Collections That Can Kill: National Atomic Testing Museum
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This document provides conversion factors between various units of measurement for radiation and radioactivity, such as curies to becquerels, millirads to milligrays, and milliroentgens to microcoulombs per kilogram. Multiplication factors are provided to convert between each set of units.
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Collections That Can Kill: National Atomic Testing Museum
- 4. Conversion Factors To Convert From To Multiply by Curies (Ci) becquerels (Bq) 3.7 x 10^10 millicuries (mCi) megabecquerels (MBq) 37 microcuries (μCi) megabecquerels (MBq) 0.037 millirads (mrad) milligrays (mGy) 0.01 millirems (mrem) microsieverts (μSv) 10 milliroentgens (mR) microcoulombs/kg (μC/kg) 0.258 becquerels (Bq) curies (Ci) 2.7 x 10^-11 megabecquerels (MBq) millicuries (mCi) 0.027 megabecquerels (MBq) microcuries (μCi) 27 milligrays (mGy) millirads (mrad) 100 microsieverts (μSv) millrems (mrem) 0.1 microcoulombs/kg (μC/kg) milliroentgens (mR) 3.88
- 6. Author: Iain Thompson via Wikimedia Commons
- 8. Nuclear Power Plants Author: Wanrouter via Wikimedia Commons
- 18. Red Fiesta Ware
- 20. Gilbert Atomic Energy Lab
- 24. Punch Bowl & Ashtrays
- 26. Radiendocrinator
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Types of Radiation: Alpha – Can be stopped by a sheet of paper or outer layer of skin. Alpha particles are hazardous only when they are inhaled or swallowed. Beta – Can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil or glass. Beta particles can damage skin, but are most hazardous when swallowed or inhaled. Gamma – Can be stopped by concrete, lead, or steel. Gamma rays are an extreme external hazard. Neutrons – Particles with no electrical charge. Water and concrete should be used for shielding. Can be an extreme hazard.
- Sources of Radiation: Human Body – 39 millirems (11%) of the average person’s total exposure emanates from within the body itself. Terrestrial Sources – Radon is the largest source of radiation exposure (200 millirems or 55% per year) in the United States. Rocks, soil, and building materials derived from the earth’s crust, like granite, account for an additional 28 millirems per year. Cosmic Rays – Average person receives about 28 millirems per year (8%) of their total exposure from cosmic radiation from outer space. Man-Made – X-rays and nuclear medicine procedures (45 millirems or 15%). Consumer products (9 millirems or 3%).
- Exposure Visible Effects (among a group of people) 0-50 R No visible effect. 50-200 R Brief periods of nausea on day of exposure. 50% may experience radiation sickness (nausea and vomit). 5% may require medical attention. No deaths are expected. 200-450 R Most members of the group will require medical attention because of serious radiation sickness. 50% deaths within 2-4 weeks. 450-600 R Serious radiation sickness in all members of the group. Medical attention required. Death to more than 50% within 1-3 weeks. Over 600 R Severe radiation sickness. 100% deaths in 2 weeks.
- - Circa 1930s - Homer Laughlin Company of West Virginia - Red was the most popular color despite being the most expensive. - Adding uranium oxide in the glaze created reddish orange color. - Red Fiesta Ware became a victim of WWII (US government confiscated the company’s stocks of uranium for use in atomic bomb production). - Fiesta red disappeared until 1959. Began using depleted uranium rather than the original natural uranium. - Almost any antique ceramic with a deep orange/red color is likely to be radioactive. 1936-1943 Fiesta red was produced using natural uranium 1959-1969 Fiesta red Fiesta Ware was produced using depleted uranium 1969-1973 Fiesta red Fiesta Ironstone was produced using depleted uranium - Oak Ridge Associated Universities
- - Dials painted with radio-luminescent paint containing radium. - The 1900s (decade) were the peak of radium dial production. - Radium dials were almost always painted by young women. - Ingestion of radium - Caused serious jaw-bone degeneration and other dental diseases. - A group of radium painters known as the Radium Girls sued the United States Radium Corporation in 1925 to get the disease, radium-induced osteonecrosis recognized as an occupational disease.
- - Available from 1951 to 1952. - Cost $50 (relatively high price for the time period). - Most elaborate atomic energy educational set ever produced. - Contained four types of uranium ore.
- - Circa 1950s - Used in atomic tests at the “Doom Town” in Yucca Flat, NV (Nevada Test Site) - Featured a dozen or more structures (houses, stores and warehouses). - The towns were populated by posed mannequins. - Mannequins donated to test site by JC Penney. - These test were televised.
- - Test site workers would sometimes bury items near the site of atomic tests. - These items would become radioactive and coveted as souvenirs from the test. - The bowl was one such item and was present at a wedding filled with punch. - The ashtray was placed near the Kiwi-B reactor (Project Rover, main series of the nuclear-rocket engine tests) before it was tested.
- - From the early 1900s. - Patented in 1912 by R. W. Thomas, by the Radium Ore Revigator Co. of San Francisco, CA. - The user was supposed to fill with water overnight. The water would be irradiated by the uranium and radium in the liner. The radioactive water was to be consumed the next day. - Marketed as a health device. - Contained radon, arsenic, lead, vanadium, and uranium (all were in the liner).
- - Invented by William J. Bailey (died in 1949 of bladder cancer). - Cost $150. - Intended to be placed over endocrine glands. - From advertisement “Male – Place Radiendocrinator in the pocket of the adaptor with the window facing upward toward the body. Wear adaptor like any other “athletic strap”, the cloth label in front). This puts the instrument under the scrotum as it should be. Wear at night. Radiate as directed.”