2. Health is defined as a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being(WHO).
The health status of man is result of the interaction
between the internal environment of man and the
external environment .
The internal environment means each and every cell,
every tissues, organs system.
3. A good
complexion, a
clean skin,
bright eyes,
lustrous hair,
well dressed
up personality.
Smooth
coordinated
body
movements
4. Self Satisfaction Self confidence
Well
adjustment
No conflicts,
calm and
cheerful
personality
5. Social well being
Ability to make friendship
long lasting, assuming
responsibilities
Accomplishments and living
behaviour
6. Human
biology:
nature of
genes,
heredity
Environment:
internal body
system and
external
conditions and
cir-cumtances
Way of living :
life style,
personal
hygiene and
factors
Economic
factors:
countries with
lowest income
and higher
mortality
Health services:
services for better
health, personal &
community services
(medical care)
7. A condition of the body or a part of an organ in which its functions are disturbed
or deranged (OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY).
It defines as “a discomfort, a condition in which body health is seriously
attacked, deranged or impaired; a departure from the state of health, an
alternation of human body interrupting the performance of vital function”
(WEBSTER).
History
Disease is
nothing but a
process
Pathogenesis phase: incubation
period (clinical sign and
symptoms alter)
Pre-pathogenesis phase: starts
when agent, host and
environment interact (middle of
disease)
8. Biologic:
bacteria,
virus, fungi,
protozoa
etc.
Nutrient:
protein, fats,
vitamins,
minerals, water
etc
Chemicals:
endogenous
and exogenous
substances
Physical:
heat, cold,
humidity,
pressure,
radiations
etc
Mechanical:
chronic friction
& other
mechanical
forces
Environmental:
water, air,
climate, rainfall,
soil, etc.
Psychological:
customs,
habits,
addiction,
stress etc.
Genetics:
harmful gene
in the
constitution
Economic:
income,
expenditure,
depts.
9. Agents
• Infectivity
• Patho-genicity
• Virulence
• Immunogenicity
antigenic stability
• Survival
Host
• Age
• Sex
• Genotype
• Behaviour
• Nutritional status
• Health status
Environment
• Weather
• Housing
• Occupational setting
• Air quality
• Food
10. It defines as the aims of medicine to promote, to preserve and to restore health
, when it is impaired, and to minimize suffering and distress.
Depend upon:
1. Knowledge of causation
2. Dynamics of transmission
3. Identification of risk factors and risk groups
4. Availability of early detection and t/t measures
5. An organization: applying these measures to suitable persons or groups for
constant evaluation
11. Primordial prevention:
prevention of the emergence
/development of risk
Ex-obesity (childhood)
Secondary phase: attampt s to
arrest the disease process,
t/ting it before irreversible
pathological changes takes
place.
Primary prevention: beginning of
disease/pre-pathogenic phase
Tertiary prevention: used
when the disease process has
advanced beyond its stages
(impairment, disability,
rehabilitation)
12. • It is defined as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life , promoting
health and efficiencies through organized community efforts
• It deals with the health of the whole population and the prevention of disease
•It is the combination of sciences, skills and belief that is aimed to maintain and to
improve the health of all the people through collective social actions
13. • It is a key element in public health &also applicable in community, clinics /
hospitals
•It is a guiding concept involving activities intended to enhance individual and
community health well being
•To reduce specific determinants of diseases & risk factors that adversely affect
the health
•It teaches awareness & informing people about and lifestyle factors
14. HEALTH PROMOTIONS
Fundamentals of health
promotions
•Addressing health related issues
•Directing action to risk
factors/causes of illness/ death
•Seek out the risk factors in the
community that adversely affect
health
•Promoting factors related to
better condition of health
•Involving public participation in
defining problems, deciding on
actions
Core activities in public health
•Preventing epidemics
•Protecting the environment, work
place, food and water
•Monitoring the health status of
the population
•Mobilizing community action
•Responding to disasters
•Assuring the quality, accessibility
and accountability of medical care
•Reaching to develop new sights
and innovative solutions
•Leading the development of
health and planning
15. • Major ways in which humans interact with environment through food
• The science of nutrition has developed through the study of food components
that are essential to maintain health
•Foods are usually may be a part of plants or animal origin with essential nutrient
like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals etc.
•Nutrition is the process in which body consume food or nourishing liquids, digest
& absorb and use them for health and growth
16. MACRO-NUTRIENTS MICRO-NUTRIENTS
•Required in larger quantities
•Normally include water,
carbohydrates, fats & proteins
•Except water micro-nutrients
referred as energy-providing
nutrients
•Energy is essential for the body to
grow, repair and develop new
tissues, conduct nerve impulse &
regulate life process
•Include minerals and vitamins
•Required in very minute amount
•Main function is to facilitate the
many chemical reactions
•Vitamins required for normal
metabolism, growth & development
& regulation of cell function
•They work with enzymes and other
substances
•Minerals Micro-minerals- calcium,
Iron, sodium and magnesium
17. Balanced
diet
• Consists sufficient amounts of nutrients for healthy growth & activity
• Essential for healthy body and mind
• Maintain healthy and sensible body weight
Improper
diet
• Failure to flourish
• Poor growth and development
• Poor physical and mental health
• Susceptible to infectious disease, even death
Over diet
• Weight gain
• Insulin resistance diabetes
• Obesity
• Heart condition
18. IRON Deficiency:
•Body does not have adequate mineral iron, abnormally low level of RBCs
•Body –not enough hemoglobin –tissues and muscles would not get sufficient oxygen-
anemia
•Unusual tiredness, paleness, shortness of breath, headache & dizziness, heart
palpitations
•Dry & damaged hair and skin, swelling & soreness of tongue and mouth, restless legs,
brittle/ spoon- shaped fingernails
Iron rich food:
•Red meat, pork and poultry
•Dark green, leafy vegetables
•Peas and bean, dried fruit (raisins & apricot)
•Sea food
•Iron- fortified foods
19. Calcium Deficiency:
Develop strong bones & teeth
also helps heart, nerves and muscles work in a proper way
it is also known as hypocalcemia (global health problem)
lead to causes osteopenia and osteoporosis
Sign & symptoms:
Numbness, tingling fingers, muscle cramps, lethargy, poor appetite,
weal/brittle finger nails, difficulty swallowing, fainting, mental confusion,
irritability, depression, anxiety, tooth decay, insufficient blood clotting etc.
Calcium rich sources:
dairy products
calcium set tofu
small fish with bones
20. Viitamin A:
Too little vitamin A can lead to inflamed skin, night blindness, infertility, delayed
growth and respiratory infections. People with wounds and acne may have lower
blood levels of vitamin A ( fat soluble vitamin).
Vit A is important for proper vision, a strong immune system, reproduction and good
skin health
Symptoms:
Dry skin, dry eyes, night blindness, xerophthalmia, infertility and trouble conceiving,
delayed growth, poor wound healing, acne and breakouts
Sources of vit A: Milk, eggs, green veggies, orange veggies, reddish yellow fruits.
21. Thiamine( b1)
Imp for nervous system &
metabolism. It results, weight loss,
fatigue, confusion, short- term
memory loss,It causes wernickle
korsakoff syndrome, beri beri
disease
Good sources: egg, legumes, nuts,
seeds, wheat germs, pork
Niacin (b3):Used to turn fat into
energy
Severely cause pellagra (inflamed skin,
diarrhea, dementia, sore mouth
Mostly found in animal proteins & in
peanuts
Folate (b9)
Helps body to create RBCs &
produce DNA, Imp in fetal
development (brain & spinal cord)
Sources: beans & lentils, citrus
fruits, leafy vegetables, shell fish etc.
Cobalamin (b-12)
RBCs development, causes
anemiaSymptoms: fatigue,
weakness, dizziness, shortness of
breath, weight loss, nausea/ poor
apetite, sore red and swollen
tongue, pale/ yellowish skin
22. •Essential for healthy bones
•It helps to maintain the level of calcium to regulate the development of tooth &
bones
•Can lean to porous & fragile bones that break easily
•Complications may include bone fracture, muscle spasms, abnormally cuved spine,
intellectual disability
•Vitamin D sources:
•Fish liver oil
•Fatty fish
• mashrooms
• egg yolk
• liver
23. •Also known as ascorbic acid
•Involved in the repair of tissue and enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters,
and also functions as an anti-oxidants
•Severe deficiency, called scurvy, causes bruising, gum and dental problems, dry hair
and skin, and anemia.
•Sign and symptoms:
Rough, Bumpy Skin. ...
Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair. ...
Bright Red Hair Follicles. ...
Spoon-Shaped Fingernails With Red Spots or Lines….
Dry, Damaged Skin. ...
Easy Bruising. ...
Slowly Healing Wounds. ...
Painful, Swollen Joints.
24. Protein mal nutrients (PEM):
•Sometimes called protein-energy under-nutrition (PEU)
• A range of conditions arising from coincident lack of dietary protein and/or energy
(calories) in varying proportions.
Three types of malnutrition occure
•Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant )
1. Inadequate protein in diet
2. Body retain fluid in lower legs, feet, arm, hands and face (swollen ), short height,
intellectual disability
3. Others , protrudes, edema, pigment changes, diarrhoa, irritability etc.
25. Maramus:
•A lack of food and nutrients can cause both the body and mind to suffer.
•Energy deficiency
•Causes may be: poor feeding habbit, lack of breast feeding, use of more diluted animal
milk
•Physical defect: cleft lips or cardiac abnormalities
•Causes anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea.
26.
27. IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HEALTH & DISEASE
URBAN AREA: Areas of high human density and have limited access to potable water,
sanitation and other basic services. As a consequence, many times, their health
indicators are worse than those in rural areas.
URBANIZATIONS: refers to change in size, density & heterogeneity of cities.
IMPACT:
1. OVERCROWDING & RELATED HEALTH ISSUE: It causes health risks related to
insufficient && poor water supply and poor sanitation system. Lack of privacy
leading to depression, anxiety, stress etc.
2. AIR POLLUTION &ITS CONSEQUENCES: It can affect health in many ways with both
short term ( asthma & emphysema) & long term effect (respiratory disease, lung
cancer, heart disease etc.
3. WATER & SANITATION PROBLEM: Lack even a simple improved washrooms which
lead to increase of diarrhea and economic burden.
4. RISE OF NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE: Urbanization is an example of social
change that has a remarkable effect on diet in the developing world.
28. Poverty may be defined as a social condition, individuals to meet the most basic
standards of life that is acceptable by the society.
People experiencing poverty do not have the means to pay for basic needs of daily life
like food, clothes and shelter.
The end results of this problem are hunger, malnutrition and susceptibility to diseases
It impacts individuals in a socio-psychological way with them not being able to afford
simple recreational activities and getting progessively marginalized in the siciety.
EFFECT ON HEALTH:
1. Diet
2. Health
3. Exercise
4. Children from poor background are twice as susceptible to suffer from anemia,
nutrient deficiencies, impaired vision and cardiac problems.
5. Mental health is a main cause for concern in low income areas and money worries
can lead to anxiety, depression, high BP, insomnia and perhaps even suicide.
29. Concept of cleaning, grooming, for protection from infections to maintain good health.
PERSONAL HYGIENE:
1. includes washing hands, brushing teeth,
2. Should take shower daily (do sponge in case of water shortage)
3. Brushing teeth after each meal that gives protection from gum disease and tooth
decay
4. Hair should be washed with shampoo
5. Hands should be washed with soap after going to the toilet and before preparing /
eating food.
6. Wear cleaned cloths on the daily basis
7. cloths must be dried in the sun
8. Nose and mouth should be covered when coughing and sneezing – give protection
from the communicable diseases
30. MEDICAL HYGIENE:
1. Include personal attention to prevent the spread of germs & diseases
2. Personal protective equipments barrier should be used (gloves, boots , boots,
masks, gowns, caps, eyewear etc.
3. Good hand washing, scrubbing and skin care can also prevent work exposure to
disease and help in removing chemicals, germs and contamination.
4. Medical hygiene also pertains to the hygiene practices assiciated with the
administration of medicines & medical care (preventing or minimization of
diseases)
5. Disinfect of reusable materials or things ( linen, pads, uniform)
6. Isolation of infectious persons or materials
7. Sterilization of instruments used in surgical operations
8. Safe disposal of medical wastes
