act as
synonyms or similar in meaning .