3. What Is Civil Engineering?
Civil engineering is a professional
engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and
naturally built environment, including works like
roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings
4.
5. Ferrous Metals
Ferrous metals are those containing iron such as nickel,
steel and iron itself. Ferrous metals are often magnetic
but this is not a defining characteristic. Rusting and
magnetic properties are both down due to the iron.
Example:
1. Mild steel
2. Cast iron
3. Stainless steel
4. High Speed steel
6. Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-Ferrous Metals do not contain Iron, are not
magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion
than ferrous metals. They are not attracted to the
magnet
Examples:
1. Aluminums
2. Copper
3. Brass
4. Lead
7. Structural View
Engineering
Materials
Metals
Ferrous
Iron
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought
iron
Steel
Non-
Ferrous
Copper &
Alloys
Aluminium
Zinc
Tin
Lead
Non-Metals
Rubber
Plastics
Resin
10. Ferrous Metal
The following are ferrous metals and the kind of uses to which they are usually
put:
Mild Steel – Carbon content of 0.1 to 0.3% and Iron content of 99.7 – 99.9%.
Used for engineering purposes and in general, none specialised metal products.
Carbon steel – Carbon content of 0.6 to 1.4% and Iron content of 98.6 to 99.4
%. Used to make cutting tools such as drill bits.
Stainless Steel – Made up of Iron, nickel and chromium. Resists staining and
corrosion and is therefore used for the likes of cutlery and surgical
instrumentation.
Cast Iron – carbon 2 – 6% and Iron at 94 to 98%. Very strong but brittle. Used to
manufacture items such as engine blocks and manhole covers.
Wrought Iron – Composed of almost 100% iron. Used to make items such as
ornamental gates and fencing. Has fallen out of use somewhat.
11. Non-Ferrous Metals
These are the non ferrous metals and their uses:
Aluminum – An alloy of aluminum, copper and manganese. Very lightweight and easily worked.
Used in aircraft manufacture, window frames and some kitchen ware.
Copper – Copper is a natural occurring substance. The fact that it conducts heat and electricity
means that it is used for wiring, tubing and pipe work.
Brass – A combination of copper and zinc, usually in the proportions of 65% to 35%
respectively. Is used for ornamental purposes and within electrical fittings.
Silver – Mainly a natural substance, but mixing with copper creates sterling silver. Used for
decorative impact in jewelry and ornaments, and also to solder different metals together.
Lead – Lead is a naturally occurring substance. It is heavy and very soft and is often used in
roofing, in batteries and to make pipes.
13. Ferrous metal
It is used in engineering industry are pig iron, cast iron,
and steel.
Important Ferrous metals are:
Wrought iron
Steels
Alloy steels
Cast iron
The Ferrous metals are those which have iron as their main
constituent. Such as iron, steel and cast iron.
14. Non- ferrous metal
They do not corrode as quickly as ferrous metals due
to the rapid formation of a thin protective oxide
layer on their surface.
They are still susceptible to corrosion when exposed
top atmosphere.
16. Non- ferrous metal
Refractory metals are chosen for their high heat resistance
They retain their properties at elevated temperatures.
they may be used in electrical conductors, contacts, and
biocompatible applications.
Some of these metals are chosen to plate other metals such
as nickel, chromium, and zinc which are used to provide
a resistant outer shell.
