The document defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and provides examples like fire. Non-matter is defined as things without mass or volume, such as shadows or heat. Pure substances contain only one type of particle, while elements cannot be broken down further and compounds contain two or more elements. Mixtures are substances that contain more than one type of material and can be either homogeneous, where the parts can't be seen, or heterogeneous where they can. Reversible changes can be undone while non-reversible changes like burning cannot.