Touch screen home automation

1. TOUCH SCREEN HOME AUTOMATION
B. E. PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
Electrical Engineering.
By
Dhiraj Machhindra Bhalerao
Chetan Santosh Chavan
Akshay Rajendra Fiske
Guide
Prof. G. K. Andurkar
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JALGAON 425002
NOVEMBER 2015-16
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JALGAON
DEPERTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled “TOUCH SCREEN HOME AUTOMATION”,
which is being submitted herewith for the award of B.E in the result of the work completed by
DHIRAJ M. BHALERAO, CHETAN S. CHAVAN, AKSHAY R. FISKE under my
supervision and guidance within the four walls of the institute and the same has not been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.
(Prof. G. K. Andurkar) (Prof. G. K. Andurkar)
Project Guide Head of Electrical department
(Dr. R. P. Borkar) Examiner
Principle, GCOEJ

3. DECLERATION
I hereby declare that the seminar entitled “TOUCH SCREEN HOME AUTOMATION” was
carried out and written by me under the guidance of Prof. Andurkar, professor of electrical
department, Government college of engineering, jalgaon. This work has not been previously
formed the basis for the award of any degree or diploma or certificate not has been submitted as
elsewhere for the of award of any degree or diploma.
DHIRAJ M. BHALERAO
CHETAN S, CHAVAN
AKSHAY R. FISKE
Place: Jalgaon
Date:

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would not be complete without expression of
gratitude to all those who helped in doing that task. I hereby take this opportunity to express our
heartfelt gratitude towards the people who help proved useful to complete my seminar on
“TOUCH SCREEN HOME AUTOMATION”
First I wish to express my gratitude sincere thanks to our principal Dr. R.P.Borkar, whose
guidance and suggestions have helped me in completing this seminar report. My special thanks to
Prof. Andurkar for his valuable suggestions in project work.
In particular, I am thankful to all our staff members of Electrical Engineering department
for their whole hearted co-operation. I am thankful to my parents for their blessing and their
valuable moral support. Without their supports I can’t do anything.
Last but not the least I am very much thankful to our friends for supporting me in presentation
of this seminar.
Dhiraj M. Bhalerao
Chetan S. Chavan
Akshay R. Fiske
(B.E Electrical)

5. ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project is to develop a home automation system with a touch
screen based control panel.
As technology is advancing so houses are also getting smarter. Modern houses are
gradually shifting from conventional switches to centralized control system, involving touch
screen switches. Presently, conventional wall switches located in different parts of the house makes
it difficult for the user to go near them to operate. Even more it becomes more difficult for the
elderly or physically handicapped people to do so. Remote controlled home automation system
provides a simpler solution with touch screen technology. Touch screen control panels are also
designed for commercial, industrial and medical systems.
In order to achieve this, a touch panel is interfaced to the microcontroller on transmitter
side which sends ON/OFF commands to the receiver where loads are connected. By touching the
specified portion on the touch screen panel, the loads can be turned ON/OFF remotely through
wireless technology. The microcontroller used here is of 8051 family. The loads are interfaced to
the microcontroller using opto-isolators and triacs.
Further the project can be enhanced by using GSM modem interfaced to the control unit.
Using GSM modem, the user can control home appliances by sending an SMS. Advantage of using
this technology is that there is not range limitation when compared to RF technology.

6. CONTENT
Chapter
No.
Title Page
No.
Certificate i
Declaration ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
List of Figures v
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Use of Automation 1
1.2 Importance 5
1.3 Aim of Project 6
2 Literature survey 7
2.1 Review of related literature 9
2.1.1 GSM-SMS Based Monitoring 20
2.2 History of Home Automation 23
3 Develpoment of system 27
3.1 Components 28
3.2 Software requirements 43
3.2.1 introduction to keil micro vision (ide) 43
3.2.2Concept of compiler 43
4 Performance methodology 44
4.1 Transmitter section 44
4.2 Receiver section 45
4.3 Hardware requirments 46
4.3.1 Power supply 46
4.3.2 Microcontroller 47
4.3.3 RF Transmitter and receiver 50
4.3.4 TRIAC 53
4.3.5 Opto isolator 54
4.3.6 RF remote control handheld 55
4.5 Assembly language 57
4.6 Mechanical dimension 59
5. Conclusions 61
References

7. List of Figures
Figure
no.
Title Page No.
2 Sonos wireless music center components 9
3.1 Typical step down transformer 28
3.2 4 wire touch screen 30
3.3 Bridge rectifier 31
3.4 IN 4007 Diodes 31
3.5 Receiver for automation system 36
3.6 Pin configuration of microcontroller 37
3.7 Block diagram of microcontroller 39
3.8 Optocoupler 40
3.9 TRIAC 41
4.1 Block diagram of transmission section 44
4.2 Block diagram of receivers section 45
4.3 Power flow in transmission section 46
4.4 Internal structure of microcontroller 47
4.5 Pin description 50
4.6 Pin graphical touchscreen 52
4.7 Pictorial view and symbol of typical transistor 53
4.8 Pictorial view and symbol of typical TRIAC 53
4.9 Opto-isolator 54
4.10 Interface between rf receiver and AT89C51 56
4.11 Flowchart of home automation 58
4.12 Physiacal view 59
1
INTRODUCTION
Automation is the use of control systems and information technology to control equipment,
industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of
industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Mechanization provided human
operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work while automation
greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an
increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to
combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems
for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Many roles for humans in
industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern
recognition, language recognition, and language production ability are well

8. beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective
assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level
tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise.
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of highly visible industries beyond
manufacturing. Once ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated
telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in
electrocardiograph or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, blood plasmas, cells,
and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated
teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In
general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from agrarian to
industrial in the 19th century and from industrial to services in the 20th century.
1.1 Use Of Automation
Office automation
Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software
used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed
for accomplishing basic tasks and goals. Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the
management of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of an
office automation system, office automation helps in optimizing or automating
existing office procedures.
Building automation
Building automation describes the functionality provided by the control of
a building. The control system is a computerized, intelligent network of electronic
devices, designed to monitor and control the mechanical and lighting systems of a
building. A building automation system is an example of a distributed control system.
The building automation system (BAS) core functionality keeps the building climate
within a specific range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, and
monitors system performance and device failures and provides email and/or text
notifications to building engineering staff. The BAS functionality reduces building
energy and maintenance costs when compared to a non-controlled building.

9. Power automation
Power automation is the automated control and monitoring of power
plants, substations and transformers for effectiveness, efficiency and fault detection. It
has made it possible to have a reliable municipal or national electricity system, which
often comprises remote and hard-to-reach transformers and power sub-system units. It
makes it possible to monitor different power units, relay their status and health
information, and even carry out fault detection and correction without human
interference.
Example of power automation system is the Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) system.
Home Automation (also referred to as Domotics) is “the use of one or more computers to control
basic home functions and features automatically and sometimes remotely, an automated home is
sometimes called a smart home” (2) . Home Automation can be used for a wide variety of purposes;
from turning lights on and off to programming appliances within a home and the programming of
timers for these various devices. Home Automation is often used as a luxury convenience system
within a home and often it is expensive to have installed due to their relative exclusivity in the
current market (3). As Home Media devices become cheaper, Home Automation is a technology
that more people will be looking into to install in their house.
The concept of “automation” has existed for many years. It began with a student connecting two
electric wires to the hands of an alarm clock in order to close a circuit of a battery and light bulb.
Later, companies developed automated systems of their own to control alarms, sensors, actuators
and video cameras and, in so doing, created the first automated buildings. The term “intelligent
home” followed. Due to the obvious advantages of these systems, their influence on the
conventional home was predictable and finally, in 1988, the term domotics was coined. “Domotics
is the application of computer and robot technologies to domestic appliances. It is a portmanteau
word formed from domus (Latin, meaning house) and robotics” (click on this link for more
information http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domotics). A modern definition of Domotics could be
the interaction of technologies and services applied to different buildings with the purpose of
increasing security, comfort, communications and energy savings (Moraes et al., 2000). At the
beginning automated devices were independent or, sometimes, grouped in small independent

10. systems. But the idea of giving them interoperability using a common “language” keeps on
growing up, consequently following such idea the first Home Automation Systems (HASs)
appeared bringing a new concept of a home network full of possibilities, but this included also
new factors to bear in mind. In addition, a strong reason why of HASs are becoming popular is
because they are plenty of attractive features that can easily lure companies to enter quickly this
emerging market, also they represent a great research opportunity in creating new fields in
engineering, architecture and computing (Huidobro and Millan, 2004). However, these new
technologies are still in their early stages with a lack of robust standards creating compatibility
issues affecting their reliability. Another problem is that these systems are not always fully
accepted by final users, especially the old and disabled – arguably the ones that need it the most.
It is the goal of researchers to find out how to introduce home automation into our lives so as to
only affect us positively. As an example, one effort to make these systems usable and affordable
by any user helped the use of old, cheap and simple technologies like the X-10 protocol to transfer
data in the home-network, in relative terms this approach created low cost HASs taking the
advantage that X-10 technology do not require additional wiring. Even though newest technologies
are constantly coming and a constant migration from wired to wireless is gradually affecting
technologies involved within the home network possibly corroborating what Myers, Brad A. et al
said that the future home network will have ubiquitous embedded computation with an increasing
number of appliances having wireless communication (Myers et al., 2004). In fact, there are many
recent tendencies to integrate various kinds of embedded devices and consumer appliances into
software systems (Rigole et al., 2003), tendencies that have emerged from the ideas of pervasive
computing. This evolution offers many useful possibilities in Domotics. Lately, it is being proved
that Domotics has many interesting fields, and among them using remote-Controlled HASs to
control the home network is one of the most challenging. The possibility of having ubiquitous
access to many devices within a building at any time, from anywhere, resolves many of the
problems that users often face when they return home, saving a significant amount of time. It also
notably increases the security in any kind of building and it may even provide a backup control
system for local system breakdowns. This ubiquitous access could be achieved from many
different digital devices and it is known that the network hierarchy has been rapidly moving lower
in the chain towards smaller and more personal devices (Greaves, 2002). Considering latest
tendencies, everything points at prompt remote control standardization in home networks.

11. The home automation increases the quality of the control of the home equipment. Main purpose
of home automation is “SAVE ELECTRICITY”. In daily routine life sufficient use of electricity
is very important. Everyone can control the home equipment or office equipment automatically.
Various technologies are surveying throughout this paper. Introduction of several wireless
communication such as GSM, WIFI, ZIGBEE and Bluetooth are discussing here. Home
automation system saves time, man workforce, money even electricity. Secured, flexible, reliable,
user friendly and affordable this are the specification of home automation system. [9, 10] Detail
information of components, methods, sensors of all systems are discussed in this paper. In all over
the world, wireless technology is famous. Nowadays, Automation is not hard but advanced
technique in home automation is required. Automation systems can control home equipment such
as TVs, Fan, Tube lights. Android smartphones is done very important role in most of the systems.
In wireless technology Bluetooth is used widely. [6,7,8] Bluetooth module LM400 having distance
100 meters, frequencies 2400Hz, speed 3 Mbps. In some project GSM technology and Bluetooth
technology is used. Among them, in GSM technology home equipment can control by text
messages and in Bluetooth technology home equipment can control using android apps
application. GSM has transfer speed up to 9.6 kbps with voice call service and SMS service.
Author has used power supply or DC volt power battery in some project. User can control many
devices using home automation system. (ATMEGA328) Arduino Board, (AT89S52), FPGA
Controller, ARM7, ARM9, PIC16F877 (40 pin IC) etc. acts as a controller in most of the home
automation system.Home Automation is a term used to describe the working together of all
household amenities and appliances. For example, a centrally-controlled LCD panel can have the
capability to control everything from heating, air conditioning, security systems, audio systems,
video systems, lighting, kitchen appliances, and home theatre installations. A diagram of a home
automation system is shown below.
1.2 Importance
The household activities are automated by the development of special appliances such as water
heaters to reduce the time taken to boil water for bathing and automatic washing machines to
reduce manual labour of washing clothes. In developed countries, homes are wired for electrical
power, doorbell, TV outlets, and telephones. The different application includes when a person
enters the room, the light turns on. In advanced technology, the room can sense the presence of the
person and who the person is.

12. Taking into account the day of the week, time of the day and other such factors it can also set apt
lighting, temperature levels, television channels or music levels. In the case of a smoke detector
when fire or smoke is detected, the lights in the entire house begin to blink to alert the resident to
the probable fire. In case of a home theatre, the home automation system can avoid distraction and
lock the audio and video components and can also make an announcement. The home automation
system can also dial up the house owner on their mobile phone to alert them or call any alarm
monitoring company.
It is essential that the different controllable appliances be interconnected and communicate with
each other. The basic aim of Home automation is to control or monitor signals from different
appliances, or basic services. A smart phone or web browser can be used to control or monitor the
home automation system.
The household activities such as food preservation and preparation is automated with the
movement of prepackaged food or pre-made food. Automation of handling the food in the home
is possible to only standardized products.
The use of electricity facilitated the automation in heating which trim down the manual toil to gas
stoves and fuel heaters. The growth of thermostats enables automated control of heating and
cooling at a later stage.
Other automated activity includes the air conditioner set to an energy saving setting when the
house is vacant and get back to the normal setting when the resident is about to return home. The
classy system preserve a list of products, records the usage through bar codes or an RFID tag and
replaces the order automatically.
1.3 PROJECT AIM
The aim of this project is to design and construct a home automation system that will remotely switch on or off any household
appliance connected to it, using a microcontroller,

13. 2
LITUIRATURE SURVEY
In the past many distributed audio systems within a house have consisted with a large
number of wired remote controls around a house which controls a central CD player or Radio. The
problem with these systems is that there is one audio source for many rooms and each room cannot
listen to a different CD concurrently. For this reason many of the more modern systems are
computer based systems. Most of the HA solutions that are currently on sale use specialist
hardware both to store the media and to distribute it. An example is the Sonos Wireless Music
Centre. The Sonos system uses your current home computer (or a dedicated computer to store your
music), SonosZonePlayers in each of the rooms you require music which then have speakers
attached and a graphical remote control for each device. This system is designed so that it takes
only basic computer skills to set up and therefore saves the user money in not having to pay for a
professional installation of the product. It uses wireless technology for the ZonePlayers,
Controllers and the Computer to communicate and therefore doesn’t require the inconvenience of
installation of network cabling to the building. I have had a demonstration of the system and it is
very simple to use (very similar to navigating an iPod if not a little simpler).

14. The drawbacks with the Sonossystem is that it only covers music streaming within a home
and does not control lighting and other appliances. The other disadvantage is the system costs
upwards of £650 (November 2009) for the smallest room package and that doesn’t include the cost
of the computer that acts as a server if you don’t already have one. Another similar solution to the
Sonossystem is the Cambridge Audio incognito system . This uses more dedicated hardware and
has more wired components compared to the Sonos system. More of the components are integrated
into walls which makes a cleaner finish but are harder to setup and move to a different room or
house. The Cambridge Audio has optional modules to allow video to be streamed as well as music.
Neither of these system offer remote web access to the system and they cannot control lighting or
other appliances. The next few products I will look at offer increases functionality beyond the
scope of music and video. There is a selection of companies in the United Kingdom that offer more
bespoke systems for their customers. An example company that I have been looking at is ‘Cyber
Homes’. They offer bespoke HA solutions for individuals and families. They consult with the
client and discover their needs then come up with a selection of proposed solution and prices. They
offer automation is Multi-room Audio and Visual, Automated Lighting, CCTV and Security,
Heating and Air-conditioning and Occupancy Simulation. Occupancy Simulation is achieved by
using the other methods of HA they offer to achieve a realistic simulation that a house is being
lived in, aiming to achieve a house that appears to be occupied, and therefore less of a target to
burglary.
The advantages with companies such as Cyber Homes, is that they can offer solution that
are tailored to you need rather than having to adjust your home to work with the technology. The
problem is that using bespoke solution gains considerable extra cost. A large proportion of this is
paying for the design consultancy for designing your system and also the installation costs that
you will incur. Although the bespoke systems are an expensive option, there is very little input
required from the client apart from their wishes on what they want the system to do, not how they
are going to do it. This is why very little technological experience is required for this option. At
the other end of the spectrum, there is DIY (Do-it-yourself) Home Automation. This option is quite
different to the bespoke systems that companies such as Cyber Homes have to offer. These can
still offer a vast range of control within the home, the difference being that this method is often

15. very limited by a fixed amount of available funds to equip the home. It is also necessary to be
technologically minded as the research into components needed and their installation and
maintenance all has to be carried out by the home owner themselves. Websites such as DIY Home
Automation offer consumer advice to people trying to set up a system themselves. Sites like these
are generally written to give friendly advice, rather than a business, so may not necessarily contain
the most up to date information, or even the best practices in which to design a system. The authors
of the sites are usually enthusiasts rather than experts in the field. This is why it is necessary for
the home owner to have a fair amount of technical knowledge or be technically minded, to help
them siphon out the best information to allow them to create a system that meets their needs. The
type of HA that is usually referred to in DIY HA is usually controlled by a computer (usually an
existing computer within the home) and signals are usually sent through both wired or wireless
Local Area Networks (LANs) . Many of the examples I have looked at have used X10 for sending
commands along power lines. I will talk more about X10 in the next section of this report. Lighting
and Appliance can then be controlled by remote controls or by a computer connected to the
network. The software for use in these systems varies from free open source software such as
MisterHouse to more costly solutions such as PowerHome which costs $99 (on 10th November
2009)
Fig 2Sonos™ Wireless Music Centre Components

16. 2.1 Review of Related Literature:
When people think about home automation, most of them may imagine living in a smart
home: One remote controller for every household appliance, cooking the riceautomatically,
starting air conditioner automatically, heating water for bath automatically and shading the
window automatically when night coming. To some extent home automation equals to smart home.
They both bring out smart living condition and make ourlife more convenient and fast.People at
that time understood that a smart home is not owing to how well it isbuilt, not how effectively it
uses space, not due to how it is environmentally friendly. It isonly because of how interactive
technologies that it contains. Those are still useful rules forhome automation technology
today.Home automation technology and Smart home appeared very much in science fiction of the
1920s. But no one knows the exact date of the invention of home automation.Based on human’s
smart technology improving process, the home automationsystem doesnot come by immediate
invention. It comes step by step with only insignificantimprovement. The previous step is almost
same with the next step. Manufactures of laborsaving appliances have been promising
homeowners an automated “Home of the Future” since the World’s Fair days of the 1930s. The
intelligenthome has been a popular vision for a few decades.The first time people noticed the high
technology in dwelling, they did someconnection with home automation, and it was 1960s. Experts
considered that by the end ofthe century people would live in smart homes that contained
independent householdmachined. Although many of the machines in these visions are today
technically possible tomanufacture of course, the present situation is not exactly the same as what
the expert’sdecades ago. In the 1960s, there were not so much interactive technologies. Even
thoughStanford University researched a lot of this kind of technology, they didn’t become
sosuccessful. They concluded some principal reason for not succeeding is scientific research.Some
of the factors are due to the lack of motivation to increase productivity in domesticwork. They
considered the less involvement of users of the technology in the designprocess. They also
concluded the view held by product designers that domestic technologyis unexciting and the
continued focus on stand-alone appliances in the design of newtechnology.Home automation
satisfies the resident’s needs and desires by adjustable light,temperature, ambient music, automatic
shading, safety & security, even arrangement ofwire. Home automation technologies are the latest

17. fascination with housing mechanism.However, with the appearance of new electronic technologies
and their combination witholder, traditional building technologies, the smart home is at last
becoming a reality.In 1975 a company called Pico Electronics developed and patented the X10
PowerLine carrier technology. The company had already tried nine different approaches with
nosuccess, but while developing the system for tenth time they finally manage to succeed, sothey
decided to call the technology X10. The idea behind X10 was to transmit a 120 kHzsignal on the
electrical power line. Every signal was specifically coded with a House andUnit code. Although
such technologies had been developed for the part of 50 years none ofthem was implemented in
any similar fashion. After the patented their work it took just afew years for introducing their firs
product into the market. So in 1978 they release the X10protocol to the market. Due to the fact
that data transmission was done reusing powerlines, it was relatively cheap because no additional
writing was needed.The basic idea of home automation is to monitor a dwelling place by using
sensorsand control systems. Through adjustable various mechanisms, user can enjoy
customizedheat, ventilation, lighting, and other servers in living condition. The more closely adjust
theentire living mechanical system and loop control system, the intelligent home can provide
asafer, more comfortable, and more energy economical living condition.
The current major initiatives in Japan, the US and Europe to develop morecomprehensive
systems originated in the 1980s. In Japan,the term “Home Automation” was first coined among
the Japanese companies who showed the earliest interest in theconcept of a complete home control
system. The earliest home control systems wereproposed by Hitachi and Matsushita in 1978. In
1980, Yoneji Masuda, one of the earlypioneers of computerization in Japan, wrote the book “The
Information Society As Post -Industrial Society in which he discussed changes in society
,information and knowledgeindustries, analyzed the technology that would free people to live more
creative and happylives: computer- controlled vehicle systems, automated supermarkets, etc.From
the early 1980s, many Japanese firms published their own home automationblueprints, developed
demonstration houses and launched proprietary systems.
Theseincluded major electrical appliance manufacturers such as Matsushita, Toshiba,
Mitsubishi,Sanyo, Sony, and Sharp. Some interphone companies first added security functions to
theirsystems. Secom, a security services firm, expanded upon its original security system
todevelop a central control station for remote control of home security. The TRON project,which

18. was started in 1984, encompassed more than the other home automation packagescurrently under
development, being especially concerned with architecture and theexperience of space inside the
house. In September 1988,the “Home Bus System” industrystandard was issued.In US, 1982,AT
&T established the concept of “Intelligent Building”. The InformantBuilding an office building
and conference center in Dallas which promoted a good sense ofcommunity among tenants and
customers, was erected to demonstrate how advanced ITfrom different suppliers could be used in
the intelligent building.The Smart House Project was established in 1984 as project of the
NationalResearch Center of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), USA, with
thecooperation of a number of major industrial partners. NAHB formed the SMART
HOUSELimited Partnership (L.P.). It sought the participation of several manufactures for
everymajor type of hardware that would be needed for Smart House systems
The first technology of home automation is the x10 technology which is one of the
protocols of home automation which was developed in mid1970’s. In 1970, a group of engineers
started a company called Pico Electronics in Scotland. Pico revolutionized the calculator industry
by developing the first single chip calculator. Today, X10 claims that this Contrary to popular
belief, this calculator IC was the world’s first microprocessor. Pico went on to develop a range of
calculator ICs which were manufactured by General Instruments and sold to calculator
manufacturers. In 1974, the Pico engineers jointly developed a record changer that would select
tracks on a regular vinyl LP with BSR, which at the time was the world’s biggest manufacturer of
record changers. The Accuracy could be operated by remote control based on a device Pico
developed using ultrasonic signals. This led directly to the idea of remotely controlling lights and
appliances. In 1975, the X10 project was conceived. (It was simply the tenth project that Pico had
worked on. There were 8 different calculator IC projects and the Accuracy was project X-9) The
concept of using existing AC wiring to transmit signals to control lights and appliances was born
. In 1978, after several years of refining the technology, X10 products began to appear in different
stores. A partnership with BSR was formed, known as X10 Ltd, and the BSR System X10 was
born. The system at that time consisted of a 16 channel Command Console, A lamp module, and
an Appliance module. Soon afterwards came the Wall Switch module and the first X10 Timer.
By 1984, Pico had developed a joint venture with GE for a product called the Home
minder. It was a VCR styled package a bit bigger than a cable set top box. It connected to the TV
and was operated by an infrared remote. Eventually the GE division responsible for the

19. Homeminder was closed and the units were repackaged and sold to Radio Shack. Shortly after the
Homeminder, X10 developed their first computer interface for Mattel’s short-lived Aquarius
computer. X10’s Aquarius computer interface eventually morphed first into the Radio Shack Color
Computer Interface, and then into X10’s long lived CP-290 unit, which was sold until the X10
replaced it with the ActiveHome controller in the late 1990s. Over the years, the CP-290 has had
a long list of both “official” and shareware software so that it could be used with Apple IIs, Macs,
DOS, and Windows in all of its many versions. In 1989, X10 introduced the first low-cost self-
installed wireless security system. Then came the Voice Dialer security system, the Monitored
security system, as well as Personal Assistance versions. In 1995, X10 set up its own monitoring
station called Orca Monitoring Services in Seattle, Washington. Today, it monitors security
systems developed and manufactured by X10 for Radio Shack, Phillips Consumer Electronics,
(Magnavox) and the X10 Powerhouse brand. Home automation is not only design concept now
days. Home automation has direct impact on lifestyle of people. Goal of this automation is
controlling the elements (lights, fans, air conditioners) in the house/office. Several home
automation systems are developed. Different home automation systems were analyzed based on
technology used, processor or controller used.
A digital door lock system was equipment that used the digital information such as a secret
code, semi-conductors, smart card, and finger prints as the method for authentication instead of
the legacy key system. As the door lock was the first and last thing people come across in entering
and leaving the home respectively. Automatic door opening and closing is part of home
automation. developed digital door lock system for home automation. Functional, low cost and
low complexity microcontroller based door access control system successfully presented by Oke
et al.(2009). . They proposed security door system which adopted a valid smart card to authenticate
and/or deny entry to a room or building. Verma and Tripathi (2010) implemented a digital security
system contains door lock system using passive RFID. A centralized system was deployed for
controlling and transaction operations. The door locking system functioning in real time, as when
the user put the tag was in contact with the reader, the door opened. Sthapit (2009) proposed a
smart digital door lock system for home automation In their proposed system, a ZigBee module
was embedded in digital door lock and the door lock acts as a central main controller of the overall
home automation system. In the Automatic Door Opener was designed to pneumatically open or
close a door by remote control using radio frequency communication technology. A fingerprint

20. recognition system was also installed for security purposes preventing unauthorized users from
gaining entry. secured and authenticate system using RFID. Utilized RFID technology to provide
solution for secure access of a space while keeping record of the user.
A centralized system was deployed for controlling and transaction operations. Proposed
system by Naveed et al, was low cost identification and authentication system which was be
deployed at doors of building to authenticate people. Proposed system was also accompanied with
PC interfacing to see authentication details with date and time. Zigbee based home automation
System is proposed in . These systems use Zigbee for communicating between user and devices.
This system allows user to monitor and control devices in the home through a number of controls,
including a Zigbee based remote control. Users may remotely monitor and control their home
devices. Internet monitoring is one of the common approaches for remote monitoring. Many
researchers have worked in field of Internet based remote monitoring. (Saito et al., 2000)
developed home gateway system for interconnecting home network consisting of IEEE 1394 AV
network and X10 power line home automation network with Internet. This provided remote access
functions from Internet for digital AV appliances like Digital Video Camera, Digital VCR
connected to IEEE 1394 network and home appliances like TV, desk lamp, electric fan connected
to X10 controller. (Al-Ali and Al-Rousan, 2004) developed Java based home automation system
via World Wide Web.
The home appliances were controlled from ports of embedded system board connected to
PC based server at home.(Alkar and Buhur, 2005) implemented Internet based wireless flexible
solution where home appliances are connected to slave node. The slave nodes communicate with
master node through RF and master node has serial RS232 link with PC server. The nodes are
based on PIC 16F877 μc. PC server is formed of a user interface component, the database and the
web server components. An Internet page has been setup running on a Web server. The user
interface and the Internet front end are connected to a backend data base server. The control of
devices is established and their condition is monitored through the Internet. (Al-Khateeb et al.,
2009) used X10 controller interfaced through serial port to PC server for control of devices. The
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is used to interface between the browser and the X10 protocol
via http connection. The server executes CGI programs in order to satisfy a particular request from
the browser, which expresses its request using the http. (Peng Liu et al., 2007) developed model
of web services based email extension for remote monitoring of embedded systems which

21. integrates web services into emails. It uses a general purpose email messaging framework to
connect devices and manipulators. This low cost model fits for systems with low connection
bandwidth, small data transportation volume and non real- time control, e.g., monitoring of home
appliances and remote meter-reading. (Tan and Soy, 2002) developed a system for controlling
home electrical appliances over the Internet by using Bluetooth wireless technology to provide a
link from the appliance to the Internet and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) to provide a data
link between the Internet and a mobile phone. However, technical details relating controller are
not revealed. (Nikolova et al., 2002) demonstrated that the control of home appliances can be
extended beyond the home network to wireless mobile networks without any modification in the
network specifications. This was accomplished by developing and implementing a HAVi (Home
Audio Video Interoperability) - WAP UI gateway that intermediates between a wired home
network and a wireless communication network using HAVi and WAP specifications,
respectively. The gateway use both pull and push technologies, improves the network integration
and provides opportunities for developing applications that combine mobile devices with home
network devices. (Yen-Shin Lai et al., 2002) developed an Internet-based monitoring and control
of fuzzy controlled inverter for air conditioning system. The system consists of client/server,
programmable logic controller, D/A modules, inverters, induction motors and the temperature
sensing modules. The client accepts the command from the user and can also access the database
created in server, using Internet Explorer (IE) Browser. The server performs function of fuzzy
logic control, communication interface between server and PLC, and receiving command from
client. Furthermore, the server also creates a database of the sensed temperature, speed of inverter-
controlled motor drives, and reference command. (Ximin et al., 2005) designed and implemented
an Internet home automation system. The design uses an embedded controller based on
C8051F005 microcontroller which is connected to a PC-based home Web server via RS232 serial
port. The home appliances are connected to the input/output ports and the sensors are connected
to the analog/digital converter channels of the embedded controller. The software of the system is
based on the combination of Keil C, Java Server Pages, and JavaBeans, and dynamic DNS service
(DDNS) client. Password protection is used to block the unauthorized user from accessing to the
server. (ColakIlhami et al., 2008) developed Internet controlled Heating Ventilation Air
Conditioning (HVAC) system. The system can be controlled by three different units (web based
remote control, remote control by hand-held device and keypad control mounted on AC). The

22. hardware system of AC is controlled by PIC16F877 microcontroller. A DAQ board inserted into
PCI bus of web server is used to control system over web. User is able to access system parameters
over web by logging and setting parameters on forms available on main control page. User submits
forms to web server having CGI program which performs requested tasks and reports status of
system operation. The current operational parameters of the system are measured by
microcontroller and displayed on LCD. Using web camera focused on LCD, these parameters are
monitored online by client PC.
(Chen Chao et al., 2009) developed a remote wireless monitoring system for off grid Wind
turbine based on the GPRS and the Internet. The remote monitoring system is made up of three
parts: controlling terminal, central monitoring computer and communication network. Controlling
terminal consists of microcontroller ARM7 LM3S1138, data acquisition module and GPRS
communication module WAVECOM Q2406B connected to ARM7 system using serial port.
GPRS module sends parameters relating wind turbine to central monitoring computer. The client
can access central monitoring computer server through Internet and know parameters of different
wind turbines.
(Kumari and Malleswaran, 2010) developed real time based equipment condition
monitoring and controlling system using embedded web based technology which directly connects
the equipment to network as a node. The embedded system consists of ARM7 based LPC 2148
microcontroller board, A/D, signal conditioning, sensors, and communications interface. The
function of web based system is to collect the real time data information of the on-site equipment
and remotely send the data in the form of user defined data transmission style. The remote
Computer collects the data and running status through the network and provides the comparison
on the historical data. If the parameter value is different from the original set value, the corrected
signal is sent to the control unit. The embedded remote monitoring system completes the data
Collection in the embedded platform and provides the data to remote host through the TCP/IP
protocol from Web server. It creates condition to realize unattended management through
providing Web-based graphical management interface for the Internet or LAN users.
(Burger and Frieder, 2007) introduced Key Press Markup Language (KPML) and SIP
Event Package to control devices in the home environment remotely without the need for
specialized hardware in the home devices. KPML provides an efficient, reliable protocol for the

23. remote control of consumer devices using plain old telephones with 12-digit keypads using Internet
transport technologies.
(Hongping and Kangling, 2010) proposed the architecture of embedded remote monitoring
system based on Internet. The system adopts embedded web server as a central monitoring node
and results in improvement in stability and reliability of system. Moreover, utilization of dynamic
monitoring web based on Java Applet improves the response capability and brings convenience
for complex monitoring web design.
(Zhu and Cui, 2007) developed remote intelligent monitoring system based on embedded
Internet technology for device-room monitoring of the campus network. The Intelligent
Monitoring Terminal (IMT) is provided with the functions of Embedded Internet Node Unit and
local MSD (Monitoring System Devices). IMT can give alarm of theft or fire according to
detection analysis of temperature, sound and smog. And it also can connect to Internet for carrying
out remote data communication. The MCU S3C44B0, which utilize 32-bit ARM kernel, is adopted
in intelligent monitoring terminal. μClinux operating system is chosen as the software core of
embedded system. It offers self-contained TCP/IP network protocol module and provides strong
support for embedded Internet technology.
(Liu Zhong-xuan et al., 2010) designed wireless remote monitoring system based on the
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and the MCU (Microprogrammed Control Unit). System is
based on 89C58 microcontroller and PIML GPRS-MODEM as the core, can collect data from
eight sensors, control two-way Data Acquisition, in the local real-time display and support remote
Internet monitoring. The data from sensors are encoded, sent to the WEB server (fixed IP address
or fixed domain name website) through the GPRS channel. The system also accepts commands
from remote monitoring centre.
(Bing Li et al., 2008) developed wireless remote image monitoring system based on
GSM/GPRS and ARM_Linux developing environment. The monitoring system uses S3C2410
RISC MCU -ARM920Core, USB Web camera, SD Card and UART GPRS module. ARM Linux
operating system is loaded on SD Card. APIs of Video4Linux kernel are used to realize image
acquisition of the system, through PPP dial-up to access the GPRS, through network programming
to realize the transmission of the image.
(Yang Musheng et al., 2008) developed application on remote monitoring system of
reservoir based on GPRS. GPRS data terminal hardware includes the intelligent processing

24. module, remote communication module, serial interface module and display module. Intelligent
processing module contains two chips AT89C55 microcontroller and serial E2PROM X25045.
AT89C55 is used to transmit data between remote communication module, A/D conversion
module and display module. To ensure that data will not be lost because of power outages, serial
E2PROM X25045 device is adopted for data storage. Remote communication module includes
GPRS wireless module, SIM card and serial module MAX3238. Database mainly stores various
parameters of the flood accommodation procedures for the user and reservoir historical
hydrological data, such as electric power generated, relation curve of water level flows, the water
storage capacity curve, discharge curve, unit's efficiency curve of different conditions, historical
flood data and flood information.
(Ciubotaru-Petrescu et al., 2006) developed a system composed of server which interfaces
several video surveillance cameras including several microphones for audio surveillance. This
server captures video and audio streams from the video cameras and microphones and operates on
these streams according to the configuration of the local control software module. This module
can store the video and audio streams on local hard-disks, index video and audio captures by time
and place, retrieve images and sound based on user specified time intervals and deliver them to
the user via Internet, or deliver (streaming) live images and sounds from a predefined camera. The
system is connected to the building power supply and can be connected to the Internet via several
communication solutions based on their availability. In case of power grid failure the system is
provided with a secondary power supply based on rechargeable batteries which can keep the
system functional for several hours. The main weaknesses of this system are the power supply and
the Internet connection. To improve the reliability of this system, an autonomous diagnosis system
has been added to the main monitoring server. The system will detect any change in the functioning
state of the main system, like communication link failure, power grid failure or internal power
source depletion and will report these events by sending a short message (SMS).
(Yuksekkaya et al., 2006) developed wireless home automation system by merging
communication technologies of GSM, Internet and speech recognition. GSM and Internet methods
were used for remote access of devices of house whereas speech recognition was designed for
users inside the house. The communication between the user and the home is established by the
SMS (Short Message Service) protocol. A GSM modem is connected to the home automation
server. The communication between the home automation server and the GSM modem is carried

25. out by the AT (Attention) commands. To accomplish Internet connectivity, a web server is built
to take requests from remote clients. The clients can send requests to the home appliances. The
home appliances can send their statuses to be displayed for the remote client through the server. A
web page is constructed as an interactive interface where commands can be submitted by the client
to change and also monitor the status of the devices. A speech recognition program is written to
control the house by means of human voice. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm is used for
speech recognition.
(Rasid and Woodward, 2005) developed a system to transmit a patient’s biomedical signals
directly to a hospital for monitoring or diagnosis, using mobile telephone. The system consists of
mobile telemedicine processor, which samples signals from sensors on the patient. It then transmits
digital data over a Bluetooth link to a mobile telephone that uses the General Packet Radio Service.
The mobile processor consists of signal conditioning module, a peripheral control module, which
incorporates a PLD Altera Flex 10-K, a processor (AMD 186ES micro-controller) a 256-kB Flash
ROM (AMD AM29F200T), a 512-kB Static RAM (Toshiba TC554 161 AFT), and an RS232
serial communication port along with Bluetooth communication module (CSR BlueCore2-Flash)
that supports Bluetooth radio transceivers Classes 2 and 3. The mobile telemedicine processor is
first configured with the hospital server IP address and establishes a Bluetooth link with the mobile
telephone at power-up. The mobile telephone is then configured with a mobile-to-host GPRS
connection (GPRS attachment and PDP context activation). Patient data are recorded and stored
in the processor’s memory module, typically for 10 min. Then the processor transmits an AT-
command to the mobile phone to initiate data transmission via the GPRS network.

26. 2.1.1 GSM-SMS Based Monitoring
With the wide spread use of cellular networks, this approach is also popular when small
amount of data is to be transferred through the network. Extensive work has been carried out by
researchers using this approach especially in medical field.
(Chen Peijiang and Jiang Xuehua, 2008) describe a remote monitoring system based on
SMS of GSM. The system includes two parts which are the monitoring center and the remote
monitoring station. The monitoring center consists of a computer and a TC35 GSM
communication module. The computer and TC35 are connected by RS232. The remote monitoring
station includes a TC35 GSM communication module, a MSP430F149 MCU, a display unit,
various sensors, data gathering and processing unit.
(Scanaill et al., 2006) developed a tele-monitoring system, based on short message service
(SMS), to remotely monitor the long-term mobility levels of elderly people in their natural
environment. Mobility is measured by an accelerometer-based portable unit, worn by each
monitored subject. The portable unit houses the Analog Devices ADuC812S microcontroller
board, Falcon A2D-1 GSM modem, and a battery-based power supply. Two integrated
accelerometers are connected to the portable unit through the analog inputs of the microcontroller.
Mobility level summaries are transmitted hourly, as an SMS message, directly from the portable
unit to a remote server for long-term analysis. Each subject’s mobility levels are monitored using
custom-designed mobility alert software, and the appropriate medical personnel are alerted by
SMS if the subject’s mobility levels decrease. (Jiang et al., 2008) proposed a system for early
diagnosis of hypertension and other chronic diseases. The proposed design consists of three main
parts: a wrist Blood Pressure (BP) measurement unit, a server unit and a terminal unit. Blood
Pressure is detected using data acquired by sensors intelligently using DSP microchip. The data is
then transmitted to the remote server unit located at Community Healthcare Centers/Points
(CHC/P) by using Short Messaging Service (SMS), and notification information is sent to the
terminal unit to inform users if patient’s BP is abnormal. (Alheraish, 2004) implemented home
security system by means of GSM cellular communication network using microcontroller 89X52
and Sony Ericsson GM-47 GSM module. This system enables far end user through SMS facility

27. to monitor the state of home door, provide password facility for key based door lock and control
home lighting system.
(Xu Meihua et al., 2009) described a remote medical monitoring system based on GSM
(Global System for Mobile communications) network. This system takes advantage of the
powerful GSM network to implement remote communication in the form of short messages and
uses FPGA as the control center to realize the family medical monitoring network. The system is
made up of user terminal equipments, GSM network and hospital terminal equipments. Hospital
terminal equipments can be a personal computer (connected with GSM modules) or other receiving
equipments such as the mobile phone of the related doctor, while user terminal equipments are
used to collect, demonstrate and transmit kinds of physiological parameters. User terminal devices
include the temperature acquisition module, blood pressure/heart rate acquisition module, FPGA
of Actel Fusion series, information-sending and information-receiving module --Siemens TC35
GSM module, LCD displays and expansion modules.
(Van Der Werff et al., 2005) proposed a mobile-based home automation system that
consists of a mobile phone with Java capabilities, a cellular modem, and a home server. The home
appliances are controlled by the home server, which operates according to the user commands
received from the mobile phone via the cellular modem. In the proposed system the home server
is built upon an SMS/GPRS (Short Message Service/General Packet Radio Service) mobile cell
module Sony Ericsson GT48 and a microcontroller Atmel AVR 169, allowing a user to control
and monitor any variables related to the home by using any java capable cell phone.
(Ren-Guey Lee et al., 2007) proposed and implemented a role-based intelligent mobile care
system with alert mechanism in chronic care environment. The roles included patients, physicians,
nurses, and healthcare providers. Each of the roles represented a person that uses a mobile phone
to communicate with the server setup in the care. For mobile phones with Bluetooth
communication capability attached to chronic patients, physiological signal recognition algorithms
were implemented and built-in in the mobile phone without affecting its original communication
functions. Several front-end mobile care devices were integrated with Bluetooth communication
capability to extract patients’ various physiological parameters [such as blood pressure, pulse,
saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2), and electrocardiogram (ECG)], to

28. monitor multiple physiological signals and to upload important or abnormal physiological
information to healthcare center for storage and analysis or transmit the information to physicians
and healthcare providers for further processing. An alert management mechanism has been
included in back-end healthcare center to initiate various strategies for automatic emergency alerts
after receiving emergency messages or after automatically recognizing emergency messages.
(Yan Hongwei and Pan Hongxia, 2009) investigated the design and implementation of a remote
data collection and monitoring system. The system communication is based on GSM short
messages from cell phones using Siemens cell phone module TC35. The serial interface of TC35
is directly connected to the serial interface of PC computer. The system hardware includes remote
client monitoring hardware, central monitoring module, and 0809 A/D converter. The central
monitoring module sends commands via channel 1. Data collection commands are sent out through
TC35 to collect all sorts of data. After data are collected they are processed by remote clients and
sent back to the central monitoring module by GSM short messages via channel 2. Each monitoring
module can connect up to 128 sensors and equipments within the range of 1000 meters via RS485
interface. The server hardware consists of 8031 microprocessor, 74LS373, one 8 kB 2764
E2PROM, one 2 kB 6116 extended memory, and one 8155 programmable serial interface chip.
One 4×4 keyboard is connected to the PI port and 8 LED displays are connected to PA and PB
ports of 8155.
(Khiyal et al., 2009) proposed SMS based system for controlling of home appliances
remotely and providing security when the user is away from the place. Home appliance control
system (HACS) consists of PC which contains the software components through which the
appliances are controlled and home security is monitored and GSM Modem that allows the
capability to send and receive SMS to and from the system. The communication with the system
takes place via RS232 serial port.

29. 2.2 History of Home Automation
Many Wireless Technologies like RF, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Zigbee have been developed
and remote monitoring systems using these technologies are popular due to flexibility, low
operating charges, etc. Today Wireless Sensor Network are used into an increasing number of
commercialsolutions, aimed at implementing distributed monitoring and control system in a great
number of different application areas.
(Wijetunge et al., 2008) designed a general purpose controlling module designed with the
capability of controlling and sensing up to five devices simultaneously. The communication
between the controlling module and the remote server is done using Bluetooth technology. The
server can communicate with many such modules simultaneously. The controller is based on
ATMega64 microcontroller and Bluetooth communication TDK Blu2i (Class 1) module which
provides a serial interface for data communication. The designed controller was deployed in a
home automation application for a selected set of electrical appliances.
(Kanma et al., 2003) proposed a home appliance control system over Bluetooth with a
cellular phone, which enables remote-control, fault-diagnosis and software-update for home
appliances through Java applications on a cellular phone. The system consists of home appliances,
a cellular phone and Bluetooth communication adapters for the appliances. The communication
adapter hardware consists of a 20MHz 16bit CPU, SRAM and a Bluetooth module. The
communication adapter board is connected to the home appliance and to the cellular phone through
serial ports. The appliances can communicate with the cellular phone control terminal via
Bluetooth SPP.
(Sung-Nien Yu and Jen-Chieh Cheng, 2005) proposed a wireless patient monitoring system
which integrates Bluetooth and WiFi wireless technologies. The system consists of the mobile
unit, which is set up on the patient’s side to acquire the patient’s physiological signals, and the
monitor units, which enable the medical personnel to monitor the patient’s status remotely. The
mobile unit is based on AT89C51 microprocessor. The digitized vital-sign signals are transmitted
to the local monitor unit using a Bluetooth dongle. Four kinds of monitor units, namely, local
monitor unit, a control center, mobile devices (personal digital assistant; PDA), and a web page
were designed to communicate via the WiFi wireless technology.

30. (Flammini et al., 2007) suggested a novel architecture for environmental tele-monitoring
that relies on GSM for sampling point delocalization, while on-field nodes implement local subnets
based on the DECT technology. Local subnets contain two major blocks; Acquisition Station (AS)
where sensors and actuators are located and Transmitting Module (TM), i.e., the module that
handles several measurement stations and sends data to the control center (CC). Each AS acts as a
data logger, storing in its internal memory device field data; communications between AS and TM
are cyclic (round robin), with a cycle time of about 1–10 min. On the contrary, communications
between TM and CC occur once a day for data-logging purposes, while alarms or threshold
crossings are communicated asynchronously by means of Short Message Service (SMS).
Prototypes have been realized to interface with temperature (T, AD590 from analog devices),
humidity (RH, HumirelHM1500), and carbon monoxide (CO, Figaro TGS2442) sensors. DECT
Siemens module MD32 and GSM module MC35 were used. AS was based on Microchip's
PIC18F452 microcontroller and TM was designed using 32-bit ARM-based microcontroller from
Samsung (S3F441FX).
(Yunseop Kim et al., 2008) described details of the design and instrumentation of variable
rate irrigation, a wireless sensor network, and software for real-time in-field sensing and control
of a site-specific precision linear-move irrigation system. Field conditions were site-specifically
monitored by six in-field sensor stations distributed across the field based on a soil property map,
and periodically sampled and wirelessly transmitted to a base station. An irrigation machine was
converted to be electronically controlled by a programming logic controller (Siemens S7-226 with
three relay expansion modules activated electric over air solenoids to control 30 banks of
sprinklers) that updates geo-referenced location of sprinklers from a differential Global Positioning
System (GPS) (17HVS, Garmin) and wirelessly communicates with a computer at the base station.
Communication signals from the sensor network and irrigation controller to the base station were
successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication through Bluetooth
RS-232 serial adaptor (SD202, Initium Company).
(Bencini et al., 2009) developed state of the art WSN based system for monitoring a series
of physiological parameters in the vineyard to prevent plant vine diseases. The different soil
moistures in the same field is used to decide the correct amount of water for irrigation; sandy soils
have very different behavior to irrigation in respect to clayey ones; water retention capacity is
completely different and measuring it exactly where it is needed can help in controlling the

31. irrigation system and saving water. Monitoring air temperature and humidity in different parts of
a vine can help in preventing and fighting plants diseases, reducing the amount of pesticides only
when and where they are necessary. Each node consists of MIDRA mote is equipped with 868
MHz radio transceiver, Chipcon CC1000TM. The master node of the Wireless Sensor Network is
connected to a GPRS gateway board, forwarding data to a remote server, using the TCP-IP
standard protocol. It included 11 nodes with a total of 35 sensors distributed on 1 hectare area;
monitor common parameter using simple, unobtrusive, commercial and cheap sensors, forwarding
their measurements by the means of a heterogeneous infrastructure, consisting of WSN
technology, GPRS communication and ordinary Internet data transfer (TCP-IP protocol). Data
coming from sensors are stored in a database that can be queried by users everywhere in world,
only using a laptop or a PDA: the Smart User Interface also allows to read and to analyze data in
an easy way.
(Harms et al., 2010) describe the emerging wireless sensor networks (WSN) for
autonomous Structural Health monitoring SHM systems for bridges. In SmartBrick Network, the
base station and sensor nodes collect data from the onboard and external sensors. The sensor nodes
communicate their data from quasi-static sensors, e.g., temperature sensors, strain gauges and
seismic detectors to the base station over the ZigBee connection. The base station processes these
data and communicates them, along with any alerts generated, to a number of destinations over
the GSM/GPRS link provided by the cellular phone infrastructure. The data are reported by email
and FTP to redundant servers, via the Internet, at regular intervals or on an event-triggered basis.
The alerts are sent directly by SMS text messaging and by email. Wireless sensor networks are the
key enabler of the most reliable and durable systems for long-term SHM and have the potential to
dramatically increase public safety by providing early warning of impending structural hazards.
(Mulyadi et al., 2009) implemented a wireless medical interface based on ZigBee and
Bluetooth technology. The purpose is to acquire, process, and transfer raw data from medical
devices to Bluetooth network. The Bluetooth network can be connected to PC or PDA for further
processing. The interface comprises two types of device: MDIZ and MDIZB. MDIZ acquires data
from medical device, processes them using microcontroller, and transmit the data through ZigBee
network through UART. MDIZB receives data from several MDIZs and transmit them out to PC
through Bluetooth network. MDIZB comprises of ZigBee module, two processors, RAM, and
Bluetooth module. It receives data from ZigBee network through its ZigBee module. The data are

32. then sent to processor 1. Processor 1 decides priority of MDIZs. In processor 1, the data frame is
added with Start byte and End byte to mark the beginning and the end of data frame. After being
processed in processor 1, the data are then sent to processor 2 through SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface). Processor 2 transmits data to PC through Bluetooth network. Processor 2 controls
Bluetooth module. It also receives commands given by PC through
Bluetooth network. The interface is connected with four different medical devices through UART
and analog port at 42 kbps of data rate.

33. 3
PERFORMANCE METHODOLOGY& WORKING
The project mainly aims in designing completely automated switch board with the help of
touch screen sensor to control the house hold appliances and also provide a user friendly
environment of the user to operate the devices effectively. It majorly aims in providing a reliable
system for illiterates and old people who finds difficulty in operating few high end devices like
AC, water heaters etc.
Touch screen based home automation had greater importance than any other technologies
due to its user-friendly nature. Touch screen based devices can be easily reachable to the common
man due to its simpler operation, and at the same time it challenges the designers of the device.
These touch screen sensors can be used as a replacement of the existing switches in home which
produces sparks and also results in fire accidents in few situations. Considering the advantages of
touch screen sensors an advanced automation system was developed to control the appliances in
the house.
The device consists of a microcontroller, which is interfaced with the input and output
modules, the controller acts as an intermediate medium between both of them. So the controller
can be termed as a control unit. The input module is a touch screen sensor, which takes the input
from the user and fed it to the microcontroller. The output module is the appliances to be
controlled. Here the microcontroller receives the input from the touch sensor and switches the
device with respect to the input.
The major building blocks of this project are:
1. Regulated power supply with voltage regulator.
2. Touch screen sensor.
3. Microcontroller
4. Appliances to be controlled

34. 3.1. Components
1 TRANSFORMER
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage.
Fig3.1 Atypical stepdown transformer
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no
electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal
to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary
(output) coil to give a low output voltage.
TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )

35. Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.
2 Resistive touch screen
Concept
A resistive touch screen is constructed with two transparent layers coated with a
conductive material stacked on top of each other. When pressure is applied by a finger or a stylus
on the screen, the top layermakes contact with the lower layer. When a voltage is applied across
one of the layers, a voltage divider is created. The coordinates of a touch can be found by applying
a voltage across one layer in the direction and reading the voltage created by the voltage divider
to find the Y coordinate, and then applying a voltage across the other layer in the X direction and
reading the voltage created by the voltage divider to find the X coordinate.
Detecting a Touch
To know if the coordinate readings are valid, there must be a way to detect whether the
screen is being touched or not. This can be done by applying a positive voltage (VCC) to Y+
through a pullup resistor and applying ground to X–. The pullup resistor must be significantly
larger than the total resistance of the touch screen, which is usually a few hundred ohms. When
there is no touch, Y+ is pulled up to the positive voltage. When there is a touch, Y+ is pulled down
to ground as shown in Figure. This voltage-level change can be used to generate a pin-change
interrupt. A 4-wire resistive touch screen is constructed as shown in

36. Fig no.3.2 4wire touch screen
The x and y coordinates of a touch on a 4-wire touch screen can be read in two steps. First, Y+ is
driven high, Y– is driven to ground, and the voltage at X+ is measured. The ratio of this measured
voltage to the drive voltage applied is equal to the ratio of the y coordinate to the height of the
touch screen. They coordinate can be calculated as shown in Figure. The x coordinate can be
similarly obtained by driving X+ high, driving X– to ground, and measuring the voltage at Y+.
The ratio of this measured voltage to the drive voltage applied is equal to the ratio of the x
coordinate to the width of the touch screen.
3. RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process known
as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as
detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid statediodes, vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier.
It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In
this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave
rectification. In positive half cycleonly two diodes( 1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in

37. negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias
only.
Figure 3.3 Bridge rectifier
4. IN4007
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1.Maximum forward current capacity
2.Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3.Maximum forward voltage capacity
Figure 3.4 1N4007 diodes

38. The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are
as follows:
 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity
can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of
diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but
IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.
5.FILTER
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this
filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies
for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This
filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be
relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor changes and discharges.
Figure 3.7 Filter circuit

39. 6.ENCODER AND DECODER
In simple words, encoding is wrapping up the data. The data could be anything like simple
binary data (in the form of 1's and 0's) or it could be an audio signal or it could be certain text. But
here we are dealing with the encoding that is used for binary signals. The wrapped data is called
as a Packet. This packet is sent through a medium (“Through wire or wireless”) to the decoder part
where it gets unwrapped or decoded. Yes, now what you are thinking is right, it is exactly similar
to posting an envelope. Encoding is when you put the letter into envelope, the postman is medium
to take the envelope to the recipient and when recipient opens the envelope then it is called
decoding. So, essentially to apply encoding and decoding technique in our digital world we need
three entities: (1). A sender or in electronics sense it is Transmitter. (2). To receive this sent data
we need a receiver. (3). and of course we need an address of the receiver. The role of address in
electronics is played by address lines.
7.ENCODER(HT12E)
A wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver can be easily made using HT12D
Decoder, HT12E Encoder and ASK RF Module. Wireless transmission can be done by using
433Mhz or 315MHz ASK RF Transmitter and Receiver modules. In these modules digital data is
represented by different amplitudes of the carrier wave, hence this modulation is known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Radio Frequency (RF) transmission is more strong and reliable
than Infrared (IR) transmission due to following reasons :
 Radio Frequency signals can travel longer distances than Infrared.
 Only line of sight communication is possible through Infrared while radio frequency signals can be
transmitted even when there is obstacles.
 Infrared signals will get interfeared by other IR sources but signals on one frequency band in RF
will not interfeared by other frequency RF signals.

40. Fig no.-3.8 Transmitter for automaton system

41. A wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver can be easily made using HT12D
Decoder, HT12E Encoder and ASK RF Module. Wireless transmission can be done by using
433Mhz or 315MHz ASK RF Transmitter and Receiver modules. In these modules digital data is
represented by different amplitudes of the carrier wave, hence this modulation is known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Radio Frequency (RF) transmission is more strong and reliable
than Infrared (IR) transmission due to following reasons :
 Radio Frequency signals can travel longer distances than Infrared.
 Only line of sight communication is possible through Infrared while radio frequency
signals can be transmitted even when there is obstacles.
 Infrared signals will get interfered by other IR sources but signals on one frequency band
in RF will not interfered by other frequency RF signals.
HT12E Encoder IC will convert the 4 bit parallel data given to pins D0 – D3 to serial data and will be
available at DOUT. This output serial data is given to ASK RF Transmitter. Address inputs A0 – A7 can
be used to provide data security and can be connected to GND (Logic ZERO) or left open (Logic ONE).
Status of these Address pins should match with status of address pins in the receiver for the transmission
of the data. Data will be transmitted only when the Transmit Enable pin (TE) is LOW. 1.1MΩ resistor will
provide the necessary external resistance for the operation of the internal oscillator of HT12E.
8. DECODER (HT12D)
HT12E Encoder IC will convert the 4 bit parallel data given to pins D0 – D3 to serial data
and will be available at DOUT. This output serial data is given to ASK RF Transmitter. Address
inputs A0 – A7 can be used to provide data security and can be connected to GND (Logic ZERO)
or left open (Logic ONE). Status of these Address pins should match with status of address pins
in the receiver for the transmission of the data. Data will be transmitted only when the Transmit
Enable pin (TE) is LOW. 1.1MΩ resistor will provide the necessary external resistance for the
operation of the internal oscillator of HT12E.

42. Fig no.-3.5 Receiver for automation system
ASK RF Receiver receives the data transmitted using ASK RF Transmitter. HT12D decoder will
convert the received serial data to 4 bit parallel data D0 – D3. The status of these address pins A0-
A7 should match with status of address pin in the HT12E at the transmitter for the transmission of
data. The LED connected to the above circuit glows when valid data transmission occurs from
transmitter to receiver. 51KΩ resistor will provide the necessary resistance required for the internal
oscillator of the HT12D.

43. 9.MICROCONTROLLER AT89S51
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The deviceis
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and iscompatible with
the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chipFlash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventionalnonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flashon a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which providesa highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications
Features
• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

44. Fig no.-3.6 pin configuration of microcontroller AT89S51

45. Fig no.-3.7 block Diagram of microcontroller AT89S51

46. 10. OPTO-ISOLATOR
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a
component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-
isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially
available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with
speeds up to 10 kV/μs.
A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque
package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and
lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some
techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
Fig no. 3.8 Opto-coupler
An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infraredlight-emitting
diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel (also called
dielectrical channel), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and either generates electric
energy directly, or modulateselectric current flowing from an external power supply. The sensor
can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or a
triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to emitting it, construction of symmetrical,
bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An optocoupledsolid state relay contains a photodiode
opto-isolator which drives a power switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFETs. A slotted
optical switch contains a source of light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open, allowing
modulation of light by external objects obstructing the path of light or reflecting light into the
sensor.[1]

47. 11. TRIAC
Fig no.-3.10 Triac
TRIAC, from triode for alternating current, is a generic trademark for a three terminal
electronic component that conducts current in either direction when triggered. Its formal name is,
bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. A thyristor is analogous to a relay in that
a small voltage and current can control a much larger voltage and current. The illustration on the
right shows the circuit symbol for a TRIAC where A1 is Anode 1, A2 is Anode 2, and G is Gate.
Anode 1 and Anode 2 are normally termed Main Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal 2 (MT2)
respectively.
TRIACs are a subset of thyristors and are related to silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs). However,
unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices and only conduct current in one direction, TRIACs
are bidirectional and conduct current in both directions. Another difference is that SCRs can only
be triggered by a positive current at their gate, but, in general, TRIACs can be triggered by either
a positive or negative current at their gate, although some special types cannot be triggered by one

48. of the combinations. To create a triggering current for an SCR a positive voltage has to be applied
to the gate but for a TRIAC either a positive or negative voltage can be applied to the gate. In all
three cases the voltage and current are with respect to MT1. Once triggered, SCRs and thyristors
continue to conduct, even if the gate current ceases, until the main current drops below a certain
level called the holding current.
Gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) are similar to TRIACs but provide more control by turning off
when the gate signal ceases.
TRIACs bidirectionality makes them convenient switches for alternating-current (AC). In
addition, applying a trigger at a controlled phase angle of the AC in the main circuit allows control
of the average current flowing into a load (phase control). This is commonly used for controlling
the speed of induction motors, dimming lamps, and controlling electric heaters[2].
12. RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current
by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely
commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).
13.CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.

49. 3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL MICRO VISION (IDE)
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels,
debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for
ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of
software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about
embedded software development. When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller
you use from the Device Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and
memory options for you.[6]
Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of compilers and cross
compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil.
3.2.2Concept of compiler
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop
compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other
microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run
on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For
example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform So if one
wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object
code.[3]
The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source
code and collecting and reorganizing the instruction. See there is a bit little difference between
compiler and an interpreter. Interpreter just interprets whole program at a time while compiler
analyses and execute each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire
program.
The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Secondly programs produced
by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter. However compilers
require some time before an executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into
object code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the same language

50. 4
HARDWARE CONFIGURATION& MECHANICAL DIMENSION
4.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION
Fig 4.1 Block diagram of transmitter section
4.2 RECEIVER SECTION

51. Fig 4.2 Block diagram of receiver section
4.3HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Power supply block

52.  Microcontroller at89s52/at89c51
 Touch panel
 Rf transmitter &rf receiver (ht12e/ht12d)
 Opto-isolator
 Triac
 Regulators
 crystal oscillator
 diodes
 resistors
 Capacitors
4.3.1 POWER SUPPLY
Fig 4.3 Power flow in transmitter section
4.3.2 MICROCONTROLLERS
 It is a smaller computer
230 V
AC
50
Hz
5
V
D
C12V step down
transformer
Filter(470µf)

53.  Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Fig 4.4 Internal structure of a micro controller-at89s52/51
RAM ROM
I/O Port Timer
Serial
COM
Port Microcontrolle
r
CPU
A single chip
CPU
On-
chip
RAM
On-chip
ROM for
program
code
4 I/O
Ports
Timer 0
Seria
l
PortOSC
Interru
pt
Control
External interrupts
Timer 1
Timer/Cou
nter
Bus
Control
TxDRxDP0 P1 P2
P3Address/Data
Counter
Inputs

54. Features of AT89S51/52
 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
 Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
 Watchdog Timer
 Dual Data Pointer

55. Fig 4.5 Pin description

56. 4.3.3 RF Transmitter and Receiver
 RF modules are normally divided into three groups, RF transmitter module, RF
receiver module and RF transceiver module
 433MHz ASK transmitter and receiver is used for the remote control.
Features of RF
 Range in open space(Standard Conditions) : 100 Meters
 RX Receiver Frequency : 433 MHz
 RX Typical Sensitivity : 105 Dbm
 RX Supply Current : 3.5 mA
 RX IF Frequency : 1MHz
 Low Power Consumption
 Easy For Application
 RX Operating Voltage : 5V
 TX Frequency Range : 433.92 MHz
 TX Supply Voltage : 3V ~ 6V
 TX Out Put Power : 4 ~ 12 Dbm
HT 12 ENCODER
Specifications
• Operating voltage is 2.4V~12V for the HT12E.
• Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
• Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V
• HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium
• Minimum transmission words are Four words for the HT12E
• Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

57. • Data code has positive polarity
• Minimal external components
• HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package
HT12 DECODER
Specifications
 Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V.
 Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology.
 Low standby current.
 Capable of decoding 12 bits of information.
 Binary address setting.
 Address/Data number combination for HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits.
 Valid transmission indicator
 Minimal external components
 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

58. Fig
4.6 Pin graphical touch screen
BC547 (NPN –Transistor)
Specifications
• The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
• It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100
mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
• The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given
the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).

59. Fig 4.7 Pictorial view & Symbol of typical transistor
• The current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and
is a function of the transistor itself
4.3.4 Triac
Fig 4.8 Pictorial view & symbol of TRIAC
TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is a generalized trade name for an electronic
component which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and
is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor.
4.3.5 Opto-isolator

60. Fig 4.9 opto-isolator
• Opto-coupler MOC3061/63 an LED SCR type combination.
• Opto coupler is a 6 pin IC.
• Additionally while using this IC with microcontroller and one LED can be connected in
series with IC LED to indicate when high is given from micro controller such that we can
know that current is flowing in internal LED of the opto-IC.
• When logic high is given current flows through LED from pin 1 to 2 .So in this process
LED light falls on SCR causing 6 & 4 to close only at the zero cross of the supply
voltage.
• During each half cycle current flows through scr gate, external series resistor and through
opto-scr for the main thyristor / triac to trigger for the load at the beginning of the supply
cycle always to operate.
Software Requirements
• Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels,
debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for
ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
• Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code.
Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor,
but not for other microprocessors.

61. • i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on
the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the
computer).
• For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix
platform So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that
translates source code into object code.
At first glance, some of the most talked-about home automation devices appear gimmicky and
expensive: $200 for a set of light bulbs that change color, or $250 for a thermostat that saves you
the trouble of programming it may seem fun, but ultimately, isn’t it frivolous?
Not at all. The color changing and self-programming features are simply icing on the cake. The
real goodness is buried in the sensors and smarts. The more connected devices in your home, the
more of these sensors and smarts you integrate, and the stronger and smarter your home becomes.
Eventually, a truly smart home will know who you are, where you are and what you want, all
without us having to tell it anything. That is when the self-programming thermostat’s ability to
communicate with those gimmicky lights—and tell it you’ve left so they can turn off, or to flash
red to indicate high carbon monoxide in the house—suddenly doesn’t seem so frivolous after all.
4.3.6 RF Remote Control Handheld
The RF remote control system is using 433MHz, which is a frequency allocated for all sorts of
radio frequency controllers. Coding is necessary to prevent the interference and security. The
RF remote control transmitter consist of four switches, each switch has different function for
example the switch (SW1) use to turn the ceiling fan (ON) and the switch (SW2) use to turn the
device (OFF). The microcontroller receives this signal through RF receiver circuit then provides
the special code of the selective device. Figure 4.10 explains the block diagram of interface RF
receiver circuit with board 1.The microcontroller AT89C51 checks the store ceiling fan code
and gives the chosen order, at the same time the code goes through serial port to the Home PC
GUI to indicate the situation of the device.

62. Fig. 4.10 Interface between RF Receiver and AT89C51 in Board1
4.5 Assembly Language Program
The flowchart is shown in fig 4.10 used for Home Automation by using the microcontroller.
The initialization and reset (Serial Port, Timers and Variables) was selected then microcontroller read

63. inputs (Sensor, RF, Manual Switch and Serial Port). The order goes to the device to turn on or off. At
the same time the microcontroller give handshake signals to the Desktop PC to display the situation of
the device.
Fig 4.11 Flowchart of home automation by using RF controller
Initialization
(Serial port, timers, variables )
Turn Off all Home
devices
ON/OFF
Home Devices
Read inputs
(Sensor, RF, Manual switch )
ON/OFF
Instruction
Check serial
Port
ON/OFF
Instruction
Emergency
Instructions
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
Start
End
Alarm Device ON

64. 4.6 Mechanical Dimensions & Physical view
Fig 4.12 Physical view of Home automation by using RF controller

65. In fig 4.12 it shows the transmitter, receiver, transformer and other circuitry. It is mounted on 50
cm long wooden board.
Transmitter Section –
It is 15 × 10 cm Printed circuit board (PCB) on which rectifier, encoder, RF Transmitter,
Regulator and touch screen led is mounted.
Receiver Section –
It is 5 × 10 cm PCB on which Regulator, Decoder, RF receiver, opto isolator, Relay is mounted
Transformer –
It is used to convert 230 V to 12 V supply.

66. 5
CONCLUSION
ADVANTAGES:
Home automation can bring us a high level condition with decent servers with the smart devices. The more
important thing is that the dweller will have a safer home. The security system will help dweller feel safer
and more reassured. It can also help people to get away from heavy house work and increase the efficiency
of working
Adds safety through your appliances and lighting control
Another home automation advantage is added safety for both your family and home. You have the ability to
control the small appliances and lighting, again with the simple tap of your finger on your favorite technological
device. You can always check to make sure your daughter turned off her curling iron or ensure that your oven
has been flipped off from the morning family breakfast. Your home and family also enjoy an added measure of
safety through your ability to control the lights in your home. Not only does this allow you to make sure lights
are off when you are gone to save electricity, it also allows you to turn them on at specific times if you would
like it to look like you are home. This also helps increase the safety and security of your home.

67. INCREASES CONVINIENCE THROUGH TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENT
Often, we leave for work early in the morning and forget to adjust our thermostat. As a result, we come home to
a house that is severely too hot or too cold. This is inconvenient, as it usually takes a good amount of time for
the household temperature to increase or decrease after being adjusted. However, with a home automation
system, you can simply adjust the thermostat from the convenience of your office a few hours before heading
home. This is both cost effective and saves on energy, and it helps you stay “on top of” your life when you have
run out the door first thing in the morning without considering much else besides arriving to work on time.
SAVES TIME

68. It is no secret that today’s world is busier than in days past. If you are like most people, you are
constantly running from place to place, working to accomplish everything on your never-ending
“to-do” list. Because of the high-tech nature of a home automation system, you never have to
worry about running home to open the door for your children after school or making a quick stop
at home in order to adjust household items. In short, you easily save precious time and experience
more daily productivity.
SAVES MONEY AND INCREASE CONVINIENCE
As mentioned earlier, a home automation system saves money. The most beneficial impact the
system will have is on your monthly utility bill. No longer will you be spending money for
household appliances left on in your family’s absence. You will also save on gas costs, as you will
never need to stop by the house in order to turn something off or on. This is certainly convenient.
You will have complete control to make sure costs are low without exerting any additional effort
INCREASE PEACE OF MIND
Perhaps this benefit will not apply to everyone, but for those who habitually worry about whether
or not they have taken care of everything at home before leaving for the day, a home automation
system is a perfect investment. In short, it offers peace of mind. This is quite beneficial for those
individuals who leave each day, obsessively worrying if everything is in order. With so many
stresses in daily life, it is nice to take at least one off the list by being able to see what is going on
at home without physically being there.
DISADVANTAGES
Every coin has two sides. Home automation also has several disadvantages. Many people think it
has a potential risk of electronic equipment radiation. We all know that high electronic equipment
radiation can cause cancer and some other illnesses. Such appliance in the home will consume
quite a lot of energy, even the stand-by energy consumption everyday is more than a normal
countryside home energy use everyday. It’s also disappointing that those products are luxurious,
but their practical applicability is low.