description of hardware and software

1. DIGITAL EMBEDDED
SYSTEM I
PRESENTATION BY
ONGKAR PRASAD
(PT1284406)

2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to design an Energy
Saving Visitor Counter by using the microcontroller
68hc11/8051 and to integrate hardware and software in
order to simulate the circuit in such a way that when
somebody enters into the room then the counter is
incremented by one and the light in the room will be
switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the
counter is decremented by one. The light will be only
switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out.
The total number of persons inside the room may also
be displayed on the seven segment displays/LEDs

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
MICROCONTROLLER(AT89C51)
A microcontroller is device, which contains all the device necessary to form
working system, in a single chip. Therefore, inside the microcontroller we find a
central processing unit (CPU), program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial
communication interface.
IR Transmitter: We have implemented the Person counter module using 2
transmitters and 2 receivers. We have used Infra-Red transmitters. Reason
behind choosing IR LED is, infrared beams are not visible to human eyes and
they are not easily triggered by other sources in the environment. Transmitters
used are IR LEDs.
IR Receiver: We have used IR sensor as an Infrared receiver. It is an active low
device, which means it gives low output when it receives the Infrared rays. So
when the IR rays are interrupted by any person then microcontroller will receive
a high pulse from the IR receiver.

5.  LED (light emitting diode)
Light emitting diodes are diodes (electronic components that let electricity pass in only one
direction) that emit visible light when electricity is applied, much like a light bulb. When many
LEDs are side-by-side, they can create pictures, such as the scrolling red LED signs found
everywhere
 The seven segment Display
An LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a solid state optical PN-junction diode which emits light energy
in the form of “photons” when it is forward biased by a voltage allowing current to flow across its
junction, and in Electronics we call this process electroluminescence. The actual colour of the visible
light emitted by an LED, ranging from blue to red to orange, is decided by the spectral wavelength of
the emitted light which itself is dependent upon the mixture of the various impurities added to the
semiconductor materials used to produce it.
 Power cell
A nine-volt battery, sometimes referred to by its original designation as a PP3 battery is used
here, the battery has both the positive and negative terminals on one end. The negative terminal
is fashioned into a snap fitting which mechanically and electrically connects to a mating
terminal on the power connector. The power connector has a similar snap fitting on its positive
terminal which mates to the battery. This makes battery polarization obvious since mechanical
connection is only possible in one configuration. The clips on the 9-volt battery can be used to
connect several 9-volt batteries in series

6. CODE
 #include<reg51.h>
 sbit led1=P1^2;
 sbit sw1=P1^0;
 sbit sw2=P1^1;
 sfr seg=0xA0;
 int
a[10]={0xbf,0x86,0xdb,0xcf,0xe6,0xed,
0xfd,0x87,0xff,0xef};
 void delay(unsigned int t)
 {
 int i,j;
 for(i=0;i<t;i++)
 for(j=0;j<1000;j++);
 }
 void main()
 {
 int c=0;
 seg=a[0];
 while(1)
 {
 if(sw1==0)
 {
 while(sw2==1);
 if(sw2==0)
 {
 c++;
 seg=a[c];
 delay(40);
 }
 }
 else if(sw2==0)
 {
 while(sw1==1);
 if(sw1==0)
 {
 c--;
 seg=a[c];
 delay(40);
 }
 }
 else if(c>=1&&c<2)
 {
 led1=0;
 }
 else if(c==0)
 {
 led1=1;
 }
 }
 }

7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
In this bidirectional circuit two infrared (IR) sensor components are used
for up and down counting, respectively. Whenever an interruption is
observed by the IR sensor then the IR sensor increment the value of
counter and whenever the second sensor detects any obstacle, the
counter is decremented.
The number of interruption count depend upon the sensor’s input and
displayed on a set of seven segment displays by using the concept of
multiplexing (for concept of multiplexing refer seven segment
multiplexing). The data pins of each 7-segment display are connected
to port P2 of the microcontroller AT89C51.The seven pin of P2 are
connected to control pins of to enable a particular seven segment.
The IR sensor input is defined as up and down selector mode for the
counter in the code. Every time the first sensor is blocked, the first sensor
gives a high voltage signals and the count the value gets incremented.
The value of second sensor gets decremented when connected to
second a sensor, gives high input. At every setup, the value of the
counter is sent and displayed it on the
Sensor, gives high input. At every setup, the value of the counter is sent
and displayed it on the seven segments
Figure number – (2) circuit diagram
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

8. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PLATFORM
 Hardware platform
The microcontroller is backbone of this project. The microcontroller get
connected by all the components which allow it to operate standalone, and it
has been designed in particular for monitoring and control tasks. In
consequence, in addition to the processor it includes memory, various
interface controllers, one or more timers, an interrupt controller, and last but
definitely not least general purpose I/O pins which allow it to directly interface
to its environment. Microcontrollers also include bit operations which allow you
to change one bit within a byte without touching the other bits. This is a
microcontroller which can process both digital and analog signals. A major
application area for microcontrollers are embedded systems in the
bidirectional visitor counter. In embedded systems, the control unit is
integrated into the system.

9.  Software platform
Proteus software
Proteus is a best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller. It is
mainly popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is
a handy tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist.
You can simulate your programming of microcontroller in Proteus Simulation
Software. After simulating your circuit in Proteus Software you can directly
make PCB design with it so it could be an all in one package for students and
hobbyists. So I think now you have a little bit idea about what is proteus
software.
Keil software
Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is
written and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is
converted in hex code which his to be dumped into microcontroller for
the processing. Keil compiler also support c language code

10. RESULTS
INCREMENT
Figure number – (3) figure of
increment
DECREMENT
Figure number – (4) figure of
decrement
DEBUG
Figure number – (5) figure of
debug in keil

11. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
Finally, I have done my assignment bidirectional energy saving visitor
counter and learnt many things from this project. This gives lots of
knowledge of software as hardware. Name of software used in this
project i.e proteus and keil and now able to handle proteus and keil
software. I got information about pin configuration of microcontroller
8051, crystal oscillator, seven segment, IR sensor and many more
FUTURE SCOPE
 In bidirectional visitor counter the voice alarm may be added to
indelicate room is full and person can’t enter in the room.