2. Homeostasis Medulla oblongata: respiration & circulation Pituitary gland: regulates other glands-growth, maturation, reproduction Reticular formation: nerve cells help control vital reflexes such as cardiovascular function & respiration
3. Homeostasis: Feedback Mechanisms Sensor mechanism: senses disruptions in homeostasis Control center: regulates body’s response to disruptions in homeostasis Effector mechanism acts to restore homeostasis
4. Feedback mechanisms An endocrine gland usually controls the sensor sensor mechanism. Signal sent to the control center in the CNS, which initiates the effector mechanism Feedback mechanism negative feedback and positive feedback
5. Feedback Mechanisms Negative Works to restore homeostasis by correcting a deficit within the system Positive Hormone secretion triggers additional hormone secretion
6. Negative Feedback= Positive Result High blood glucose Sensor Mechanism Control center Effector Mechanism Pancreas Insulin Normal glucose
8. Types of Cell Injury: Infectious Viruses Fungi Protozoa bacteria Affect cell integrity by interfering with cell synthesis, producing mutant cells. Example: HIV alters the cell when the virus is replicated in the cells RNA.
9. Types of Injury: Physical Thermal Electrical/Radiation radiation therapy, x-rays, ultraviolent radiation Mechanical Trauma MVA, frostbite, ischemia Surgery
10. Types of Injury: Deficit Lack of basic requirement = cell disruption or death Water Oxygen Nutrient Constant temperature & adequate waste disposal aren’t maintained Cellular synthesis can’t take place
11. Illness Occurs when a person is no longer in a state of “normal” health Enables a person’s body to adapt to the disease Example: patient has CAD, DM, or asthma but not ill all the time because their body has adapted to the disease (able to perform ADLs)
12. Cause of Disease Etiology = cause Cause may be intrinsic-inside the body extrinsic-outside the body Idiopathic = diseases with no known cause
13. Causes of Disease Intrinsic -hereditary, age, gender Extrinsic -infectious agents or behaviors: nutritional problems, temperature extremes, inactivity, drug use, infectious agents, smoking, trauma, chemical exposure, psychological stressors
22. Resistance Body responding to the stressor & attempts to return to homeostasis If stress resolves, the body should be able to return to normal state (recovery) If stress doesn’t stop, the Exhaustion stage begins Coping mechanism used
23. Exhaustion Marks the onset of disease Organ damage begins The body no longer produce hormones as in the alarm stage
24. Disease Development Signs & Symptoms Increase mechanical function: seizure Increase or decrease in metabolism or cell division hyperfunction hypofunction
25. Disease Stages 1. Exposure to injury: target tissue exposed to a causative agent or is injured 2. Incubation period: no signs & symptoms evident 3. Prodromal period: mild nonspecific signs & symptoms
26. Disease Stages 4. Acute phase Disease reached its full intensity & complications commonly arise If pt can function its call the subclinical acute phase
27. Disease Stages 5. Remission occurs in some diseases; followed by another acute phase. 6. Convalescence Rehabilitation; progress towards recovery 7. Recovery regains health or normal functioning; no s & s
90. Shock Widespread serious reduction of tissue perfusion Lack of O2 & nutrients If prolonged, leads to generalized impairment of cellular functioning
91. Shock & Arterial Pressure Arterial pressure is driving force of blood flow to organs. Dependent on Cardiac output to perfuse body Peripheral vasomotor tone to return blood & other fluids to heart Amount of circulating blood ↓ cardiac output or perpheral vascular tone with compensatory elevation in the other -> hypotension
92. Shock: Client’s at Risk Very young & very old MI patients Severe dysrhythmia Adrenocortical dysfunction H/O recent hemorrhage or blood loss Burns Massive or overwhelming infection
106. Shock: Nursing Interventions Maintain patent airway and adequate ventilation Establish and maintain airway Administer oxygen as ordered Monitor respiratory status, blood gases Start resuscitative procedures as necessary
107. Shock: Nursing Interventions Administer fluid and blood replacement as ordered Diuretics to increase urine output after IVFs
108. Shock: Nursing Interventions Sodium bicarbonate to treat acidosis Calcium to replace Ca+ loss due to blood transfusions Antiarrthythmic agents to stabilize heart rhythm
109. Shock: Nursing Interventions Antibiotics to suppress organisms responsible for septic shock Cardiotonic glycosides, such as, digitalis, to treat cardiac failure Steroids to treat anaphylactic shock
110. Shock: Nursing Interventions Minimize factors contributing to shock. Elevate lower extremities to 45°promote venous return to heart; improves cardiac output Avoid Trendelenburg's position: increases respiratory impairment
111. Shock: Nursing Interventions Minimize factors contributing to shock. Promote rest- conserves energy measures Keep client warm
112. Shock: Nursing Interventions Relieve pain by cautious use of narcotics Narcotics interfere with vasoconstriction When circulation improves, overdose may occur
113. Shock: Nursing Interventions Maintain continuous assessment of the client Check vital signs frequently Report urine output less than 30 ml/hour Observe color and temperature of skin Monitor CVP Monitor ECG
