1. Chapter 5: Tissues
1. Epithelial
* covering
2. Connective
*support
3. Muscle
*movement
4. Nervous
*control

2. Intercellular Junctions
• Tight Junction
– Adjacent cell membranes
converge & fuse
– Closes space between cells
• Desmosome
– Spot welds
– Enable reinforced structural
units
• Gap Junction
– Tubular channels
– Link cytoplasm of adjacent
cells

3. Epithelial: General Characteristics
• Cover body surfaces, cover & line internal organs, form inner
lining of body cavities
• Has free (apical) surface
• Anchored by connective tissue to basement membrane
• Avascular but innervated
• Readily divide
• Tightly packed forming continuous sheets

4. Epithelial: Classification
• First name = number of cell
layers
– Simple
– Stratified (named
according to cells’ shape in
apical layer)
– Pseudostratified
• Second name = shape of cells
– Squamous
– Cuboidal
– Columnar

5. Simple Squamous Epithelium

6. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

7. Simple Columnar Epithelium

8. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

9. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

10. Stratified Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• 2 or 3 layers • Several layers
• Superficial cells are columnar
• Form lining of lumen
• Basal layers are cuboidal
• Line ducts of mammary
glands, sweat • Found in pharynx, male
glands, salivary glands, & urethra, & lining some
pancreas glandular ducts
• Limited in body
• Limited in body

11. Transitional Epithelium

12. Glandular Epithelium
• Cells specialized to produce/secrete substances
into ducts or body fluids
• Gland: 1 or more cells that secrete a particular
product
• Exocrine Glands: secrete products into ducts that
open onto surfaces (i.e. sweat glands)
• Endocrine Glands: secrete products into tissue
fluids or blood (i.e. pituitary gland)

13. Exocrine Glands: Modes of Secretion
• Merocrine Glands:
secrete by exocytosis
– Serious fluid
– Mucus
• Apocrine Glands: lose
small portions of cell bodies
• Holocrine Glands:
release entire cells that
disintegrate to release
product

14. Epithelial Membranes
• Serous
– Line body cavities that lack
opening to outside
– Cover organs in these cavities
• Mucous
– Line cavities & tubes that open to
outside of body
– Goblet cells release mucous
• Cutaneous
– Skin
• Synovial
– Lines joints

15. Connective Tissue: General Characteristics
• Functions:
– Binding & support
– Protection
– Insulation
– Transportation of substances w/in body as blood
• Extracellular Matrix
– Mainly non-living extracellular matrix which separates
living cells of tissue
• Degree of Vascularity
– Cartilage is avascular; others w/ rich blood supply

16. Connective Tissue Cell Types
• Fibroblasts
– Most common type of fixed cell
– Large, star shaped
– Secrete proteins in extracellular matrix to
produce fibers
• Macrophages
– Originate as white blood cells
– Carry out phagocytosis
– Wander; scavenger/defensive cells
• Mast
– Large, widely distributed
– Release heparin to prevent blood clotting
– Release histamine promoting reactions
associated w/ inflammation & allergies

17. Connective Tissue Fibers
• Collagenous: threads of protein collagen
– Great tensile strength
– Important components in holding structures together
(tendons, ligaments)
– Dense: tissue abundant in collagenous fibers
– Loose: tissue w/ fewer collagenous fibers
• Elastic : composed of protein elastin
– Easily stretched or deformed
– Will resume original length & shape when force is removed
– In body parts that stretch (i.e. vocal cords)
• Reticular: thin collagenous fibers
– Highly branched
– Form support networks in variety of tissues

18. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Loose Connective Tissue:
– Areolar Tissue

19. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Loose Connective Tissue:
– Adipose Tissue

20. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Loose Connective Tissue:
– Reticular Tissue

21. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense Connective Tissue:
1. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
– Closely packed, thick collagenous fibers; fine network of elastic fibers; cells
(fibroblasts)
– Collagenous fibers very strong; able to w/stand pulling forces
– Poor blood supply
2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
– Fibers are thicker, interwoven, & more randomly organized
– Allows tissue to w/stand tension exerted from diff. directions
3. Elastic Connective Tissue
– Yellow, elastic fibers in parallel strands or branching networks
– Between fibers are collagenous fibers & fibroblasts
– Found in attachments between bones of spinal column

22. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense:
– Cartilage
• Rigid providing support, framework, & attachments
• Protects underlying tissues
• Forms structural models for developing bones
• Cartilage cells = chondrocytes occupy lacunae
• Lacunae lie in extracellular matrix (mainly collagenous fibers)
• Cartilaginous structure enclosed in perichondrium
• Heals slowly
• Chondrocytes divide infrequently
• 3 types: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

23. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense: Cartilage: Hyaline

24. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense: Cartilage: Elastic

25. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense: Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

26. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense: Bone

27. Connective Tissue Categories:
Loose & Dense
• Dense: Blood

28. Muscle Tissue: General Characteristics
• Highly cellular
• Well-vascularized
• Responsible for most types of movement
• Able to contract
• Muscle cells, muscle fibers, can shorten &
thicken
• 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth

29. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

30. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

31. Smooth Muscle Tissue

32. Nervous Tissue: General Characteristics
• Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
• Cells = neurons
• Neurons sense changes in environment & respond by
transmitting electrical impulses along axons
• Coordinate, regulate, integrate body functions

33. Nervous Tissue