1. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 1 The Scientific Revolution and the Philosophical Response Chapter 14 Pages 452-466

2. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 2 Objectives Important Influences of the Enlightenment The Scientific Revolution Philosophy responds to Science The Age of Reason

3. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 3 I. Important Influences The Renaissance The Reformation

4. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 4 A. The Renaissance Rediscovery of Classical knowledge Humanism: Secular Self awareness Study of Liberal arts

5. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 5 B. The Reformation Ends the monopoly of the Catholic Church. Huge explosion of new interpretations of the Bible. Demonstrates a challenge to authority.

6. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 6 II. Scientific Revolution Copernicus Kepler Galileo Sir Isaac Newton Conflict with the church.

7. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 7 A. Copernicus Before Copernicus the Ptolemaic or geocentric view of the Universe dominated. Accepted by Aristotle and Ptolemy The Church taught that God put us at the center of the Universe. Copernicus challenged this view and argued for the heliocentric or sun centered view.

8. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 8 Ptolemaic

9. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 9 The Church Position

10. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 10 The Heliocentric Model

11. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 11 B. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Continued work of Tycho Brahe (1536-1601). Proposed 3 laws of planetary motion. Planets revolve around sun in elliptical orbit. Planets move more rapidly as they approach sun. Time to complete orbit varies with distance. Development process of Scientific method.

12. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 12 C. Galileo (1564-1642) He built a telescope and studied the heavens. His findings proved the Copernican model correct. This became a challenge to the church authority. He will be forced to recant and under house arrest the rest of his life.

13. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 13 D. Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton World has natural laws Laws of Gravity and motion that unified the heavens and the earth The world has natural laws to explain it. Humans also have laws that govern them. We, as humans, can use reason to discover these laws.

14. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 14 III. Philosophy responds to Science Nature as Mechanism Influence of Francis Bacon Rene Descartes Thomas Hobbes John Locke

15. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 15 A. Nature as Mechanism Science can be used to explain the world “It is a machine of natural parts, not divine” Kepler God may be a designer, but not actively involved Europeans looked at the world to discover knowledge and understand nature, not to understand the divine.

16. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 16 B. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Father of empiricism Learning through experience and perception Advocated learning Leave the past (antiquity) Discover new knowledge Knowledge should be useful to humanity

17. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 17 C. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Mathematician Analytical geometry Mathematical models Believed God have given men reason Man can use reason to understand the world The power of Science

18. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 18 D. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Man is self interested State of nature is war Hobbes Social Contract: People needed to surrender liberty in order to maintain order and security Strong central authority is needed Without government life would short, nasty and brutish

19. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 19

20. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 20 E. John Locke. (1632-1704) Essay Concerning Human Understanding” Knowledge is gained from experience. Man is Good Rejected concept of original sin. Humans could improve society through reason.

21. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 21 John Locke " Men (are) by nature all free, equal and independent. No one can be put out of his estate ( liberty and property) without his own consent. The only way whereby anyone divests himself of his natural liberty and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community for there comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst the other."

22. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 22 John Locke State of nature is freedom Rejected absolutism Advocated idea of Social Contract, but with reason and limited authority Advocated religious tolerance amongst Christians Huge impact on American political thought

23. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 23 IV. The Age of Reason The Values Long term impact

24. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 24 A. Values Reason Philosophes viewed reason as the absence of intolerance and bigotry. Through reason society could be improved and true happiness be found. Nature Their were laws of nature for all things. People could use reason to discover these laws. These natural laws could be used to explain economics, politics as well as motion.

25. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 25 A. Values Happiness People who live in a perfect state of nature will be happy. Rejected idea of misery on Earth as a ticket to heaven. Believed happiness could be achieved on earth. Progress Society can be improved. Science can improve society. Understanding of Natural laws could improve society.

26. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 26 A. Values Liberty Restrictions on trade, religion and speech were seen as harmful. Through reason people could be set free.

27. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 27 B. The Long Term Impact Emphasis on the studying nature. Belief that Science can explain all? Scientific findings challenged the Authority of the Church. Science conflicted with the Bible. How can the Bible be wrong? Conflict still continues today. Evolution versus Creationism. Also challenge authority of oppressive governments The role of Technology Our dependence on it. It has completely changes our lives.

28. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 28 With the Enlightenment: The State becomes the common bond holding society together. The scientist and the university educated scholar become the source of knowledge. Natural Law and Reason, rather than revelation or the decrees of the Church become the source of moral authority. In the methods of science, European’s believed they had found the source of truth. The Enlightenment is an attempt to find the laws of human society in the same way that Newton had found the laws of nature.

29. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 29 What we know… How did the Scientific Revolution challenge the way people saw the world? How were nature and reason so important to the Scientific Revolution. How did the Scientific Revolution influence the thinking of Locke and Hobbes?

30. 9/26/2009 10.2 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on political Thought 30 Terms Scientific Revolution Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton Mechanism Empiricism Bacon Descartes Hobbes Locke