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                         "#$      % ()*
                                   &'
        +                 ,"+      % -*
                                    &' -
            ,   +               "!   %
&(.)*
        +                         " /   %
&' 0*
  -
        +
        + 1      $       "   1#     / &(.
                                    % (*
         $      "&(&&*
2+   ,                    %          3 3
 1
     ,               45

         Hidrogen + Oksigen → Air
6
           2g       16 g      18 g

!    $                        ,
     ,                ,
°
Hidrogen +Oksigen → Air ∆H = 12 x10 J
                                  c
                                       6


    100 g                  900g


E           = mc 2
12 x10 = m ( 3 x10
       6
                      )
                     8 2


    12 x106
m=        16
             = 1,33 x10−10 kg
     9 x10
m = 1,33x10−10 g (kecil sekali)

                ,,                -.
                                   .
+                      ,
2+       ,            %       3 1
                                3
     %         ,45
 6

 Air mengandung hidrogen 11,19%
                                1: 8
               oksigen 88,81%
,            +

2              ,
             17 %         ,
                1          %1
        17
    3   %    ,              1
                 45

    6
:'
 )%   ):)%   & .8
                %'
9:'
  %   8))%   & &%
                &9
):-
  %   : &&
       )%    & &%9
                '
+


2;
                       61
           1                6
     6%        ,

                   ,
                                6
     6         ,       ,
      45
6        karbon + hidrogen → metana
         75 g           25 g
         karbon +        oksigen         → karbon monoksida
         42,86 g          57,14 g
                          75
         75 g                   x57,14
                        42,86
                          99,99 g
         hidrogen + oksigen → air
          11,11g        88,89 g
            1       :      8

+                                              1
                                ' 6
                                 8                 08- %-
                                                      --
    &9
+
!           ) <9
,                  ,
    $
+

     $
            1
     (            %
    1 &%.
       .(       )88
                  %
4
1
      H 2 + O2 →          H 2O
           2
       ↓     ↓             ↓ ↓
biloks 0     0           + 2 -2
1 mol H 2 ≈ 1 mol elektron
1 mol H 2 ≈ 1 ekivalen       ∴ massa 1 ekiv H 2 = 1gr
1 mol H 2 = 2 gram
1
  mol O2 ≈ 2 ekivalen
2                     ∴ massa 1 ekiv O2 = 8 gr
1
  mol O2 = 16 gr
2
+ 1                =
2+                                      1
        %,                 $
    1                               ,
             ,                  1
                           45
6        Hidrogen + Oksigen → uap air
         2 vol     1 vol        2 vol
         hidrogen + nitrogen → amonia
         3 vol     1 vol        2 vol
$
2+                        1          %
 $        1
                                   1
     45
6             hidrogen + oksigen → air
              2 vol      1 vol     2 vol
              2 molekul 1 molekul 2 molekul
misal :1 molekul = 1 bola




              ( ada teori yang dilanggar )
misal : 1 molekul = 2 bola
        ( tidak ada teori yang dilanggar )

                                         2
!
&4                  ,       1         ,
            4
04
                                           4
)4 ;
       17 %,
        ,            1            4

                ,       $
     massa molekul relatif = 2 xRapat Uap(Rh )
" *
2        &- &
           :        ,           ,6 &0
          ,             45
                  massa satu atom unsur
           Ar =
                 1
                   massa satu atom C − 12
                12
    >                   %


        Ar = massa ekivalen x valensi
+
&4            !          ,      "&(&-*

     Ar kira − kira x kalor jenis ≈ 26,8 J
                                              gram.K
     atau
     Ar kira − kira x kalor jenis ≈ 6,4 kal
                                              gram.K

     6
                      , 1                .09 ?
                                          %
              $     )(%
                      )4             1     , @
;7                       27
              Ar kira-kira ≈       ≈ 112
                             0, 24
                        112
              valensi =      ≈ 3 (bilangan bulat)
                        38,3
              ∴ Ar yang tepat = 3 x 38,3=114,9

04            6     3
                    3       "&(8(*

     2             /                 A1
          ,                           17
                                     A"/ B *
                                          +
6
     17             E         6


  3       )-   '(   -04)   "- &. *D (C 0
                             04)? . ' '
+ ,       00   99   (&4(             C):
           (   &:     '8             C&0
          &8   ).     9.             C&0



 ; %           % C &0
                6
)4    ,       ,
     +
          ,          ,
              ,

6
       :F
        -       'F
                 &                      ,
     )&       )&
                  :E
                   .    9.E4
       F 1        ,  60      40
                     =         x69 +         x71 = 69.8
                         100           100
massa ( g )
mol =
      massa molar (g
                        mol   )
6
    G     C 9.
                   G          C 9. ?
H         1%&       G         C 9.
!              !
* +               + C
                   =
* +          +" C ° + &
                  .6IC      *%$
          C 0049 #
 6                  1 &&4.-
      , 7      8 #,
                4:       +4
        @
 ;7            5.6 L
       5.6 L ≈        x1mol = 0.25mol
               22.4 L
                         11.09 g
       0.25mol =
                  massa molar ( g / mol )
                         11.09
       ∴ massa molar =          = 44 g / mol
                          0.25
"               !               !

                 mol mmol
         molar =       =
                 liter   mL
    6                                 1
              0948      0   9         0#   @
    ;7
                 24.5 g
         mol =            = 0.25mol
               98 g / mol
               0.25mol
         CM =           = 0.125M
                  2L
!   !

              jumlah atom x Ar
    % unsur =                  x 100%
                    Mr
6
     EG           G   0   9   "   G C 0)I C )0I
 C &:*
;7
                2 x 23
         % Na =        x100% = 32.4%
                142
17
&4               ,   ,
         /               17
     E       ,
                         1


04                   ,

                             ,
6
                        17
      ,      , %C   04)(EI
6C904(: GC 4: EI C
       EI &: '     )(4. E4
                       -
              &: 48
                (±.
#                        G
$           6                G
            904(:E   04)(E   &: '
                               4: E   )(4. E
                                          -
%           &0       &       &9       &:
&       !   904(:    04)(    &: '
                               4:     )(4.-
 ''         &0       &       &9       &:
            )48'     04)(    &4&-     04)(
            )        0       &        0
 !
, 6) 0G 0
")D 0D &D 0D * C &: 48
  &0J &J &9J &:    (±.
                  0
; %    6: 9G0 9
&4
04   ,
)4
94K4
   4
"   *
!        17 %
&     B BC &
       I

    17          %                  I
0    9C .


    17                %
            I    0   C 0
                9


>           %                  I   0   C.
"      *

>                                 17
                                  1I     9I
CJ&

    ,                         17 %
        J&I   0   9I       C 0D C J0
                              &

    ,                       17 %
         04 0     9    I   C 9D 0* C (
                              "
+ 1
&46
046   ,
6       ,
&4           ,
    6         0 J                6   )J   J
        0   '           0    )                     9


04                               1
    ,
    60          0   J            6   )J   J
            '           0    )                     9


    J:                  J9       J)           J:
)4                             1
                     ,
                          ,
 6           0   J            06   )J   J
     0   '           0    )                      9


 J&0                 J9       J:            J:
94
                     1
 6           0   J            06   )J   J
     0   '           0    )                      9
                     :
 J&0                 J9       J:            J:
                              0
84
                             1
        6           0    J 0           06   )J   J
            0   '                  )                  9
                        : D&
                                       0 D)

6           0   J)                     06   )J   J)
    0   '                0     )                          9
:4
                                                                  J
                                                   %
        6            0   J)                        06   )J   J)
            0    '               0    )                               9
                0J.C 0                              J: L ) C J)




8   J   J6                   0   J)                      06   )J   J)
                     0   '            0        )                          9


6           0   J)                        06   )J   J)             J8
    0   '                    0    )                           9
'4                                            0                       1


8       J   J6                    0   J)                              06   )JJ     )
                        0     '                   0    )                                    9

                             H = 11                                        H =3

8   JJ6                  0   J)                             06   )JJ)              J9
                    0   '             0       )                                9        0



6               0   J)                                06   )J   J)             J8
    0       '                     0       )                                9
            H =6                                                  H =8
6            0      J)                                           )J
    0       '                0        )J      0             06        J)           9   J8
$
$
        $
1       ,       J

        $
1       ,
    ,       J



6
6          J      J      6
&         &
&   J     C&    $
&   6     C&    $
&   6     C ):4
              8
; %     &   $ 6 C ):4
                    8

  0 9      0 J      J         9
                               0

&          0
0     J    C0   $
&     0 9  C0   $
&     0 9  C- (
; %      &   $ 0 9 C 9-
)+ 9       J   G        G   0   +9J   0


    -(             (.
    -(             9.
    &              0
$   0      $       &    $



     $         C   $
$
    $                       3
    1      ,

6    B )J J          B 0J
     &     B )J ≈ &  $
    $                       3
    1       ,       ,

6    6       6    0J   J0
     &    6 ≈0
     &    6 ≈0         $
!
&4;                         1                  C
                            1        ,
    (   J   J         J8             0J   J9
                  9                            0

                8B 0J              8B )J J 8
04;                $                   C
      $
    .4 $
     &                  9   C .4
                               &     $B 0J
massa 1 mol oksidator
3. massa ekiv oksidator =
                          jumlah mol elektron yang diterima



               =0   8             0=

               J&.         :      J9

      =0   8  C &(0
  &        =0 8 C &(0
            &    $=0 8 C "&(0?
                             :*
massa 1 mol reduktor
4. massa ekiv reduktor =
                         jumlah mol elektro yg dilepaskan



            B            B

            .      0     J0

       B C 8:
     &   B C 8:
          &   $B C "8:?
                      0*
+       ,
    +   1
    ,   ,
    6   0M      J    0      0M
        0(4:        '499
        :849        &:
        .49)(       .40)0
    !
        .4
         0&-        .4
                     0)0
%3           /     ,
,    ,          1
    4!          M4
; %  M   C       M
         C   .49)(
     M   C   .49)(":84
                     9J&:*
         C   )84:
+
                 massa produk nyata
% hasil =                                  x 100%
          massa produk menurut perhitungan

6             60 9 J     ) 0        06   0J0 0
             )4(:         &&4(9
             0(           )0
             .4&)'(       .4)'
!
             .4
              &)'(        .4
                           &0)
; %,             ,          % 0%
         ,
     6   0   C   2                 g
                   x0.37 mol x 44     = 10.85 gram
                 3                mol

                 ,           6   0   C :4:
                                        -
 %           6.96
  % hasil =       x100% = 64%
            10.85

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Stoikiometri

  • 1.
  • 2. ! "#$ % ()* &' + ,"+ % -* &' - , + "! % &(.)* + " / % &' 0* - + + 1 $ " 1# / &(. % (* $ "&(&&*
  • 3. 2+ , % 3 3 1 , 45 Hidrogen + Oksigen → Air 6 2g 16 g 18 g ! $ , , ,
  • 4. ° Hidrogen +Oksigen → Air ∆H = 12 x10 J c 6 100 g 900g E = mc 2 12 x10 = m ( 3 x10 6 ) 8 2 12 x106 m= 16 = 1,33 x10−10 kg 9 x10 m = 1,33x10−10 g (kecil sekali) ,, -. .
  • 5. + , 2+ , % 3 1 3 % ,45 6 Air mengandung hidrogen 11,19% 1: 8 oksigen 88,81%
  • 6. , + 2 , 17 % , 1 %1 17 3 % , 1 45 6
  • 7. :' )% ):)% & .8 %' 9:' % 8))% & &% &9 ):- % : && )% & &%9 '
  • 8. + 2; 61 1 6 6% , , 6 6 , , 45
  • 9. 6 karbon + hidrogen → metana 75 g 25 g karbon + oksigen → karbon monoksida 42,86 g 57,14 g 75 75 g x57,14 42,86 99,99 g hidrogen + oksigen → air 11,11g 88,89 g 1 : 8 + 1 ' 6 8 08- %- -- &9
  • 10. + ! ) <9 , , $
  • 11. + $ 1 ( % 1 &%. .( )88 % 4
  • 12. 1 H 2 + O2 → H 2O 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ biloks 0 0 + 2 -2 1 mol H 2 ≈ 1 mol elektron 1 mol H 2 ≈ 1 ekivalen ∴ massa 1 ekiv H 2 = 1gr 1 mol H 2 = 2 gram 1 mol O2 ≈ 2 ekivalen 2 ∴ massa 1 ekiv O2 = 8 gr 1 mol O2 = 16 gr 2
  • 13. + 1 = 2+ 1 %, $ 1 , , 1 45 6 Hidrogen + Oksigen → uap air 2 vol 1 vol 2 vol hidrogen + nitrogen → amonia 3 vol 1 vol 2 vol
  • 14. $ 2+ 1 % $ 1 1 45 6 hidrogen + oksigen → air 2 vol 1 vol 2 vol 2 molekul 1 molekul 2 molekul
  • 15. misal :1 molekul = 1 bola ( ada teori yang dilanggar ) misal : 1 molekul = 2 bola ( tidak ada teori yang dilanggar ) 2
  • 16. ! &4 , 1 , 4 04 4 )4 ; 17 %, , 1 4 , $ massa molekul relatif = 2 xRapat Uap(Rh )
  • 17. " * 2 &- & : , ,6 &0 , 45 massa satu atom unsur Ar = 1 massa satu atom C − 12 12 > % Ar = massa ekivalen x valensi
  • 18. + &4 ! , "&(&-* Ar kira − kira x kalor jenis ≈ 26,8 J gram.K atau Ar kira − kira x kalor jenis ≈ 6,4 kal gram.K 6 , 1 .09 ? % $ )(% )4 1 , @
  • 19. ;7 27 Ar kira-kira ≈ ≈ 112 0, 24 112 valensi = ≈ 3 (bilangan bulat) 38,3 ∴ Ar yang tepat = 3 x 38,3=114,9 04 6 3 3 "&(8(* 2 / A1 , 17 A"/ B * +
  • 20. 6 17 E 6 3 )- '( -04) "- &. *D (C 0 04)? . ' ' + , 00 99 (&4( C): ( &: '8 C&0 &8 ). 9. C&0 ; % % C &0 6
  • 21. )4 , , + , , , 6 :F - 'F & , )& )& :E . 9.E4 F 1 , 60 40 = x69 + x71 = 69.8 100 100
  • 22. massa ( g ) mol = massa molar (g mol ) 6 G C 9. G C 9. ? H 1%& G C 9.
  • 23. ! ! * + + C = * + +" C ° + & .6IC *%$ C 0049 # 6 1 &&4.- , 7 8 #, 4: +4 @ ;7 5.6 L 5.6 L ≈ x1mol = 0.25mol 22.4 L 11.09 g 0.25mol = massa molar ( g / mol ) 11.09 ∴ massa molar = = 44 g / mol 0.25
  • 24. " ! ! mol mmol molar = = liter mL 6 1 0948 0 9 0# @ ;7 24.5 g mol = = 0.25mol 98 g / mol 0.25mol CM = = 0.125M 2L
  • 25. ! ! jumlah atom x Ar % unsur = x 100% Mr 6 EG G 0 9 " G C 0)I C )0I C &:* ;7 2 x 23 % Na = x100% = 32.4% 142
  • 26. 17 &4 , , / 17 E , 1 04 , ,
  • 27. 6 17 , , %C 04)(EI 6C904(: GC 4: EI C EI &: ' )(4. E4 - &: 48 (±.
  • 28. # G $ 6 G 904(:E 04)(E &: ' 4: E )(4. E - % &0 & &9 &: & ! 904(: 04)( &: ' 4: )(4.- '' &0 & &9 &: )48' 04)( &4&- 04)( ) 0 & 0 !
  • 29. , 6) 0G 0 ")D 0D &D 0D * C &: 48 &0J &J &9J &: (±. 0 ; % 6: 9G0 9
  • 30. &4 04 , )4 94K4 4
  • 31. " * ! 17 % & B BC & I 17 % I 0 9C . 17 % I 0 C 0 9 > % I 0 C.
  • 32. " * > 17 1I 9I CJ& , 17 % J&I 0 9I C 0D C J0 & , 17 % 04 0 9 I C 9D 0* C ( "
  • 34. 6 , &4 , 6 0 J 6 )J J 0 ' 0 ) 9 04 1 , 60 0 J 6 )J J ' 0 ) 9 J: J9 J) J:
  • 35. )4 1 , , 6 0 J 06 )J J 0 ' 0 ) 9 J&0 J9 J: J:
  • 36. 94 1 6 0 J 06 )J J 0 ' 0 ) 9 : J&0 J9 J: J: 0
  • 37. 84 1 6 0 J 0 06 )J J 0 ' ) 9 : D& 0 D) 6 0 J) 06 )J J) 0 ' 0 ) 9
  • 38. :4 J % 6 0 J) 06 )J J) 0 ' 0 ) 9 0J.C 0 J: L ) C J) 8 J J6 0 J) 06 )J J) 0 ' 0 ) 9 6 0 J) 06 )J J) J8 0 ' 0 ) 9
  • 39. '4 0 1 8 J J6 0 J) 06 )JJ ) 0 ' 0 ) 9 H = 11 H =3 8 JJ6 0 J) 06 )JJ) J9 0 ' 0 ) 9 0 6 0 J) 06 )J J) J8 0 ' 0 ) 9 H =6 H =8 6 0 J) )J 0 ' 0 )J 0 06 J) 9 J8
  • 40. $ $ $ 1 , J $ 1 , , J 6
  • 41. 6 J J 6 & & & J C& $ & 6 C& $ & 6 C ):4 8 ; % & $ 6 C ):4 8 0 9 0 J J 9 0 & 0 0 J C0 $ & 0 9 C0 $ & 0 9 C- ( ; % & $ 0 9 C 9-
  • 42. )+ 9 J G G 0 +9J 0 -( (. -( 9. & 0 $ 0 $ & $ $ C $
  • 43. $ $ 3 1 , 6 B )J J B 0J & B )J ≈ & $ $ 3 1 , , 6 6 6 0J J0 & 6 ≈0 & 6 ≈0 $
  • 44. ! &4; 1 C 1 , ( J J J8 0J J9 9 0 8B 0J 8B )J J 8 04; $ C $ .4 $ & 9 C .4 & $B 0J
  • 45. massa 1 mol oksidator 3. massa ekiv oksidator = jumlah mol elektron yang diterima =0 8 0= J&. : J9 =0 8 C &(0 & =0 8 C &(0 & $=0 8 C "&(0? :*
  • 46. massa 1 mol reduktor 4. massa ekiv reduktor = jumlah mol elektro yg dilepaskan B B . 0 J0 B C 8: & B C 8: & $B C "8:? 0*
  • 47. + , + 1 , , 6 0M J 0 0M 0(4: '499 :849 &: .49)( .40)0 ! .4 0&- .4 0)0
  • 48. %3 / , , , 1 4! M4 ; % M C M C .49)( M C .49)(":84 9J&:* C )84:
  • 49. + massa produk nyata % hasil = x 100% massa produk menurut perhitungan 6 60 9 J ) 0 06 0J0 0 )4(: &&4(9 0( )0 .4&)'( .4)' ! .4 &)'( .4 &0)
  • 50. ; %, , % 0% , 6 0 C 2 g x0.37 mol x 44 = 10.85 gram 3 mol , 6 0 C :4: - % 6.96 % hasil = x100% = 64% 10.85