Progressive Era

2. Progressives
Those who supported political, social, and economic change in the United
States.
Progressives called for more regulation of business, improved wages for
workers, and regulations over work environments, laws governing morality,
defined standards for education, and stricter regulation of professions like
doctors, teachers, and lawyers.
• White Protestants
• Middle class and native born
• College Educated Professionals
• Social workers
• Scholars
• Politicians
• Preachers
• Teachers
• Writers

3. Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote stories exposing abuse in government, big business, and
expose many other social wrongs.
President Theodore Roosevelt labeled these authors and journalists the
muckrakers because they stirred up and uncovered much of the "muck" in US
society.

4. Progressive Movement:
Governmental Issues

5. Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936)
An American reformer and journalist who wrote a series of articles that
documented corruption in American cities, asserting that some cities were
run by political bosses who remained in power with the help of powerful
businessmen.

6. Tammany Hall
Party bosses grew rich through dishonest or questionable ways. One of the
most famous political machines was Tammany Hall in New York City run by
William “Boss” Tweed. For example, they accepted bribes from contractors in
exchange for awarding the contractors with city contracts.

7. Boss Tweed
Head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s powerful Democratic political
machine between 1869 and 1871, Boss Tweed and a group of corrupt
politicians began defrauding the city.
One scheme, the construction of the New York County Courthouse. The
project cost taxpayers $13 million, while the actual construction cost was $3
million. The difference went into the pockets of Tweed and his followers.
Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison.

8. Thomas Nast (1840-1902)
An American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the
"Father of the American Cartoon."
He was the scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine.
“Stop them damn pictures. I don’t care what the papers write about me. My constituents can’t
read. But, damn it, they can see the pictures.
Boss Tweed commenting one Nast’s cartoons about him.

10. Assassination of James Garfield (1880)
James Garfield was assassinated four months after taking office by Charles
Guiteau because he wouldn't give him a job with the Civil Service.
President Garfield was a very intelligent man. He spoke several languages and would amaze guests at the White House by writing
with both hands at the same time in English and German.
Garfield would occasionally answer his door and greeting guests by barking like his dog.

11. Assassination of James Garfield Cont.’
The shooting of President Garfield at the Washington D.C. Train Station.
President Garfield survived six weeks after being
shoot and most likely would have survived his
wound had the medical doctors of the time left
him alone. Uneducated about germs and
infection, the doctors repeatedly stuck their
fingers into his wound searching for the bullet. It
was lodged behind the spleen out of harms way
and never found until after the autopsy.
Charles Guiteau
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/637E1F27-3049-4257-89BB-8F6A1E429C67

12. Pendleton Service Act (1883)
In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Act. This civil service reform act allowed
the president to decide which federal jobs would be filled according to rules set
up by a bipartisan Civil Service Commission. Candidates competed for federal
jobs through examinations. Appointments could be made only from the list of
those who took the exams. Once appointed to a job, a civil service official could
not be removed for political reasons.

13. George Washington Plunkitt
He became head of Tammany Hall after the fall of Boss Tweed and made most
of his money through land purchases, which he knew would be needed for
public projects. He would buy such parcels, then resell them at an inflated
price. This was "Honest Graft".

14. Progressive Movement:
Big Business

15. Florence Kelley
A social and political reformer who served as the first general secretary of
the National Consumers League, which wanted legislation to protect consumers
from being cheated or harmed by big business.
Did You Know? In 1909 Kelley helped create the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

16. Ida Tarbell & History of the Standard Oil Company
(1857-1944)
An American author, journalist, and one of the leading "muckrakers" of the
Progressive Era. She is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the
Standard Oil Company, which exposed the monopolistic practices of John D.
Rockefeller and abuses of the Standard Oil trust.
In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the
company was declared a monopoly
and broken up.

17. Upton Sinclair & “The Jungle”
Sinclair was an American writer and reformer who wrote The Jungle in 1906.
This book exposed the unsanitary working conditions in the stockyards of
Chicago, eventually leading to an investigation of both working conditions and
the conditions of food. It eventually led to the enactment of the Pure Food Act.
Upton Sinclair
In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
were passed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyH7D9DF0Mc

18. Plot Summary
All of the family members who work in the
slaughterhouses see the unbelievable filth in the
factories where the meat is processed and the
sickening secrets of meatpacking. Diseased cattle
and hogs are processed for consumption, as well
as pregnant cows and their fetuses. The sausages
are made of a random mixture of animal parts,
as well as the dirt, rat carcasses and poison
scooped up off the floor. The corruption within
the plants runs thick, with bosses demanding
"gifts" of money from their workers, and
grafting off those in the hierarchy of
management.
After a series of tragedies, including a stint in
jail for Jurgis, the death of his wife Ona and
baby son Antanas, Jurgis flees to the
countryside, leaving the rest of the family
behind. Once he's away from Chicago, he
becomes a transient.
Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle”

31. Pure Food and Drug Act gave consumers protection from dangerous and
impure foods by prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or
falsely labeled food and drugs. All products must be clearly labeled.
Meat Inspection Act was passed as a strong response to Sinclair's book
describing the conditions of food as well as wartime scandals in 1898
concerning spoiled canned meats. It provisioned for federal inspection of meat
sold to consumers and set strict standards of cleanliness and sanitary
requirements in meatpacking plants.
Products could now be seized and condemned, and the offending persons
could be fined and jailed. The USDA ordered a recall of 143 million pounds
of beef in 2008 alone.
Government Regulations of Food and Drugs

32. John Spargo & The Bitter Cry of the Children
Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as
child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A
muckraker novel.
John Spargo and his novel helped to end child labor and increased enrollment in schooling.

33. Child Labor Laws
• Limited the number of hours children could work.
• Age limits
 Laws that set limits on how young employees could be (ages
ranged from 12 to 16).
• Restricted from certain jobs (safety issues)

34. Progressive Movement:
Social Issues

35. Helen Hunt Jackson & “A Century of Dishonor”
A muckraker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S.
government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

36. Progressive Movement:
Urban Issues

37. Jacob Riis and “How the Other Half Lives”
A journalist and photographer who publicized the plight of immigrants in the
New York City slum tenements. His photographs and articles focused on the
squalid living conditions of the city's poor and spurred legislation to improve
those conditions.
As a result of Jacob Riis, New York City passed
building codes which made building owners
responsible for the safety and health of its
residents.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=kchN8ZiFGyE

38. Tenements
Built by a landlord, tenements were small housing units that were extremely
overcrowded, poorly built, and that contained filth. There was a lack of fresh
air and light in these housing units, and in addition, they were inhabited
mainly by new immigrants. The worst tenements became known as slums.
Shared Bathrooms
with Other Families
Community Laundry
Crowded
Living Spaces

39. Jane Addams and Hull House
The settlement house movement was promoted by reformers who felt it was
their Christian duty to improve the living conditions of the poor. Jane
Addams set up settlement houses in poor neighborhoods. Addams opened Hull
House in 1889 and inspired many others, including Lillian Wald’s Henry
Street settlement house in New York City. Medical care, recreation programs,
and English classes were provided at settlement houses.

40. Settlement Houses
Houses established in poor neighborhoods where social activists would live and from
which they would offer assistance to immigrants and underprivileged citizens.

41. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in
New York City. Many of the exit doors to the factory were locked to prevent
employees from stealing. The fire killed 146 people and led to increased
demands for safer working conditions. Dramatized the poor working
conditions and led to federal regulations to protect workers.

42. Triangle Waist Shirt Factory Fire: What Went Wrong?
FIRE HAZARDS
01 Locked door to the stair well
02 Rusty fire escape that collapsed
03 Cluttered work spaces
04 Short ladders only reached 6th floor
05 Not enough water pressure
06 Long wooden tables became obstacles
07 Wicker baskets full of scraps
08 Oily floors spread the fire quickly
09 Fire nets failed to catch jumpers
10 No sprinkler system, only pails of
water
11 Flammable barrel of oil
12 Boxes crowding the exit
13 Lack of a required third staircase
How did a 'fireproof' building become a fire trap? This model represents problems that existed
before and during the fire that caused so many people to lose their lives on the 9th floor.
Triangle Waistshirt Fire [Story of US]

43. Progressive Movement:
Temperance

44. Temperance Movement
A movement that originally wanted to limit, and eventually eliminate alcohol.

45. Anti-Saloon League
During and after the American Civil War the laws regulating many
aspects of saloons were either reduced or eliminated. As a result, many
people united in this league in their fight against saloons. By 1916 they
enacted anti-saloon laws in 23 states.

46. Carrie Nation (1846-1901)
A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be
destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet.
A saloon in Kansas after Carry Nation
destroyed its bottles of liquor
Carry Nation would enter
saloons with a hatchet and
destroy all the bottles of
liquor. She occasionally
greeted bartenders with a
cheery, “Good Morning,
destroyer of men’s souls.”

47. Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
The government prohibited the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic
beverages. Commonly referred to as "Prohibition."

48. Progressive Movement:
Suffrage

49. Suffrage
The right to vote.
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote on the same terms as men.

50. Women’s Voting Rights Per State Prior to the 19th Amendment.

51. Susan B. Anthony
A supporter of both the temperance and abolitionist movements, Susan B.
Anthony is best known for joining with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to fight for
women's rights. She continued to be a leader in the women's suffrage movement
until her death in 1906.
In 1980 Congress approved
the Susan B. Anthony dollar
coin to be minted in her
honor.

52. Alice Paul
Alice Stokes Paul was an American suffragist and activist. She led a successful
campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

53. Carrie Chapman Catt
A women's suffrage leader who served as president of the National American
Woman Suffrage Association and was the founder of the League of Women
Voters and the International Alliance of Women.

54. Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote.

55. Progressive Movement:
Civil Rights

56. Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily,
but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-
1960s. Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws.

57. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
"Separate But Equal"
Supreme Court ruled that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal
as long as the facilities were of equal quality.

58. Niagara Movement
At a meeting in Niagara Falls, Ont., in 1905, W.E.B. DuBois and other black
leaders who shared his views founded the Niagara Movement. Members of the
Niagara group joined with concerned liberal and radical whites to organize the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

59. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963)
Did You Know: W.E.B. DuBois was the African-American
Ph.D. graduate from Harvard University.
An African-American editor, historian, and sociologist who was a leader of
the civil rights movement in the United States. He helped found the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
W.E.B. Du Bois believed that African Americans had to demand their rights,
especially voting rights, to gain full equality.

60. National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP)
Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest and largest civil rights
organization. The organization is devoted itself to the progress of the
African-American community.

61. The Crisis
The Crisis was the official magazine of the NAACP. It generally reflected the
views of the blacks and whites who headed the NAACP.

62. Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Institute
An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and
economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In
1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.
Alberta Virginia Scott, Class of
1898, the first African American
graduate of Radcliffe College.
Booker T. Washington
An African-American classroom prior to
desegregation. Notice the portrait of Booker T.
Washington on the back wall.

63. George Washington Carver (1860-1943)
A black chemist and director of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where
he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the
key to improving the social status of blacks.
Peanut Oil
Peanut Butter
Carver is credited with inventing
about 300 uses for the peanut. He
issued bulletins to farmers and
housewives explaining how to use
peanuts to make soap, face creams,
axle grease, insecticides, glue,
medicines and charcoal. For all his
research and accomplishments,
Carver patented only three of his
peanut inventions and was not
interested in fame or fortune. His
inventiveness with peanuts, however,
led to it becoming one of the six most
produced crops in the U.S. by the
1940s.

64. Ida B. Wells
An African American from Tennessee began a crusade against lynching. She
wrote newspaper articles and a book denouncing lynching and mob violence
against African Americans.
Her book, “A Red Record” in 1895 provided statistics on the lynching of
African-Americans, especially in the South. The result was that the NAACP
joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching legislation.
Ida B. Wells
Did You Know? Ida Wells was born in
Mississippi in 1862, the daughter of enslaved
African Americans. She was educated in a
Freedmen’s Bureau school. At the young age of
fourteen, Wells began to teach in a rural school.
In 1884 she moved to Memphis, Tennessee,
where she continued teaching as well as
attended Fisk University. In 1891 she lost her
teaching position because she had refused to
give up a seat in a “whites only” railroad car.
This led to a profession in journalism in which
she began a campaign against lynching.

65. Strange Fruit
"Strange Fruit" began as a poem written by Abel Meeropol, a Jewish
schoolteacher from the Bronx, about the lynching of two black men.
Meeropol wrote "Strange Fruit" to express his horror at lynchings after
seeing Lawrence Beitler's photograph of the lynching of Thomas Shipp and
Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana. He published the poem in 1937 in The New
York Teacher, a union magazine.
The photograph that was cited by the songwriter as the inspiration
for the song: Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, August 7, 1930.Abel Meeropol

66. The "strange fruit" referred to in the song are the bodies of African
American men hanged during a lynching. In 1939, the legendary blues
singer Billie Holiday performed the song as a daring criticism of the
commonplace practice of the lynching of African-Americans. The lyrics
were so chilling that Holiday later said "The first time I sang it, I thought it
was a mistake. There wasn't even a patter of applause when I finished.
Then a lone person began to clap nervously. Then suddenly everyone was
clapping and cheering."
Strange Fruit (Cont.’)
Most blacks were lynched for
outspokenness, in the aftermath of race
riots, and for other presumed offenses
against whites. State and local
governments in the South did nothing to
curtail this vigilante violence; various laws
against mob violence were seldom
enforced.
Billie Holiday

67. Progressive Movement:
Turn of the Century
Governmental Issues

68. People's Party
The popular name of the "People's Party," formed in 1891 as a coalition of
Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American
Federation of Labor.
It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism,
transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.

69. Bi-Metalism
Bimetallism is the use of both silver and gold as the basis of an economy as
opposed to the use of one or the other or none. During the gold and free
silver campaigns of the early 1900s, the Republicans believed in a money
system based on the single gold standard, while the Democrats believed in
bimetallism. A proposed plan for bimetalism was for a standard of 16 to 1,
with gold worth 16 times as much as silver.

70. Gold Standard Act (1900)
Signed by McKinley, it stated that all paper money would be backed only by
gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people
decided they wanted to trade in their money.
Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the
Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

71. Williams Jenning Bryan
Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated
because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most
important Populist in American history.

72. Cross of Gold Speech
Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on
a cross of gold," referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver
coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

73. Robert M. LaFollette (1855-1925)
A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he
was a major leader of the Progressive movement in Wisconsin.

74. Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
Congress now had the power to collect taxes on the incomes of businesses
and individuals.
This amendment increased the federal government's revenue and
eliminated the need to tax according to the proportion of state populations.

75. Seventeenth Amendment
Established that US senators would be elected directly by the people, rather
than by state legislatures.

76. Initiative
Allowed citizens of a state to force a vote on a certain issue without having to wait for
public officials to bring it up.

77. Recall
Gave citizens the power to hold special elections to remove corrupt officials
from office before their terms were up.

78. Referendum
Meant that public officials would be elected by popular vote, rather than by
party bosses or state legislatures.

79. Progressive Movement:
Conservation

80. Gifford Pinchot
President Theodore Roosevelt urged Americans to conserve natural resources.
In 1902 Roosevelt supported the passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act,
which authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for
irrigation and land development projects.
Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the United States Forest Service to
carefully manage the timber resources in the West. Pinchot and his department
created regulations controlling lumbering on federal lands.
Gifford Pinchot