Design for Quality can be seen as a subset of Quality focusing on preventing problems by going upstream to recognize that decisions made during the design phase profoundly affect the quality and cost of all subsequent activities to build and deliver the product.

1. MODULE 6
DESIGN FOR QUALITY
Design for Quality can be seen as a subset of Quality focusing on preventing
problems by going upstream to recognize that decisions made during the design
phase profoundly affect the quality and cost of all subsequent activities to build and
deliver the product.
6.1. Design Process
Design Process is a linear sequence of events undertaken in response to
technological innovation or changing market requirements and trends. Following are
the principles of the design process,
* Strategic Balance
* Top management approach
* Team Work

2. Steps under Design Process
• Identify a Need
• Design Brief
• Tasks Schedule
• Analysis of Brief
• Research.
• Specification
• Generate Ideas
• Choose Solution
• Develop Solution
• Make Solution
• Test Solution
• Modify Solution
• Evaluation

3. 6.2. Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Quality Function Deployment is a method for prioritizing and translating customer inputs
into designs and specifications for a product, service, and/or process. In the QFD
methodology, customers define the product using their own expressions, which rarely
carry any significant technical terminology.
Advantages of QFD
• Helps in attaining shortest development cycle, which is gained by companies with the
ability and desire to satisfy customer expectation.
• Helps in improving the design family of the company, resulting in increased customer
satisfaction.
Application of QFD
• Prioritize - Prioritize and select improvement projects based on customer
needs and current performance
• Assess – Assess a process’s or product’s performance versus competitors
• Translate – Translate customer requirements into performance measures
• Design – Design, test, and refine new processes, products, and services

4. Phases of QFD
• Phase 1 — CTS planning
• Phase 2 — Functional requirements
• Phase 3 — Design parameters planning
• Phase 4 — Process variables planning
QFD CYCLE
The QFD Cycle an iterative effort to develop operational designs and plans in four
phases of,
• Translate customer input and competitor analysis into product or service
features.
• Translate product/service features into product/service specifications and
measures.
• Translate product/service specifications and measures into process design
features.
• Translate process design features into process performance specifications and
measures.

5. QFD ANALYSIS
The QFD analysis is conducted in six stages,
1. Stage Articulation of customer requirements
2. Ranking companies current product
3. Analysing at Product/Process Characteristics
4. Evaluation through rating
5. Focuses on relationships among product/process characteristics
6. Summarizes the key conclusions
6.3 Specifications and Standards
Specification may refer to an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied
by a material, design, product, or service. A specification is a type of
technical standard.
A technical standard is an established norm or requirement in regard to
technical systems. It is usually a formal document that establishes
uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and
practices.

6. Basic Requirement of Specification
• Performance requirements of the product or service.
• Parameters – such as dimensions, concentration, turn-round time – which
describe the product or service adequately (these should be quantified and
include the units of measurement).
• Materials to be used by stipulating properties or referring to other
specifications.
• Method of production or delivery of the service.
• Inspection/testing/checking requirements.
• References to other applicable specifications or documents.
6.4. Service Design
Service design is the activity of planning and organizing people,
infrastructure, communication and material components of a service in
order to improve its quality and the interaction between service
provider and customers.
Service design is the specification and construction of technologically
networked social practices that deliver valuable capacities for action to
a particular customer.

7. Service Design Methodology
The methodologies for designing services are,
• Identification of the factors
• Definition of possible service scenarios
• Representation of the service
6.5. FMECA
FMECA extends FMEA by including a criticality analysis, which is used to
chart the probability of failure modes against the severity of their
consequences. FMEA is a bottom-up, inductive analytical method which may
be performed at either the functional or piece-part level.
• FMECA at functional level - Functional FMECA considers the effects of
failure at the functional block level, such as a power supply or an amplifier
• FMECA at piece part level - Piece part FMECA considers the effects of
individual component failures, such as resistors, transistors, microcircuits,
or valves.

8. FMECA STEPS
• Select a process to evaluate with FMECA
• Recruit a multidisciplinary team
• Have the team meet together to list all of the steps in the process
• Have the team list failure modes and causes
• For each failure mode, have the team assign a numeric value for likelihood
of occurrence
• Evaluate the results
• Use RPNs to plan improvement efforts
Design FMECA
The process of designing FMECA involves,
• Estimating
• Assessing and selecting
• Developing an
• Inputting the needed information
• Prioritizing
• Identifying
• Documentation

9. Moments of Truth (MoT)
'Moment of Truth' was coined by Jan Carlzon, who managed the Scandinavian
SAS Airlines. He used the term to mean those moments in which important
brand impressions are formed and where there is significant opportunity for
good or bad impressions to be made.
Process of MoT
• Identify the customer surface
• Select the critical areas
• Slow down time and watch every moment
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