TPS training report Gandhinagar, coal base power plant

1. A
Practical Training Report
On
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by:-
Patel Vishal V. Patel Harshad B.
110750119018 110750119001
SEM: - VII SEM:- VII
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute Of Technology,
vasan, Gandhinagar
Gujarat Technology University

2. PREFACE
A student gets theoretical knowledge from classroom and
gets practical knowledge from industrial training. When these two
aspects of theoretical knowledge and practical experience together
then a student is full equipped to secure his best.
In conducting the project study in an industry, students get
exposed and have knowledge of real situation in the work field and
gains experience from them. The object of the winter training cum
project is to provide an opportunity to experience the practical aspect
of Technology in any organization. It provides a chance to get the feel
of the organization and its function.
The fact that thermal energy is the major source of power
generation itself shows the importance of thermal power generation in
India – more than 60 percent of electric power is produced by steam
plant in India.
In steam power plants, the heat of combustion of fossil
fuels is utilized by the boilers to raise steam at high pressure and
temperature. The steam so produced is used in driving the steam
turbine coupled to generators and thus in generating ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

3. 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE POWER PLANT
Electricity is the only form of energy which is easy to
produce, easy to transport, easy to use and easy to control. So, it is
mostly the terminal of energy for transmission and distribution.
Electricity consumption per capita is the index of the living standard of
people of place or country.
Electricity Demand and Supply in India: India is facing
energy shortages of 11% of demand and even higher peak shortages of
14%Demand-supply gap is more acute in Western region (where 70% of
the Project’s power will be supplied) with energy deficit at 16% and
peak deficit at 21% Capacity additions of 160,000 MW required in the
next 10 years to meet India’s power demand. New capacity need to be
added using a combination of coal, hydro, gas, nuclear and wind
projects
Types of Power Plants: Electricity in bulk quantities is produced in
power plants, which can be of the following types:
 Thermal
 Nuclear
 Hydraulic
 Gas turbine
 Geothermal

4. India’s Installed Capacity (233930 MW)

5. 2. A VIEW OF GANDHINAGAR TPS

6. 3. DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL COAL-FIRED THERMAL
POWER STATION
1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater
2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure steam turbine 20. Forced draught (draft) fan
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 13. Feed water heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulveriser 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
9. Intermediate steam turbine 18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack

7. 1. COAL YARD.
 In the coal yard the wagon full of coal is emptied automatically.
 In this first the wagon is sprayed of water.
 Then the wagon is clamped by horizontal and vertical clamp.
 Then the dc motors rotates the bridge and the coal is emptied from
the wagon.
 The floor is at 40m depth.
 Then the bridge came into original position.
 The rack pulls out the wagon from the track.
 The rack is worked by motor.

8. 2. COAL CRUSHER.
 The coal crusher is used to crush the coal.
 From the floor the rack pull out the coal.
 In the crusher there is one mill which crack the large stone of coal.
 There is magnet used to pull out the metal particles present in the
coal.
 There is always 2 gates are used.
 One in working condition while another is in stand by.
 From the crusher the coal is stored in the bunker or either on the
ground.
 The continues water is sprayed on the coal.
 Due to property of the coal the coal burn in the air so the water
spray is required.
 The JCB is used to supply coal to bunker from ground storage.
3. BUNKER
 The bunker is the one type of storage.
 The belt is used to pull out the coal from crusher.
 The depth of the bunker is 12m.
 8m cylindrical and 4m conical shape.
 From the bunker the coal enters into the feeder.
 From the feeder the coal enter into the coal mill.

9. 4. COAL MILL
 The coal needed to be fine particles to burn efficiently.
 The size of the coal particles are 200-400 mesh.
 The mesh is unit which is described as the parts per square inch.
 Here the bowl type coal mill used.
 The saucer type bed is rotating with the help of motor.
 From the feeder the centrally located pipe feed the coal into mill.
 The roller is used to crush the coal.
 While the coal crushed from the mill is of size of 200-400 mesh.
 The P.A. Fan blows the air from the bottom and fly out the crushed
coal into the boiler from the mill.
 The 4 pipe is used as outlet.
 The metal particles and another heavy particles are diffused away
at bottom.
 The excitation force is provided to the roller from behind.
 The nitrogen shock absorber tank is also used to absorb the shock
on the roller.
 The lubrication is required in the roller.
 The lubrication pump is existing there.
 The coal is prevented to enter into the bearing so seal pump is also
used.
 The speed of the coal crushed in the mill is managed by managing
the speed of the feeder.
 Coal is grounded to powdery form in bowl mill. This finely
grounded coal is known as pulverized coal. Bowl mill consists of a
round metallic table and three rollers. Rotating table is made to
rotate with the help of a motor. There are three large rollers which
are at a spacing of 120°.When there is no coal these rollers does
not rotate but when coal is fed to the table it packs between the

10. table and the roller and this forces the rollers to rotate. Coal is
crushed by the crushing action between table and rollers.
 This pulverized coal is taken to the burner in coal pipes with the
help of hot and cold air mixture from primary air (PA) fan.
TECHNICAL DATA:
 No. of coal mills: 6 Nos.
 Maximum capacity : 45 TPH
 Mill speed : 26.4 rpm
 No. of coal Bunkers : 6 Nos
 Mill type : Medium speed vertical grinder roller
 Coal fineness : 75 μ
 Capacity of coal feeder : 50 TPH
 Outlet PA / Coal temp. : 85° C
Fig. coal mill inside view

11. Fig. coal mill inside view

12. 5. BOILER
 Now that pulverized coal is put in boiler furnace.
 Boiler is an enclosed vessel in which water is heated and
circulated until the water is turned in to steam at required
pressure.
 Coal is burned inside the combustion chamber of boiler.
 The products of combustion are nothing but gases.
 These gases which are at high temperature vaporize the water
inside the boiler to steam.
 Sometimes this steam is further heated in a super heater as
higher the steam pressure and temperature the greater efficiency
the engine will have in converting the heat in steam in to
mechanical work.
 This steam at high pressure and temperature is used directly as a
heating medium, or as the working fluid in a prime mover to
convert thermal energy to mechanical work, which in turn may
be converted to electrical energy.
 Although other fluids are sometimes used for these purposes,
water is by far the most common because of its economy and
suitable thermodynamic characteristics.
 There are two types of boiler in the power plant subcritical &
supercritical 330MW unit have subcritical boiler and 660MW
unit have supercritical boilers.

13. Rankine Cycle
• The “efficiency “of the thermodynamic process is the heat energy
fed into the Rankine cycle is converted into electrical energy.
• Heat energy input to the Rankine cycle is kept constant, the output
can be increased by selecting high pressures and high
temperatures.
• The key components are supercritical once through boiler and high
pressure & high temperature steam turbine.
Fig. Rankine cycle
1 – 2 > CEP work
2 – 3 > LP heating
3 – 4 > BFP work
4 – 5 > HP heating
5 – 6 > Eco. WW
6 – 7 > superheating
7 – 8 > HPT work
8 – 9 > Reating
9 – 10 > IPT work
10 – 11 > LPT work
11 – 1 >Condensing

14. Boiler design:
Fig. Boiler inside View

15. Boiler Components:
Water Walls
Separator
Economiser
Superheater
Reheater
A DETAILED VIEW OF SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
Fig Detail view of Boiler

16. WaterWalls/Evaporator
• The furnace circuitry consists of a lower section with optimized,
vertical rifled tubes that extend up to transition headers located at
an elevation below the furnace nose.
• The transition headers are interconnected to provide pressure
equalization to minimize flow unbalances and provide circuit flow
stability.
• Above the transition header location, vertical smooth bore tubes
extend up to the furnace roof, and also form the furnace exit screen
and part of the vestibule side walls.
• The tube panels that form the furnace enclosure are of Monowall
type construction. Risers pipes extend from the furnace enclosure
upper headers and are routed to a collection manifold from which
the flow is directed to a final evaporator zone that forms the
furnace nose, vestibule floor and approximately half of the
vestibule sidewalls.
• The furnace enclosure tube size and spacing were selected to
provide a low mass flux (nominally 1000 kg/m2-s at full load) to
provide a “natural circulation” flow characteristic (as will be
described in a subsequent section) to accommodate radial heat
absorption variations around the perimeter of the furnace.
• Tube sizes and spacing, membrane fin sizes, and materials are all
selected to provide for base load service as well as the defined
cyclic operation of the plant.
• The final evaporator zone that forms the furnace nose, vestibule
floor, and part of the vestibule sidewalls is provided to act as a
buffer circuit to minimize tube temperature differentials between
the furnace evaporator walls and the adjacent HRA enclosure
superheater panels during start-up and transient conditions.
• The interface between evaporator and superheater tubes is
positioned near the center of the vestibule to avoid structural
discontinuities such as enclosure corners where stress
concentrations are the greatest.

17. • From the vestibule enclosure, steam is directed to four in-line
steam/water separators connected in parallel, which are part of the
start-up system, which is described below.
Fig Boiler wall

18. SEPARATOR
• Subcritical boilers are consisting of drum arrangement and
supercritical boilers are consisting of separator. The separators are
once through arrangement.
ECONOMISER
• An economizer is a heat exchanger which raises the temperature of
the feedwater leaving the highest pressure feed water heater to
about the saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler
pressure.
• This is done by the hot flue gases exiting the last superheater or
reheater at a temperature varying from 370`C to 540`C. The
throwing away of such high temperature gases involved a great
deal of energy loss.
• By utilizing these gases in heating feedwater, higher efficiency and
better economy were achieved.
• The flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. An
economiser extracts a part of this heat from the flue gases and uses
it for heating the feed water before it enters into the steam drum.
• The use of economiser results in saving fuel consumption and
higher boiler efficiency but needs extra investment. In an
economizer, a large number of small diameter thin walled tubes are
placed between two headers. Feed water enters the tubes through
the other. The flue gases flow outside the tubes.

19. •
Fig. Economizer

20. SUPERHEATER
• The superheater is a heat exchanger in which heat is transferred to
the saturated steam to increase its temperature. It raises the overall
cycle efficiency.
• In addition it reduces the moisture content in the last stages of the
turbine and thus increases the turbine internal efficiency.
• In modern utility high pressure boilers, more than 40% of the total
heat absorbed in the generation of steam takes place in the
superheaters. So, large surface area is required to be provided for
superheating of steam.
Fig. Super heater

21. Fig. Inside View of super heater in Boiler

22. REHEATER:
• Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine
where it loses some of its energy.
• Reheater is also steam boiler component in which heat is added to
this intermediate-pressure steam, which has given up some of its
energy in expansion through the high-pressure turbine.
• The steam after reheating is used to rotate the second steam turbine
where the heat is converted to mechanical energy.
• This mechanical energy is used to run the alternator, which is
coupled to turbine, there by generating electrical energy.
•
Fig. Reheater

23. Main Steam, water, air flow of plant

24. DRAUGHT SYSTEM
Large amount of air is required for combustion of fuel. The gaseous
combustion products in huge quantity have also to be removed
continuously from the furnace. To produce the required flow of air or
combustion gas, a pressure differential is needed. The term “draught” or
“draft” is used to define the static pressure in the furnace, in the various
ducts, and the stack.
The function of the draught system is basically two folds:
• To supply to the furnace the required quantity of air for complete
of fuel.
• To remove the gaseous products of combustion from the furnace
and throw these through chimney or stack to the atmosphere.
• There are two ways of producing draught:
• Natural draught
• Mechanical draught
Natural Draught: The natural draught is produced by a chimney or a
stack. It is caused by the density difference between the atmospheric air
and the hot gas in the stack.
Mechanical Draught: Mechanical draught is produced by fans.
Induced and ForcedDraught Fans:
• Big fans may be used for sucking and throwing out the flue gas
through the chimney, thereby creating adequate draught inside the
furnace.
• Such Fans are termed as Induced Draught Fans. Forced draught
Fans may also be deployed for supply of required quantity of

25. combustion air and maintaining a positive draught inside the
furnace.
• The flue gas will be pushed out the stack with the draught pressure
available in the furnace.
FORCED DRAUGHT FAN:
• Air drawn from atmosphere is forced into the furnace, at a pressure
higher than the outside atmosphere, by big centrifugal fan or fans
to create turbulence and to provide adequate Oxygen for
combustion.
• Hence the system is known by the name Forced draught system
and the fan, used to push through combustion air under pressure, is
called Forced Draught Fan. F D fan is normally located at the front
or sideways of the furnace.
Fig. FD Fan

26. INDUCED DRAUGHT FAN:
• Instead of drawing atmospheric air and pushing through furnace, a
centrifugal fan can be deployed to draw out the air from the
furnace and throw out through the chimney, thereby creating
negative pressure in the combustion zone and maintain the
negative draught through out the furnace.
• The system is called Induced Draught system and the fan deployed
for this purpose is known as Induced Draught Fan.
• In the Induced Draught system, the fan is fitted at back end of the
furnace or near the base of the chimney.
• Due to the negative pressure created inside the furnace, by the
action of the fan, flue gas will not come out of combustion space
i.e. Furnace.
• The entry of air to Boiler is regulated through air registers and
dampers.
• For similar capacity boilers, the size of an induced draught fan will
be more than the size of the forced draught fan required for a
forced draught system.
• This is because the products of combustion is always much higher
in volume than the volume of combustion air handled by the forced
draught fan.
• Further the flue gas is hotter and the density is less. Hence the
volume is much more.
• According to Charles Law, when a gas is heated the volume will
proportionately increase at constant pressure, with the raise in
temperature.
• According to Boyles Law, if pressure inside a vessel is increased,
the volume will proportionately decrease and the vice-versa is also
true (P ∝ 1/V).

27. Fig. ID Fan

28. PRIMARY AIR FAN:
• These are the large high pressure fans which supply the air needed
to dry and transport coal either directly from the coal mills to the
furnace or to the intermediate bunker.
• These fans may be located before or after the milling equipment.
The most common applications are cold primary air fans, hot
primary air fans.
• The coal primary air fan is located before air heater and draws air
from the atm. And supplies the energy required to force air through
air heaters, ducts, mills and fuel piping.
• With a cold air system like this the FD fan may be made smaller as
PA fan supply part of combustion air.
• For primary air fans boosts the air pressure from air heaters for
drying and transporting coal from pulverisers in these systems the
total air has to be handled by FD fans and each mill will be
provided with a primary air fan at the mill inlet side the primary
fan in these case has to handle hot air probably with some amount
of fly ash carried from the air pre-heater.
AIR PREHEATER:
• Air preheater are in generally divided into following two types:
 Recuperative
 Regenerative
• In Recuperative APH, heat is directly transferred from the hot
gases to the air across the heat exchanging surface.
• They are commonly tubular, although some plate types are still in
use. Tubular units are essentially counter-flow shell-and-tube heat
exchangers in which the hot gases flow inside the vertical straight
tubes and air flows outside.

29. • Baffles are provided to maximize air contact with the hot tubes.
• Regenerative APH are also known as storage type heat exchangers,
have an energy storage medium, called the matrix, which is
alternately exposed to the hot and cold fluids. When the hot flue
gases flow through the matrix in the first half of the cycle, the
matrix is heated and the gas is cooled. In the next half of the cycle
when air flows through the matrix, air gets heated and the matrix is
cooled. The cycle repeats itself.
Fig. Air Preheater
DEAERATOR:
• A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should
be devoid of air and other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive
ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
• Generally, power stations use a Deaerator to provide for the
removal of air and other dissolved gases from the boiler feed
water. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration

30. section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which
serves as the deaerated boiler feed water storage tank.
Fig. Deaerator

31. 6. STEAM TURBINE:
INTRODUCTION:-
• Turbine is a machine in which a shaft is rotated steadily by impact
or reaction of current or stream of working substance (steam, air,
water, gases etc) upon blades of a wheel.
• It converts the potential or kinetic energy of the working substance
into mechanical power by virtue of dynamic action of working
substance. When the working substance is steam it is called the
steam turbine.
Fig. Inside View of Turbine

32. PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION OF STEAM TURBINE:-
• Working of the steam turbine depends wholly upon the dynamic
action of Steam. The steam is caused to fall in pressure in a
passage of nozzle: doe to this fall in pressure a certain amount of
heat energy is converted into mechanical kinetic energy and the
steam is set moving with a greater velocity.
• The rapidly moving particles of steam, enter the moving part of the
turbine and here suffer a change in direction of motion which gives
rose to change of momentum and therefore to a force.
• This constitutes the driving force of the machine. The processor of
expansion and direction changing may occur once or a number of
times in succession and may be carried out with difference of
detail.
• The passage of steam through moving part of the commonly called
the blade, may take place in such a manner that the pressure at the
outlet side of the blade is equal to that at the inlet inside.Such a
turbine is broadly termed as impulse turbine.
• On the other hand the pressure of the steam at outlet from the
moving blade may be less than that at the inlet side of the blades;
the drop in pressure suffered by the steam during its flow through
the moving causes a further generation of kinetic energy within the
blades and adds to the propelling force which is applied to the
turbine rotor. Such a turbine is broadly termed as impulse reaction
turbine.
• The majority of the steam turbine have, therefore two important
elements, or Sets of such elements.
• These are the nozzle in which the system expands from high
pressure end a state of comparative rest to a lower pressure end a
status of comparatively rapid motion.
• The blade or deflector, in which the steam particles changes its
directions and hence its momentum changes .
• The blades are attach to the rotating elements are attached to the
stationary part of the turbine which is usually termed the stator,
casing or cylinder.

33. • Although the fundamental principles on which all steam turbine
operate the same, yet the methods where by these principles
carried into effect very end as a result, certain types of turbine have
come into existence.
1. Simple impulse steam turbine.
2. The pressure compounded impulse turbine.
3. Simple velocity compounded impulse turbine.
4. Pressure-velocity compounded turbine.
5. Pure reaction turbine.
6. Impulse reaction
Fig Turbine Stage

34. 7. DESCRIPTION OF STEAM TURBINES:-
HP TURBINE:-
• The HP casing is a barrel type casing without axial joint. Because
of its rotation symmetry the barrel type casing remain constant in
shape and leak proof during quick change in temperature.
• The inner casing too is cylinder in shape as horizontal joint flange
are relieved by higher pressure arising outside and this can kept
small. Due to this reason barrel type casing are especially suitable
for quick start up and loading.
• The HP turbine consists of 25 reaction stages. The moving and
stationary blades are inserted into appropriately shapes into inner
casing and the shaft to reduce leakage losses at blade tips.
Fig. HP Turbine
IP TURBINE:-
• The IP part of turbine is of double flow construction. The casing of
IP turbine is split horizontally and is of double shell construction.

35. The double flow inner casing is supported kinematically in the
outer casing.
• The steam from HP turbine after reheating enters the inner casing
from above and below through two inlet nozzles.
• The centre flows compensates the axial thrust and prevent steam
inlet temperature affecting brackets, bearing etc.
• The arrangements of inner casing confines high steam inlet
condition to admission branch of casing, while the joints of outer
casing is subjected only to lower pressure and temperature at the
exhaust of inner casing.
• The pressure in outer casing relieves the joint of inner casing so
that this joint is to be sealed only against resulting differential
pressure.
• The IP turbine consists of 20 reaction stages per flow. The moving
and stationary blades are inserted in appropriately shaped grooves
in shaft and inner casing.
Fig. IP Turbine
LP TURBINE:-
• The casing of double flow type LP turbine is of three shell design.
The shells are axially split and have rigidly welded construction.

36. • The outer casing consist of the front and rear walls , the lateral
longitudinal support bearing and upper part.
• The outer casing is supported by the ends of longitudinal beams on
the base plates of foundation.
• The double flow inner casing consist of outer shell and inner shell.
The inner shell is attached to outer shell with provision of free
thermal movement.
• Steam admitted to LP turbine from IP turbine flows into the inner
casing from both sides through steam inlet nozzles.
Fig. LP Turbine
LOSSES IN STEAM TURBINE:
• Friction losses
• Leakage losses
• Wind age loss( More in Rotors having Discs)
• Exit Velocity loss
• Incidence and Exit loss
• Secondary loss
• Loss due to wetness
• Loss at the Bearings (appx 0.3% of total output)
• Off design losses

37. MAIN LOSSES IN TURBINE:
FRICTION LOSS:
• It is more in Impulse turbines than Reaction Turbines,because impulse
turbines uses high velocity of steam and further the flow in the moving
blades of the Reaction turbines is accelerating which leads to better and
smooth flow(Turbulent flow gets converted to Laminar flow)
LEAKAGES LOSS:
It is more in Reaction turbines than Impulse turbines because there is
Pressure difference across the moving stage of reaction turbines which
leads to the Leakages. In Impulse turbine such condition is not there.
• Leakage loss predominates over friction losses in the High
Pressure end of the Turbine
• Friction Losses predominates over the Leakage's Loss in the Low
Pressure end of the Turbine.
• It is observed that the Efficiency of The IP Turbine is the
maximum followed by The HP and LP Turbine.

38. 8. CONDENSER:
• Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser. Condenser
refers here to the shell and tube heat exchanger (or surface
condenser) installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in Thermal
power stations of utility companies generally. These condensers
are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its
liquid state, also known as phase transition.
• In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the
condenser. Where water is in short supply an air cooled condenser
is often used.
• An air cooled condenser is however significantly more expensive
and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine backpressure (and
therefore less efficient) as a surface condenser.
• The purpose is to condense the outlet (or exhaust) steam from
steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to get the
condensed steam in the form of pure water, otherwise known as
condensate, back to steam generator or (boiler) as boiler feed
water.
Fig. Condenser

39. 9.COOLING TOWERS:
• The condensate (water) formed in the condenser after condensation
is initially at high temperature. This hot water is passed to cooling
towers.
• It is a tower- or building-like device in which atmospheric air (the
heat receiver) circulates in direct or indirect contact with warmer
water (the heat source) and the water is thereby cooled.
• A cooling tower may serve as the heat sink in a conventional
thermodynamic process, such as refrigeration or steam power
generation, and when it is convenient or desirable to make final
heat rejection to atmospheric air.
• Water, acting as the heat-transfer fluid, gives up heat to
atmospheric air, and thus cooled, is recalculated through the
system, affording economical operation of the process
COOLING TOWER:
• Inlet water temperature : 60 °C
• Outlet water temperature : 35 °C

40. Fig. Cooling Tower

41. 10. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR(ESP):
• It is a device which removes dust or other finely divided particles
from flue gases by charging the particles inductively with an
electric field, then attracting them to highly charged collector
plates. Also known as precipitator.
• The process depends on two steps. In the first step the suspension
passes through an electric discharge (corona discharge) area where
ionization of the gas occurs. The ions produced collide with the
suspended particles and confer on them an electric charge.
• The charged particles drift toward an electrode of opposite sign
and are deposited on the electrode where their electric charge is
neutralized. The phenomenon would be more correctly designated
as electrode position from the gas phase.
Fig. ESP

42. Fig.ESP

43. 11. SMOKE STACK/CHIMNEY:
• A chimney is a system for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a
boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.
• They are typically almost vertical to ensure that the hot gases flow
smoothly, drawing air into the combustion through the chimney
effect (also known as the stack effect).
• The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be
found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships.
• In the US, the term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is also used
when referring to locomotive chimneys.
• The term funnel is generally used for ship chimneys and
sometimes used to refer to locomotive chimneys. Chimneys are tall
to increase their draw of air for combustion and to disperse
pollutants in the flue gases over a greater area so as to reduce the
pollutant concentrations in compliance with regulatory or other
limits.
• These are 220M tall RCC structures with single / multiple flues
inside the concrete shells. The height of these chimneys varies
depending on the location of power plant.
Fig. Chimney

44. 12. GENERATOR:
• An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts
mechanical energy to alternating current electrical energy.
• In principle, any AC generator can be called an alternator, but
usually the word refers to small rotating machines driven by
automotive and other internal combustion engines.
• Generator is connected with the all HP, IP and LP turbines so
when the turbines rotates by the pressure of the steam the generator
also rotate and due to magnetic field it generates electricity.
• In 330MW unit the generator is connected with one HP turbine,
one IP turbine and one LP turbine but In 660MW unit the
generator is connected with one HP turbine, one IP turbine and two
LP turbine.
Fig. Generator

45. CONCLUSION:
• The first phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful.
It provided an opportunity for encounter with such hardworking
engineers.
• The architecture of the power plant the way various units are
linked and the way working of whole plant is controlled make the
student realize that engineering is not just learning the structured
description and working of various machines, but the greater part
is of planning proper management.
• It also provides an opportunities to learn low technology used at
proper place and time can cave a lot of labour But there are few
factors that require special attention. Training is not carried out
into its tree sprit.
• It is recommended that there should be some project specially
meant for students where presence of authorities should be
ensured. There should be strict monitoring of the performance of
students and system of grading be improved on the basis of work
done.
• However training has proved to be quite fruitful. It has allowed an
opportunity to get an exposure of the practical implementation to
theoretical fundamentals.