1. MEMBERS:
MOHD AZIZI AL-HAFIZ BIN WIRZAL
SITI NORATIKA BINTI AHMAD
WAN NURUL SYAFAWANI BINTI WAN MOHD TAUFEK
AIMAN ARIF BIN MOHAMED BUKHARY
MOHAMAD ABDIN SHAKIRIN BIN SAMRI
SITI ATIKAH BINTI KADIAN
WAN MOHD HILMEY BIN W MOHD ARIFIN

2. PARAMETERS USED TO MEASURE WATER
POLLUTION.
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• pH
• Temperature Change
• Fecal Coliform
• Nitrate content
• Phosphate content
• Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
• Turbidity

3. DISSOLVED
OXYGEN

4. WHAT?
• Amount of oxygen freely
available in water.
• From atmosphere and plant.
• Running water dissolve more
oxygen than still water.

5. WHY?
• Aquatic animals consumes oxygen for their
survival.
• Decomposition.
• Chemical reactions.
• Stormwater runoff from farmland or urban
streets, feedlots and failing septic system.

6. DEPENDING ON?
• Water temperature.
• Altitude.

7. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN KELANTAN’S
RIVER
The DO levels of the Kelantan River varied from 5.60 to
6.57 mg/L

8. CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND pH
VALUE
• The water temperature is the most important
ecological factor because it controls the
physiological behavior and distribution of an
organisms. (Krishnamoorthy,2011)
• pH is one of the most important factors serves
as index for pollution. (Tan and
Rohasliney,2011)

9. Tan and Rohasliney,2011

10. Notes:
Class Uses
l -Conservation of natural environment
- practically no treatment necessary (except by disinfection of boiling only)
llA - conventional treatment required
llB -Recreational use with body contact
lll - extensive treatment required
lV -Irrigation
V -None of the above
• Normal kelantan water temperature range is 25.29 - 25.98 celcius. (Tan and
Rohasliney, 2011)

11. Wet and dry season
• In wet season pH of the water in Kelantan ranged
between 5.2 to 8.1, with an average of 6.5. While
during dry season the well water samples
become more acidic, with pH ranging between
4.7 and 6.9, with an average of 5.7. (Zani,
Wahidah and Hasliza, 2005)
• Based on the INWQS the wet season average falls
into Class I, while the dry season falls into Class III
category. This observation might be attributed to
the great reduction in water volume in the wells
during dry season.

13.  Form of bacteria found in human and animal
waste.
 From poor water treatment.
 Do not dangerous as themselves but they may
some lead to other disease.

14.  Found in ice cubes
 Origin: poor quality of water in Kelantan.
 The manufacturing of ice cubes are used this
kind of water.
 Ice cubes are distributed to all place.
 Ice cubes are the necessity for Kelantanese in
this hot weather.

15.  Food poisoning
 Diarrhoea
 Fever
 Stomach ache
 Headache

16.  District Number of Samples Total Coliform (MPN/100ml)
E.coli (MPN/100ml) Salmonella species (MPN/100ml)
 Bachok 40 215.73±1082.2 0.0 0.0
 Gua Musang 21 62.48±158.2 24.95±104.37 0.0
 Kota Bharu 76 1218.5±4062.9 7.93±32.55 0.33±0.88
 Kuala Krai 22 1.45±4.15 0.09±0.43 0.0
 Machang 20 8.80±22.85 4.05±12.52 0.0
 Pasir Mas 55 4.62±21.39 1.69±9.67 0.0
 Pasir Puteh 80 564.92±2377 4.88±30 0.0
 Tanah Merah 20 2.45±3.97 0.10±0.447 0.0
 Tumpat 120 10780±33814 5.14±19.55 0.03±0.288
 Total 454 3175.94±18032 5.09±30.77 0.06±0.41

17.  http://www.msptm.org/files/71_-
_76_Noor_Izani_N_J.pdf
 http://h2o.water.gov.my/man_water/WRP21.
pdf

18. • Kelantan River has been used heavily by the
local people for
I. Domestic uses
II. Transportation
III. Agriculture
IV. Plantation irrigation
V. Small scale fishing industries
VI. Sand mining activities

19. • Kelantan River’s case study revealed that
I. Nitrate contents were exceed the Malaysian Interim National Water
Quality Standard (INWQS) range and were significance different Kota
Bharu and Tanah Merah.
II. Nitrate concentration of Kelantan River ranged from 13.3 to 21.7 mg/L,
exceed INWQS range. Maximum concentration was observed at Kota
Bharu and minimum at Tanah Merah.

20. I. High value of concentration of nitrate at Kota Bharu was due to the
agricultural run-off as there were few agricultural sites along Kota
Bharu. This indicated minimal influence of industrial effluents on
Kelantan River ecosystem.
II. Significance difference was found between Kuala Krai and Tanah
Merah. Highest value of nitrite concentration was observed at Kuala
Krai (0.183 + 0.122mg/L) and lowest value at Tanah Merah (0.098 +
0.030mg/L). (Tan and Rohasliney, 2011 )

22. I. Extreme high concentration of nitrate caused the poor and stressful
condition for the aquatic life in Kelantan River.
II. Nitrates are a measure of the oxidized form of nitrogen and are an
essential macronutrient in aquatic environments.
III. Nitrates can be harmful to humans, because our intestines can
break nitrates down into nitrites, which affect the ability of red blood
cells to carry oxygen and cause serious illnesses in fish (Davis and
McCuen, 2005).

23. Tan P. Y and Rohasliney H. (2011), Status of Water Quality Subject to Sand
Mining in Kelantan River, Kelantan. Kubang Kerian : Universiti Sains Malaysia.
REFERENCES

24. Total Dissolved
Solids
TDS

25. What is TDS
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the total amount of mobile
charged ions, including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a
given volume of water, expressed in units of mg per unit
volume of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per million
(ppm).
• TDS is directly related to the purity of water and the quality of
water purification systems and affects everything that
consumes, lives in, or uses water, whether organic or
inorganic, whether for better or for worse.
Sources - http://www.tdsmeter.com/what-is

26. Sources Dissolved Solids
• Organic sources such as leaves, silt, plankton, and industrial
waste and sewage. Other organic solids are runoff from urban
areas, road salts used on street during the winter, and
fertilizers and pesticides used on lawns and farms.
• Inorganic materials such as rocks and air that may contain
calcium bicarbonate, nitrogen, iron phosphorous, sulfur, and
other minerals. Many of these materials form salts, which are
compounds that contain both a metal and a nonmetal. Salts
usually dissolve in water forming ions. Ions are particles that
have a positive or negative charge.
• Water may also pick up metals such as lead or copper as they
travel through pipes used to distribute water to consumers.
Sources - http://www.tdsmeter.com/what-is

27. Why we Should Measure TDS?
• The EPA Secondary Regulations advise a maximum
contamination level (MCL) of 500mg/liter (500 parts per
million (ppm)) for TDS. Numerous water supplies exceed this
level. When TDS levels exceed 1000mg/L it is generally
considered unfit for human consumption.
Sources - http://www.tdsmeter.com/what-is

28. Bar chart of TDS Levels in
Groundwater at Kota Bharu Areas
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feb May Sep Dec Feb Apr Jul Nov
Tanjung Mas
Pintu Geng
Chicha
TDS(mg/l)
2010 2011Month

29. Amount of TDS Recorded in
Groundwater
• Tanjung Mas
• Average = 41.23 mg/l (2010)
• Highest = 50.1 mg/l (February 2010)
• Lowest = 32 mg/l (February 2010)
• Pintu Geng
• Average = 70.38 mg/l
• Highest = 92.30 mg/l (November 2011)
• Lowest = 48.4 mg/l (April 2011)
Siti Halwani, M. N.(2012). Spatial and Temporal Patterns of
Groundwater Quality at Kota Bahru, Kelantan,
1, pg. 50-51.

30. Amount of TDS Recorded in
Groundwater
• Pintu Geng
• Average = 48.99mg/l
• Highest = 51.90 mg/l (December 2010)
• Lowest = 35.00 mg/l (February 2010)
Siti Halwani, M. N.(2012). Spatial and Temporal Patterns of
Groundwater Quality at Kota Bahru, Kelantan,
1, pg. 50-51.

31. From the research…
• TDS levels for this area are small compared to the guidelines
• Therefore, water in Kelantan is drinkable .
Siti Halwani, M. N.(2012). Spatial and Temporal Patterns of
Groundwater Quality at Kota Bahru, Kelantan,
1, pg. 50-51.

32. TOTAL PHOSPHATE

33. TOTAL PHOSPHATES
• PHOSPHATES ARE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS MADE FROM THE ELEMENTS
PHOSPHOROUS AND OXYGEN; THEY ARE NECESSARY FOR PLANT AND ANIMAL
GROWTH. PHOSPHATES CAN BE PRESENT IN WATER IN MANY FORMS, SO
TOTAL PHOSPHATE GIVES AN ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF
PHOSPHATE POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE IN A GIVEN WATER SUPPLY.

34. NONPOINT SOURCES
• NATURAL: PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS AND PHOSPHATE-RICH ROCKS RELEASE
PHOSPHORUS DURING WEATHERING, EROSION, AND LEACHING (SMITH, 1990).
• PHOSPHORUS MAY BE RELEASED FROM LAKE AND RESERVOIR BOTTOM
SEDIMENTS DURING SEASONAL OVERTURNS.

35. ANTHROPOGENIC NONPOINT SOURCES
• ANTHROPOGENIC: THE PRIMARY ANTHROPOGENIC NONPOINT SOURCES OF
PHOSPHORUS INCLUDE RUNOFF FROM
• 1) LAND AREAS BEING MINED FOR PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
• 2) AGRICULTURAL AREAS
• 3) URBAN/RESIDENTIAL AREAS.

36. POINT SOURCES
• POINT SOURCES: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS PROVIDE MOST OF THE
AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS TO SURFACE WATER BODIES.
• ADDITIONAL PHOSPHORUS ORIGINATES FROM THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS, SUCH AS TOOTHPASTE, DETERGENTS, PHARMACEUTICALS, AND
FOOD-TREATING COMPOUNDS.

37. INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON
FRONTIERS OF
ENVIRONMENT,
ENERGY AND
BIOSCIENCE

38. TABLE 1 SUMMARY
• ALL SPECIES OF FREE-FLOATING AQUATIC PLANT ANALYSED AT KELANTAN
WERE DETECTED WITH HIGH LEVEL OF PHOSPHATE AT LEVEL AT LEVEL III
WHICH IS POLLUTED.
• PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION RANGE FROM 0.75 ± 0.19 MG/L TO 1.38 ± 0.80
MG/L DETECTED AT ALL LOCALITIES IN KELANTAN.

39. TURBIDITY
• Measure of water clarity, how much the
material suspended in water decreases the
passage of light through the water.
• Higher the intensity of scattered light,
higher the turbidity.
• Turbidity can affect the color of water.
¨Acquired from United State Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)

40. • Substances that can cause water to be turbid:
–Soil particles
• Clay
• Silt
• Sand
–Algae
–Plankton
–Microbes
–Other substances

41. Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)
• Units for measuring turbidity.
• Nephelometer @ turbidimeter is the instrument used
to estimate light scattering from suspended particulate
material.

42. Safe NTU Units
• Raw Water (river, etc.)
– 0-5 NTU
• Treated Water (drinking water)
–Less than 0.3 NTU
¨Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Programme (Ministry
Of Health Malaysia)

43. ¨Adapted from Interim National Water Quality Standard for
Malaysia (INWQS)

44. Main Kelantan River NTU Units
• Kuala Krai – 672.00
• Tanah Merah – 264.98
• Pasir Mas – 453.04
• Kota Bharu – 437.42
¨The American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information
(AENSI)

45. ¨Adapted from "Turbidty: A Water Quality Measure“.
(http://www.waterontheweb.org/)

46. Biological Oxygen Demand

47. BOD
• The biological oxygen demand is defined as
the ‘measure of dissolved oxygen required to
decompose the organic matter in water
biologically’
• Normally, it is measured over 5 days

48. What’s it for then?
• Since most aquatic organisms need oxygen to
carry out anaerobic respiration/
photosynthesis…
• Water with High BOD, but can’t replenish
oxygen fast enough, won’t be able to meet the
needs of the aquatic community…
• …Hence they will eventually suffocate

49. Some Comparisons…
• Rapid waters can rapidly replenish Oxygen
supply due to its fast flow
• Lakes are less efficient at doing this
• Pure water BOD = 1 ppm
• Polluted water BOD = 5 ppm or above

50. Difference between Aerobic and
Anaerobic Decomposition
Element Aerobic Decay
Product
Anaerobic decay
product
C CO2 CH4
N NO3 NH3
H H2O CH4, NH3, H2S, H2O
S SO4²- H2S
P PO4³- PH3

51. Eutrophication
Excess of nitrates/
artificial fertilisers/
phosphates
Excessive growth of
plants/ algae
Dissolved O2 not
sufficient to cope
with anaerobic
decomposition
NH3, H2S, PH3
poison water
Aquatic species dies
MORE anaerobic
decay
Lake = Devoid of life

52. Thermal Water Pollution
• Thermal pollution is the ‘degradation of water
quality by any process that changes ambient
water temperature’

53. Sources
• 1. Careless discharge of heated water – i.e. in
industrial places
• 2. Removal of shading vegetation

54. Effects
1.
• Increase Water Temperature
2.
• Solubility of Water decreases
3.
• Metabolic rate of aquatic organisms increases
4.
• Demand for O2 increases

55. CONCLUSION.
• Kelantan water are clean except for a certain
parameters (Turbidity, Nitrate) which exceed
the limit provide by INWQS and need further
treatment.
• This might be due to sand mining, upstream
logging activities near the area and others.