Weitere ähnliche Inhalte Ähnlich wie Building the Mobile Internet (20) Kürzlich hochgeladen (20) Building the Mobile Internet1. Building the Mobile Internet
Klaas Wierenga <klaas@cisco.com>
Consulting Engineer, Office of the CTO
April, 2012
2. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
3. Content of this presentation based on:
Cisco Press, January 2011, ISBN-10: 1-58714-243-0, ISBN-13: 978-1-58714-243-7
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
4. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4
5. Media Rich Mobile Tablets and Devices—
Everyone’s Got One
50% of Fortune 500 are testing or No Wires
deploying iPads*
By 2015, tablets will constitute
50% of laptop sales**
ORGANIZATION
TIME
Source: *Apple Inc, Quarterly Financial Report, **The US PC Consumer Market in 2015 – Forrester Research
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
6. The Mobile Internet is Changing Everything
New Devices More
Broadband
New
New Pricing Applications
Video will be 66% of mobile traffic by 2014.
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6
7. Scaling the Mobile Internet
Delivering 39 fold increase in Supply
39x
Growth
Macro
1000 Capacity
Average
Macro Cell
100
Growth
Efficiency
10 Spectrum
1
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: Agilent
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7
8. All WAN Radio Technologies Leading to
IP…
4G
3.5G
2G 3G
GSM Edge
LTE LTE-A
802.11
CDMA WCDMA
HSPA,
EVDO IP
WiMAX
WiMAX
802.16m
802.16e
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
9. The Mobile Internet
§ … is not a new Internet, but rather an evolution
(again) to deal with changed usage patterns
§ “a pervasive Internet Protocol-based network that
links fixed and mobile nodes, whether they are
sensors or servers, standalone, distributed, battery,
or line powered”
§ Mobility is a central concept
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9
10. What is Mobility?
Client Mobility
• Subscriber mobility across different radio towers
• Subscriber mobility across radio technologies (WiFi/WiMAX/EVDO/LTE)
Device Mobility
• Access services across multiple devices
• Access services across multiple operator domains
Content Mobility
• Intelligent pre-positioning of content based on subscriber trends
• Content routing for efficient distribution of high-bandwidth content
Services Mobility
• Network cloud model – virtualized services offered through the
network
• Network Services available to all subscribers (wired, wireless)
Application Mobility
• Cloud computing environment
• Software-as-a-Service models for subscriber base
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10
11. Session Persistency
§ Mobility events do not impact user traffic and allow
sessions to be maintained
§ There is persistent and there is persistent….
No perception of change by user
Application stall and resume
Application stall and no recovery
§ Some applications are more sensitive than others,
in the sense that user experience is degraded
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11
12. Summary
§ Number of devices increasing
§ New types of devices
§ Use of mobile data increasing
§ No single radio network can support all demand
Capacity
Cost
Coverage
§ Roaming between radio technologies necessary
§ User Experience must not suffer
Session Persistency
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12
13. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13
14. The TCP/IP 5 Layer Model
Application SMTP, HTTP, SIP, etc.
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, MPTCP
Network IPv4, IPv6, MIP, LISP
Link Ethernet, 3G, WiFi
Physical Fiber, Copper, Wireless
Note: No Session Layer!
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
15. What is a Session?
§ "Shared State between Communication Endpoints
that is not specific to the Network Path”
§ TCP/IP Networks don’t implement a Session Layer,
instead they use the Socket API
Abstract endpoint for a communication session called
“socket”
TCP session: {local IP, local port, remote IP, remote port,
socket id}
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15
16. Socket API
Application SMTP, HTTP, SIP, etc.
Socket API {local IP, remote IP,..}
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, MPTCP
Network IPv4, IPv6, MIP, LISP
Link Ethernet, 3G, WiFi
Physical Fiber, Copper, Wireless
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16
17. The Locator-Identifier Problem
§ IP-address functions as:
Destination for an IP-packet
Identifier of a communication session (as part of the TCP
5-tuple)
§ So when a mobile node changes its Point of
Attachment (PoA), the session breaks!
§ Solving the mobility problem is about ignoring,
solving or circumventing the Locator-Identifier
Separation problem
At different layers
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17
18. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18
19. Nomadicity
§ Use the Internet and its services regardless of
location and time
§ Roaming/Federated access to networks and
services
Not operated by the “home” operator
§ Key challenge: Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting in a roaming situation
§ Examples:
Network: 3GPP Roaming, WiFi Roaming (eduroam)
Application: SAML, IMS, DDNS based
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19
20. Most Mobile Internet Usage Takes Place in Fixed
Locations ( Enterprise is a key location )
Percent of U.S. Mobile Internet Usage Taking
Place in Each Location
38% 46 minutes
On the Go 56%
§ Email
27% 33 minutes § Search
In an Office 10% § Maps
§ IM
At Home 34% 35% 43 minutes § Web Browsing
§ Entertainment
Infrequent User Everyday User
76 minutes of data activity per week per user can be
offloaded through Fixed-Mobile Convergence solutions
Source: Cisco IBSG, 2009 Base: U.S. Mobile Internet users
BRKSPM-1002_C1 © 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
21. Mobile Data Occurs at Home and Work
§ 44% of data usage on smartphones occurs at
home1
§ 60% of mobile data traffic will be generated in the
home by 20132 ( Infra for SP and teleworker become the same )
§ 36% of mobile calls are initiated at home
One number; one address book
The mobile phone Other
19%
competes in the home Car
with the PC & TV 13%
Public Home
Transport 36%
1 Nokia smartphone survey, Dec 2007 8%
2 Informa Telecoms and Media, Work
Mobile Broadband Access at Home report, Aug 2008
24%
Source: Analysys Research 2006
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21
22. Roaming/Federation
§ Authentication
Relying Party
§ Federation
Trust (roaming agreement)
§ Attribute Exchange
§ API
Identity
Transitive trust
Provider
Trust (authentication)
Client
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22
23. WiFi Access with 802.1X (EAP+RADIUS)
Supplicant
Authenticator RADIUS server
(AP or switch) University A User
DB
user@university_a.nl
Internet
Employee Commercial
VLAN VLAN
Student
VLAN
signaling
data
Courtesy: SURFnet
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23
24. EAP for Authentication
EAP Peer Authentication Server
EAP Method EAP Method
EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS,
EAP-FAST EAP-FAST
EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, etc EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, etc
EAP Framework EAP Framework
EAP Logical Connection
Supplicant EAP Authenticator RADIUS
Transport-Layer
Authentication RADIUS
Transport-Layer RADIUS
Method
Protocol (EAPoL)
Transfer EAP authentication
parameters
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24
25. eduroam
Supplicant
Authenticator RADIUS server RADIUS server
(AP or switch) University A User University B User
DB DB
Visiting user
user@university_b.nl SURFnet
Employee Commercial
VLAN VLAN Central .nl
RADIUS
Student
Proxy server
VLAN
§ Authentication: EAP
§ Authorization: Implicit (+VLANs)
§ Attributes: RADIUS
signalling
data
§ Federation: RADIUS hierarchy
Courtesy: SURFnet
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25
26. Why (not) stick to Nomadicity?
§ Allows for nomadic access
§ Many applications are (or should be) tolerant to
changing PoA
But:
§ No seamless mobility
§ Many applications are not tolerant to changing PoA
§ Requires operator involvement
Or accounts with many operators
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26
27. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27
28. Data Layer Mobility
§ Below the IP-layer
§ In Data Layer domain (Ethernet)
Ethernet bridging
DHCP
WLAN mobility
§ Across Data Layer domains
Behave like a Data Layer domain
Using tunneling
§ Examples: CAPWAP, GTP, PMIPv4, PMIPv6
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28
29. WiFi Mobility
Core
Tier
Distribution
Tier
Access
Tier
AP#1 AP#2 AP#3 AP#4
ü û
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29
30. Control And Provisioning of Wireless
Access Points (CAPWAP)
Conventional “fat”
Wireless LAN
Access Point
IEEE 802.11
Station
“Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11 “Light Weight Access
Station Access Point” Controller”
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30
31. Inter-WLC Mobility
Controller #1 Controller
managing #2
AP#1 managing
AP#2
AP#1 on different IP AP#2 on different IP
Subnet than Subnet than
Controller#1 Controller#2
Common
Extended
BSS
Client moves from
AP#1 à AP#2
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31
32. Why (not) Data Layer Mobility?
§ Solving mobility below IP-layer
§ IP PoA stable
§ Location Privacy
But:
§ Scalability Issues
Tunnels
§ Mutual trust between operators needed
§ Heterogeneous access networks
Virtual Interface Adaptors
§ Location changes invisible
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32
33. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application,
Locator-Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33
34. Network Layer Mobility
§ Endpoint changes point of attachment
§ Two options:
Mobile node keeps IP-address
Hierarchical structure of IP-addressing doesn’t map to the topology, so
network can not properly route
Mobile node changes IP-address
All TCP sessions break
§ Solution: separate IP address space for routing and
for end-point identification
§ Examples: Mobile IPv4, Mobile IPv6, Dual Stack
Mobile IP, IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming, VPN
solutions with Auto-reconnect
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
35. Mobile IPv4
§ 2 IP “Layers”
Endpoint Identifiers
Routing
§ Mobile Node has a persistent IP-address in the
home network (Home Address)
§ Mobile Node informs the home network of the IP-
address of the current PoA (Care of Address)
§ Traffic is tunneled between home network and
Mobile Node
Either all traffic or just Correspondent Node originated
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35
36. Mobile IPv4 routing with FA CoA
Home Agent
10.1.1.254
Mobile Node A Foreign Agent
Home Address 10.1.1.1 192.168.1.254
Visited Network A Home Network Local Network B Correspondent Node
192.168.1.0/24 10.1.0.0/16 172.16.1.1
Mobile Node to Correspondent Node
Source IP Destination IP
10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1
Foreign Agent to Mobile Node Home Agent to Foreign Agent CoA Correspondent Node to Home Agent
Source IP Destination Outer Outer Inner Source Inner Source IP Destination
IP Source IP Destination IP Destination IP
IP IP
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
10.1.1.254 192.168.1.25 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
4
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36
37. Mobile IPv4 routing with CCoA
Home Agent
10.1.1.254
Mobile Node A Foreign Agent
Home Address 10.1.1.1 192.168.1.254
CCoA 192.168.1.1 Visited Network A Home Network Local Network B Correspondent Node
192.168.1.0/24 10.1.0.0/16 172.16.1.1
Mobile Node to Correspondent Node
Source IP Destination IP
10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1
Home Agent to Foreign Agent CoA Correspondent Node to Home Agent
Outer Outer Inner Inner Source IP Destination
Source IP Destination Source IP Destination IP
IP IP
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
10.1.1.254 192.168.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37
38. Why (not) Network Layer Mobility?
§ Endpoint has stable rendezvous point
TCP sessions can be maintained
Provides for location privacy
But
§ Requires Layer 2 interactions
Proxy ARP
Gratuitous ARP
§ Granularity smaller than whole node difficult
§ Tunnels
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38
39. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39
40. Transport/Session Layer Mobility
§ Main protocols: TCP and UDP
TCP mostly relevant because of connection oriented character
§ This layer is aware of changing PoA and can deal with it
§ TCP assumes stable end2end path for congestion
control
§ Required functions:
Reconfiguration of host for new network (Examples: DHCP, IP
auto-config)
Ensuring reachability for new connections (Example: Dynamic
DNS)
Updating existing connections and bindings (Examples:
SCTP, MPTCP, MSOCKS, Migrate Internet Project, SLM)
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40
41. Stream Control Transmission Protocol
§ General purpose transport layer protocol that can
be used instead of TCP or UDP
§ Any application that runs over TCP also runs over
SCTP
§ Similar to TCP (Point-to-point, connection oriented,
reliable delivery, congestion control, packet loss
recovery, rate adaption)
§ But different: multipath, multihoming
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41
42. SCTP Multistream
Stream Client Stream Client
Non-Sequenced Data Flow
Stream Client Stream Client
Sequenced Data Flow
Stream Client Stream Client
Sequenced Data Flow
SCTP SCTP
Protocol Reliable Delivery, Congestion Control Protocol
Packet Loss Recovery, Rate Adaptation
IP IP
Protocol Packet Delivery Protocol
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42
43. SCTP Multihoming
Client Server
Application Layer App App App App App App Application Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer SCTP SCTP Association SCTP Transport Layer
Network Layer IP1 IP2 IP Network Layer
Datalink Layer INT1 INT2 INT Datalink Layer
Backup Path
Primary Path
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43
44. SCTP and Mobility
§ Dynamic Address Reconfiguration
Changing Primary Address
Add or Delete Addresses
§ SCTP ADDIP
Set Primary Address
Add IP Address
Delete IP Address
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44
45. Why (not) Transport Layer Mobility?
§ Inherent route optimization
No reliance on tunnels
No obscuring of changing PoA
No triangular routing
§ Inherent travel of security elements
No topologically incorrect source addresses (CoA) showing up at firewalls
etc.
§ Ability to pause transmissions during temporary disconnection
§ Ability to apply per flow optimization
§ Ability to tailor transport characteristics to application needs
But:
§ Solutions require kernel changes
§ Reliance on lower layers
“Connection Manager”
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45
46. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46
47. Application Layer Mobility
§ Lower layer solutions use IP-addresses as endpoint
identifiers
§ Application mobility uses non-IP identifiers
§ User-Centric Mobility
Device Orientation => Person Orientation
Session Continuity across devices
§ Basic functionality needed:
Authentication
Registration
Rendezvous Service
§ Examples: DDNS, SIP REFER, HTTP cookies, Adaptive
Video
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47
48. SIP Architecture
Location
Server
SIP SIP Redirect
Registrar Server
SIP
SIP SIP
SIP User SIP SIP User
Agent Proxy Agent
Server
RTP based Media
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48
49. SIP Registration
Charlie’s SIP Registrar
Phone
SIP REGISTER Request
SIP REGISTER Response
200 (OK)
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49
50. SIP Digest Authentication
SIP User SIP
Agent Registrar
SIP REGISTER Request
SIP REGISTER Response
401 (Unauthorized)
WWW-Authenticate
header
SIP REGISTER Request
Authorization header
SIP REGISTER Response
200 (OK)
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50
51. SIP Rendezvous
Charlie’s
SIP User Harry’s
Agent SIP Proxy SIP User
Agent
SIP INVITE Request
(SDP Offer) SIP INVITE Request
(SDP Offer)
180 Ringing
180 Ringing 200 OK
(SDP Answer)
200 OK
(SDP Answer)
ACK
RTP Media
BYE
200 OK
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51
52. SIP REFER
Charlie’s Mobile
Phone SIP Proxy Harry’s
Charlie’s PC SIP User Agent
INVITE/200OK/ACK
RTP Media
REFER/202 Accepted REFER/202 Accepted
INVITE INVITE
BYE/200 OK BYE/200 OK
200 OK 200 OK
ACK ACK
RTP Media
NOTIFY (refer success)/200 OK NOTIFY (refer success) /200 OK
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 52
53. Why (not) Application Layer Mobility?
§ Does not need kernel changes
§ Allows for “User-Centric Mobility”
§ Correspondent node aware of changes in IP-
address of Mobile Node
Geo-Location based services possible
But:
§ Has to be done for each and every application
§ When combined with Geo-location privacy concerns
may arise
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53
54. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Nomadicity, Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-
Identifier Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54
55. Locator-Identifier Separation
§ Two broad categories
Introduce an extra layer to hold the Endpoint Identifier
(encapsulated within packets with Routing Locators)
Split IPv6 Address Space into part that has topological
meaning and part that identifies host
§ Both categories can be further divided into approaches
that act at the host and those that act at the border
between site and core networks
§ Examples:
HIP (extra layer at host)
LISP-MN (extra layer at border)
ILNP (address split at host)
NPTv6 (NAT66) (address space split at border)
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 55
56. Network Prefix Translation IPv6
§ Address independence between local and core
network
IPv6 addresses ‘inside’ don’t have to change if the prefix
announced to the outside world changes
§ Stateless
No port mapping
Default mapping mechanism of addresses
§ IP header changes
Security mechanisms that provide header protection still
fail
§ Works particularly well for site mobility
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 56
57. NPTv6 Operation
Internal External
Prefix: Prefix
FD01:0203:0 2001:0DB8:0
405:/48 001:/48
Internet Core
NAT66 device
Source Address: Dest Address:
FD01:0203:0405:0001::1234 2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234
FD01:0203:0405:0001::1234 -> 2001:0DB8:001:D550::1234 -> 2001:0DB8:001:D550::1234 ->
2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234 2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234 2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234
2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234-> 2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234-> 2001:0DB8:5555:0001::1234->
FD01:0203:0405:0001::1234 2001:0DB8:001:D550::1234 2001:0DB8:001:D550::1234
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57
58. Why (not) introducing Locator-Identifier
Separation?
§ Separation of Endpoint Identifiers and Routing
Locators
But:
§ “Flag Day” not realistic
Incremental beneficial deployment
§ May require changes in hosts and/or core networks
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58
59. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-Identifier
Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59
60. Conclusion
One size does not fit all
§ Nomadicity:
Necessary precondition, sometimes sufficient
No session continuity
§ Data layer:
Fast, invisible to upper layers
Not scalable, no visibility of lower layers
§ Network layer:
Scales well, support multiple data links, application independent
§ Transport/Session layer:
Route and flow optimization
Requires kernel changes, requires lower layer involvement
§ Application layer:
User-centric mobility, geo-tagging
Application specific, location privacy
§ Locator-Identifier Separation:
Addresses fundamental flaw
Hard to deploy
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 60
61. Agenda
§ Introduction
Trends, The Mobile Internet, Mobility
§ Challenges
Sessions, Locators and Identifiers
§ Solutions
Data, Network, Transport, Application, Locator-Identifier
Separation
§ Conclusions
§ Questions
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 61
62. Ask klaas@cisco.com or read….
;-)
Building the Mobile Internet © 20112Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62