Sulfalinamide synthesis
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Synthesis Presentation on Sulfalinamide
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Sulfalinamide synthesis
- 3. Back in early 1900âs, Ehrlich hypothesized that certain dyes could selectively âstainâ harmful bacteria cells without harming host cells. He referred to such compounds as âmagic bulletsâ and coined the term chemotherapy as a general descriptor for chemical remedies targeted to selectively kill infectious cells.
- 4. Building on Ehrlichâs early work, Gerhard Domagk, a medical doctor employed by a German dye manufacturer made a breakthrough discovery by finding that a dye known as prontosil, dosed orally, was effective in curing life threatening streptococci infections in humans. He made the discovery in a desperate, but successful attempt to save his daughter who was dying of a streptococci infection.
- 5. Sulfanilamide (sulphanilamide) is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Chemically, it is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an aniline.Its molecular structure is similar to p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which is needed in bacteria organisms as a substrate of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF). Sulfonamides, derived from chiefly sulfanilamide, are capable of interfering with the metabolic processes in bacteria that require PABA. They act as antimicrobial agents by inhibiting bacterial growth and activity and commonly called sulfa drugs.
- 19. Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) catalyses the condensation of 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine pyrophosphate to para-aminobenzoic acid to form 7,8- dihydropteroate. This is the second step in the three-step pathway leading from 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin to 7,8-dihydrofolate. DHPS is the target of sulphonamides, which are substrate analogues that compete with para-aminobenzoic acid. Bacterial DHPS is the C-terminal domain of a multifunctional folate synthesis enzyme which then proceeds to their rapid replication.
- 25. âdiscovery triggered a flurry of research on structural derivatives of sulfanilamide which resulted in development of a family of highly successful antibiotics. . .â ď Sulfapyridine was shown to be effective against pneumonia in 1938. ď Sulfacetamide found highly successful use in fighting urinary tract infections starting in 1941. ď Succinoylsulfathiazole has been used against gastrointestinal tract infections since 1942. ď Sulfathiazole was used very effectively during World War II to fight infection in soldiers with battle wounds. ď Sulfanilamide itself, a potent antibiotic, never gained widespread use due to its greater human toxicity versus its various derivatives.
- 29. rash; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue ; fever, chills, or persistent sore throat; increased discomfort; unusual itching or burning.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Preparation of Aniline via Reduction of Nitrobenzene A wide range of nitrobenzene derivatives can be easily made via regioselective nitration of substituted benzenes. Reduction of the nitrobenzene derivatives using tin/hydrochloric acid provides a convenient and high yielding route to a wide variety of aromatic amines. The simplest case is the synthesis of aniline from nitrobenzene. Inthis reaction, tin metal serves as the reducing agent and is oxidized to stannic chloride, SnCl4. The crude aniline product is contaminated with unreacted nitrobenzene as well as benzidene and 4-aminophenol formed as byproducts in the reduction. It is purified using a combination of steam distillation and extraction.
- Aniline can be easily converted to acetanilide by acetylation reaction using acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate. The purpose of this step is to protect the amine functional group from entering into unwanted reactions during the subsequent chlorosulfonation and amination steps. Without protection, the free amine, under the strong acid conditions of chlorosulfonation, would protonate or react with strong Lewis acids present (such as SO3), resulting in deactivation of the ring toward chlorosulfonation and loss of regioselectivity. Using amidation as a protecting group strategy allows the free amine to be regenerated under mild conditions in the final step without hydrolysis of the more hydrolytically stable sulfonamide group.
- The chlorosulfonyl group can be introduced para to the acetamide group in one step using the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction known as chlorosulfonation: This reaction is more complicated than it looks at first inspection. The electrophile that initially adds to the ring is probably SO3, forming the sulfonic acid. The initially formed substitution product is the sulfonic acid. Substitution is essentially all para due to combined electronic and steric effects. The sulfonic acid is then converted to 4- acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride by reaction with excess chlorosulfonic acid, generating sulfuric acid as the co-product.
- Preparation of 4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride is converted to the corresponding sulfonamide by reaction with aqueous ammonia. The reaction equation is shown at the top of the following page. This step is carried out immediately after isolating the 4- acetamidosulfonyl chloride to prevent losses due to hydrolysis of the sulfonyl chloride.
- Preparation of Sulfanilamide The acetamide group of 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonamide can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions without affecting the sulfonamide group, which hydrolyzes much more slowly. As a final step, the acidic hydrolysis solution is neutralized with sodium carbonate to isolate sulfanilamideâŚ
- The Problem There are many chemicals that are lethal to bacteria â cyanide does a good job â but they cannot be used to cure infections because they are lethal to the host as well. The problem, then, is to find substances that attack a metabolic pathway found in the bacterium but not in the host. This is not an insurmountable problem for bacterial pathogens because they differ in many respects from eukaryotes. Sulfonamides are structural analogs and competitive antagonists of para-aminobenzoic acid(PABA). They inhibit normal bacterial utilization of PABA for the synthesis of folic acid, an important metabolite in DNA synthesis.[9] The effects seen are usually bacteriostatic in nature. Folic acid is not synthesized in humans, but is instead a dietary requirement. This allows for the selective toxicity to bacterial cells (or any cell dependent on synthesizing folic acid) over human cells. Bacterial resistance to sulfamethoxazole is caused by mutations in the enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis that prevent the drug from binding to it. Folic Acid Analogs These synthetic molecules block the final step in the conversion of PABA to folic acid so they, too, block nucleotide and protein synthesis in bacteria but not in mammals. Trimethoprim is one of several in current use. These folic acid analogs are often used in combination with a sulfa drug.
- The sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics with a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of p-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues.