Introduction to Html

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Introduction to Web and HTML
Chapter
What is the World Wide Web?
World Wide Web- the web, for short- is a network of computer able to exchange
text, graphics, and multimedia information via the internet. By sitting at a computer that is
attached to the web, using either a dialup phone line or a much faster broadband (Ethernet,
cable, or DSL connection, you the can visit web- connecters next door, at a nearby university, or
halfway around the world. And you can take full advantage of the resources these computers
make available, including text, graphics, videos, sounds, and animation. Think
Of the web as the multimedia version of the internet, and you’ll be right on the
mark. The World Wide Web has come a long way from its humble beginnings, most internet
historians recognize Gopher as the precursor to the web. Gopher was a revolutionary search tool
that allowed the user to search hierarchical archives of textual documents. It enabled internet
users to easily search, retrieve. And share information. Today’s World Wide Web is capable of
delivering information via any number of medium-text, audio, video. The content can be
dynamic and even interactive. However, the web is not a panacea. The standards that make up
the HTTP protocol are implemented in different ways by different browsers. What works on one
platform may not work the same, if at all, on the next. Newly web- enabled devices- PDAs, cell
phones, appliances, and so on- are still searching fop a suitable form of HTML to standardize
on.
How Does the web work?
The computers that make all these web pages available are called web servers. On
any computer that’s connected to the web, you can rub nab application called a web browser.
Technically, a web browser is called a web client-that is, a program that’s able to contact a web
server and request Information
When the web server receives the requested information, it looks for this
information within its file system, and sends out the requested information via the internet. They
all speak a common “language,” called Hyper Text Transfer protocol (HTTP). (HTTP isn’t
really a language like the ones people speak. It’s a set of rules or procedures, called protocols
that enable computers to exchanges information over the web.) Regardless of where these
computer reside-china., Nor- way, or Austin, Texas-they can communication with each other
through HTTP.
The following illustrates how HTTP works (see figure)
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· Most web pages contain hyperlinks, which are specially formatted words or
phrases that enable you to access another page on the web. Although the hyperlink usually
doesn’t make the address of this page visible, it contains all the information needed for your
computer to request a web page form another computer.
· When you click the hyperlink your computer sends a message called an HTTP
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request. The message says, in effect,” Please send me the web page that I want.”
The web server receives the request, and looks within its stored files for the web
page you request. When it finds the web page, it sends it to your computer, and your web
browser displays it. If the page isn’t founds, you see an error message, which probably the
HTTP code for this error’ 404 “Not found.”
Figure: The client requests the page. Then the server evaluates the request and
server the page or an error message.
What Is Hypertext?
You probably noticed the word “hypertext” in the spelled- out version of HTTP,
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Originated by computing pioneer Theodore Nelsons, the term
“hypertext “doesn’t mean “text that can’t sit still,” although some web authors do use a much-despised
HTTP code that makes the text blink on- screen. Insert, the tern is an analogy to a time-honored
(but physically impossible) science fiction concept, the hyperspace jump, which
enables a starship to go immediately form one star system to another. Hypertext is a types of text

that contains hyperlinks (or just links for short), which enable the reader to jump form ones
hypertext page to another.
You may also hear the word hypermedia. A hypermedia system works just like
hypertext, except that it includes graphics, sounds, videos, and animation as well as text. In
contrast to ordinary text, hypertext gives readers the ability to choose their own path through the
material that interests them. A book is designed to be read in sequence; page 2 follows page 1,
and so on. Sure, you can skip around, but books don’t provide much help, beyond including an
index. Computer – based hypertexts let readers jump around all they want. The computer part is
important because it’s hard to build a hypertext system out of physical media, such as index
cards or pieces of paper
The web is a giant computer- based hypermedia system, and you’ve probably
already done lost of jumping around from one page to another on the web-it’s called surfing. If
one web page doesn’t seem all that interesting once you visit, you can click another link that
seems more related to your needs (and so on). The web makes surfing so easy that you’ll need to
give some thought to keeping people on your sites-keeping them engaged and interested-so they
won’t surf away!
Where Dose HTML Fit In?
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) enables you to mark up text so that it
can function as hypertext on the web. The term markup comes form printing; editors mark up
manuscript pages with funny- looking symbols that tell printer how to print the page. HTML
consists of its own set of funny-looking symbols that tell web browsers how to display the page,
These symbols, called elements, include the ones needed to create hyperlinks.
The Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) IS A Simple markup language that
describes the structure and behavior of Web document. HTML is the standard language that all
Web browsers are designed to; understand and interpret. HTML is implemented using another
larger markup language—the Standard Generalized Markup Language, usually known by its
acronym, SGML
The invention of HTML
HTML and HTTP were both invented by Tim Berners-Lee, who was then working
as a computer and networking specialist at a Swiss research institute. He wanted to give the
Institute’s researchers a simple markup language, which would enable them to; share their
research pares via the internet. Berners-Lee based HTMNL on Standard Generalized Markup
Language (SGML), an international standard for mar5king up text for presentation on a variety
of physical devices. The basic idea of SGML is that the document’s structure should be
separated form its presentation:
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· Structure refers to the var5ious components or parts of a document that authors
create, such as titles, paragraphs, headings, and lists. Fir example, you’re reading an item in an
unordered list, as it is termed in SGML (most people use the more familiar bulleted list). In
SGML, you markup this item as a bulleted list, but you don’t say anything about how it’s
supposed to look. That’s left up to whatever device displays or prints the marked-up file
· Presentation refers to the way these various components are actually displayed
by a given media device, such as a computer or a printer. For example, this book displays this
bulleted list item with an indentation and other special formatting.
· What’s so great about separating structure from presentation? There are several
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very important advantages:
· Authors usually aren’t very good designers. It’s wise, especially in large
organizations. To let writers compose their documents, and let designers worry about how the
documents are supposed to look. That’s particularly true when an organization has a corporate
look or style, such as Apple computer’s standard typeface, which you’ll see in all of its
documents. T he designers make sure that every document produced with the organization
conforms to that style. So SGML doesn’t contain any features that control presentation.
· If markup consists of structure alone, the document’s appearance can be
changed quickly. All that’s necessary is to change the presentation settings on whatever device
is displaying the document.
· Documents containing only structural markup are much easier and cheaper
to maintain. When presentation markup is included along with structural markup, the document
becomes an unmanageable mess, and maintenance costs skyrocket.
· If a document contains only structural markup, it is more accessible to
people with limited vision or other physical limitations. For example, a document marked up
structurally might be presented by a Braille printer for those with limited vision, or by a text
reader for those with limited hearing.
Sounds great, right? Still, from the beginning, HTML didn’t make the structure
versus presentation distinction as clearly as SGML purists would have liked. And as HTML
developed and the internet became a commercial network, Web authors demanded more tools to
make their documents look attractive on-screen. The companies that make web browsers
responded by introducing new, nonstandardized HTML elements that contained presentation
information. By 1996, many web experts were worried that HTML standards were spiraling out
of control. The newly founded world wide consortium, hoping to deep at least some kind of
standard in place, tried to standardize existing practices, including the use of presentation and
structure. The result was the W3C’s HTML 3.2 standard, which is still widely used. But

organizations found that HTML3.2 exposed them to excessive maintenance cists. The SGML
purists were right: Structure and presentation should have been kept separate
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A Short History of HTML
To date, HTML has gone through four major standards, including the latest 4.01.
In addition to the HTML standards, cascading style sheets and XML have also provided
valuable contributions to Web standards.
The following sections provide a brief overview of the various versions and
technologies.
HTML 1.0
HTML 1.0 was never formally specified by the W3C because the W3C came
along too late It was the original specification Mosaic 1.0 used, and it supported few element.
What you couldn’t do on a page is more interesting than what you could do. You couldn’t set
the background color or background image of the page. There were no tables or frames. You
couldn’t dictate the font. All inline images had to be GIFs; JPEGs were used for out-of-line
images. And there were no forms.
Every page looked pretty much the same: gray background and Times Roman
font. Links were indicated in blue until you’d visited them and then they were red. Because
scanners and image- manipulation software weren’t as available the, image limitation wasn’t a
huge problem. HTML 1.0 was only implemented in Mosaic and Lynx (a text-only browser that
runs under UNIX).
HTML 2.0
Huge strides forward were made between HTML 1.0 AND html2.0. An HTML
1.1 actually did exist, created by Netscape to support what its first browser could do. Because
only Netscape and Mosaic were available at the time (both written under the leadership of Marc
Andreesen), browser makers were in the habit of adding their own new features and creating
names for HTML elements to use those features.
Between HTML1.0 and HTML 2.0, the W3C also came into being, under the
leadership of Tim Berners-Lee, founder of the web. HTML 2.0 was a huge improvement over
HTML 1.0 Back-ground colors and images could be set. Forms became available With a limited
set of fields, but nevertheless, for first time, visitors to a web page could submit information.
Tables also became possible.

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HTML 3.2
Why no 3.0? The W3C couldn’t get a specification out in time for agreement by
the members. HTML 3.2 was vastly richer than HTML 2.0. It included support for style sheets
(CSS level 1). Even though CSS was supported in the 3.2 specification, the browser
manufacturers didn’t support CSS well enough for a designer to make use of it. HTML 3.2
expanded the number of attributes that enabled designers to customize the look of a page
(exactly the opposite of HTML 4). HTML 3.2 didn’t include support for frames, but the browser
makers implemented them anyway.
NOTE a page with two frames is actually processed like three separate pages
within your browser. The outer page is the frameset. The frameset indicates to the browser,
which pages go where in the browser window. Implement a web site. A common use for frames
is navigation in the left pane and content in the right.
HTML 4.0
What does HTML 4.0 add? Not so much new elements- although those do exist-as
a rethinking of the direction HTML is taking. Up until now, HTML has encouraged interjecting
presentation information into the page. HTML 4.0 now clearly deprecates any uses of HTML
that relate to forcing a browser to format an element a certain way. All formatting has been
moved into the style sheets. With formatting information strewn throughout the page, HTML
3.2 had reached a point where maintenance was expensive and difficult. This movement of
presentation out of the document, once and for all, should facilitate the continued rapid growth
of the web.
Tip Use the W3C MarkUp validation service, available at http://validator .w3.org/
, to check your HTML against most of the versions mentioned in this chapter.
XML 1.0
Extensible Markup Language (XML) was originally designed to meet the needs of
large-scale electronic publishing. As such, it was designed to help separate structure from
presentation and provide enough power and flexibility to be applicable in a variety of publishing
applications. In fact, many modern word processing contain XML components or even export
their documents in XML-compliant formats.
CSS 1.0 AND 2.0
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) were designed to help move formatting out of the
HTML specification. Much like styles in a word processing program, CSS provides a
mechanism to easily specify and change formatting without changing the underlying code. The

“cascade” in the name comes from the fact that the specification allows for multiple style sheets
to interact, allowing individual Web document to be formatted slightly different from their kin
(following department document guidelines but still adhering to the company standards, for
example). The second version of CSS (2.0) builds on the capabilities of the first version, adding
more attributes and properties for a Web designer to draw upon.
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HTML 4.01
HTML 4.01 is a minor revision of the HTML 4.0 standard. In addition to fixing
errors identified since the inception of 4.0, HTML 4.01 also provides the basic for meaning of
XHTML elements and attributes, reducing the size of the XHTML 1.0 specification
XHTML 1.0
Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language (XHTML) is the first specification for
the HTML and XML cross-breed. XHTML was created to be the next generation of markup
language, infusing the standard of HTML with the extensibility of XML. It was designed to be
used in XML compliant environments, yet compatible with standard HTML 4.01 user agents.
What is an HTML File?
· HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
· An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
· The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
· An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
· An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor
Creating an HTML Document
If you are running Window, start Notepad.
If you are on a Mac, start simple Text.
In OSX start Text Edit and change the following preferences: Open the “Format”
menu and select “Plain text” instead of “Rich text “. Then open the “preferences “window under
the “Text Edit” menu and select “Ignore rich text commands in HTML file “. Your HTML code
will probably not work if you do not change the preferences above!
Type in the following text:

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<html>
<head>
<title>Title of page </title>
</head>
<body>
This is my first homepage. <b> This text is bold
</b>
</body>
</html>
Save the file as “mypage.html”.
Start your internet browser “Open “ (or “Open page”) in the file menu of your
browser. A dialog box will appear. Select “Browser” (or “Choose File “) and locate the HTML
file you just created – “mypage.htm” –select it and click “Open “. Now you should see an
address in the dialog box, foe example “C:My Documentmypage.htm”. Click OK, and the
browser will display the page.
The first tag in your HTML document is <html>. This tag tells your browser that
this is the state of an HTML document. The last tag in your document is </html>. This tag tells
your browser that this is the end of the HTML document. The text between the <head> tag and
the </head> tag is header information. Header information is not displayed in the browser
window.
The text between the <title> tags is the title of your document. The title is
displayed in your browser’s caption. The text between the <body> tags is the text that will be
displayed in your browser. The text between the <b> and </b> tags will be displayed in a bold
font.
HTM or HTML Extension?
When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the html extension.
We have used .htm in our examples. It might be a bad habit inherited from the past when some
of he commonly used software only allowed three letter extensions. With newer software we
think it will be perfectly safe to use.html.

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Basic HTML Tags And Elements
Chapter
HTML Elements
HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements.
HTML elements are defined using HTML tags
HTML Tags
· HTML tags are used to markup HTML elements
· HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters <and>
· The surrounding character are called angle brackets
· HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
· The first tag in a pair is the state tag, the second tag is the end tag
· The text between the start and end tags is the element content
· HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>
HTML Elements
Remember the HTML example from the previous page:
<html>
<head>
<title> Title of page </title>
</head>
<body>
This is my first homepage.
</body>
</html>
This is an HTML element:
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<b> This text is bold </b>
The HTML element starts with a start tag:
<b>
The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold
The HTML element ends with an end tag: </b>
The purpose or the <b> tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed
as bold.
This is also an HTML element:
<body>
This is my first homepage. <b> This text is bold</b>
</body>
This HTML element starts with the stat tag <body>, and ends with the end tag
</body>
The purpose of the <body> tag is to define the HTML element that contains the
body of the HTML document.
Why do We Use Lowercase Tags?
We have just said that HTML tags are not case sensitive: <b> means the same as
<b>. If you surf the web, you will notice that plenty of web sites use uppercase HTML tags in
their source code. We always use lowercase tags. Why?
If you want to follow the latest web standards, you should always use lowercase
tags. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4
recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags.
Basic HTML Tags
The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and
line breaks.
The best way to learn HTML is to work with examples. We have created a very
nice HTML editor for you. With this editor; you can edit the HTML source code if you like, and
click on a test button to view the result.
The Overall Structure: HTML, Head, and Body
All HTML documents have three, document-level tags in common. These
tags,<html>, <head>,and <body>, delimit certain sections of the HTML document.
The <html> tag

The <html> tag surrounds the entire HTML document. This tag tells the client
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browser where the document begins and ends.
<html>
…..document contents….
</html>
Additional language options were declared within the <html> tag in previous
versions of HTML.
However, those options (notably lang and dir) have been deprecated in HTML
version 4.0 The language and directional information is routinely contained in the <head>
section. A typical <head> section could resemble the following:
<head>
<link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” href=”/styles.css”>
<title>TITLE OF THE Document</title>
<meta name= “description” content= “Sample Page”>
<meta name= “keywords” content= “sample, heading, page”>
<script language= “JavaScript “>
Function New Window (url) {
Fin= window. open (url,””,
“width=800, height=600, scrollbars=yes, resizable=yes”);
}
</script>
</head>
Most of the content within the <head> section will not be visible on the rendered
page in the client’s browser. The <title> element determines what the browser displays as the
page title-on Windows machines, the document title appears in the browser’s title bar, as shown
in Figure2-1.
Document title

Figure: In windows, the document’s <title> appears in the browser’s title bar.
The main, visual content of the HTML document is contained within <body> tags.
Note that with HTML version 4.0 most attributes of the <body> tag have been deprecated in
favor of specifying the attributes as styles. In previous version Of HTML, you could specify a
bevy of options, including the document background, text and link colors. The onload and
onunload attributes of the <body> tag, as well as global attributes such as style, are still valid.
However, you should specify the other attributes in styles instead of within the <body> tag, such
as in the following example:
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<html>
<head>
<title> Document Title</title>
<style type=”text/css”>
Body {background:black; color:white}
a: link {color: red}
a: visited {color: blue}
a: active {color: yellow}
</style>
</head>
<body>
… document body …
</body>
</html>
The Head Element
The head element contains general information, also called meta-information,
about a document. Meta means “information about”.
You can say that meta-data means information; also called meta-information
means information about information.
Information inside the Head Element
The elements inside the head element should not be displayed by a browser
According to the HTML standard, only a few tags are legal inside the head
section. These are: <base>, <link>, <meta>, <title>, <style>, and <script>.
Look at the following illegal construct:

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In this case the browser has two options:
· Display the text because it is inside a paragraph element
· Hide the text because it is inside a head element
If you put an HTML element like <h1> or <p> inside a head element like this,
most browser will display it, even if it is illegal.
Should browser forgive you for errors like this? We don’t think so. Others do.
Head Tags
Tag Description
<head> Defines information about the
Document
<title> Defines the document title
<base> Defines a base URL for all
The links on a page
<link> Defines a resource reference
<meta> Defines meta information
Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type. This
tag goes before the <html> start
tag,
Headings
HTML has six predefined heading tags. Heading use <h> tags containing the
number of the heading. The <h1> tag specifies the highest (most important) level of headings,
while <h6> specifies the lowest (least important) level of headings.
As with most textual documents, HTML documents use larger fonts to specify
higher- level headings. For example consider the following example and its output,
<html>
<head>
<p>This is some text</p>
</head>

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<head>
<title> Heading Tags </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Heading Level 1</h1>
<h2>Heading Level 2</h2>
<p>Normal body text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1>defines the largest heading.
<h6> defines the smallest heading. <h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2> This is a heading</h2>
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading,

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Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph
Don’t Forget the Closing Tag
.
You might have mnoticed that paragraphs can be written without end tags
</p> : <p>this is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
The example above will work in most browsers, but don’t rely on it. Future
version of HTML will not allow you to skip ANY end tags.
Closing all HTML elements with an end tag is a future proof way of writing
HTML. It also makes the code easier to understand (read and browse) when you to mark both
where an element starts and where it ends.
Line Breaks
The <br> tag is used which you want to break a line, but don’t want to start a new
paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it. <p> This <br>> is a
para<br>graph with line breaks</p>
Try it yourself
The <br>
Tag is an empty tag. It has no end tag like </br>, since a closing tag doesn’t make
any sense.
<br> or <br/>
More and more often you will see the <nr> tag written like this: <br/>
Because the <br>tag has on end tag (or closing tag), it breaks one of he rules for
future HTML (the XML based XHTML), namely that all elements must be closed.
Writing it like <br/> is a future proof way of closing <or ending> the tag inside the
opening tag, accepted by both HTML and XML.
Comments in HTML

The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A
comment will be ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your code, which
can help you when you edit the source code at a later dare.
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<! -- This is a comment-- >
Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before
the closing bracket.
Recap on HTML Elements
· Each HTML element has an element mane (body,h1,p,br)
· The start tag is the name surrounded by angle brackets: <h1>
· The end tag is a slash and the name surrounded by angle brackets </h1>
· The element content occurs between the start tag and the end tag
· Some HTML elements have on content
· Some HTML elements have no end tag
Basic Notes – Useful Tips
When you write HTML text, you can never be sure how the text is displayed in
another browser. Some people have large computer displays, some have small. The text will be
reformatted every time the user resizes his window.
HTML will truncate the spaces in your text. Any number of spaces counts as one.
Some extra information: In HTML a new line counts as one space.
Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert blank lines is a bad habit. Use the <br> tag
instead. (But don’t use the <br> tag to create lists. Wait until you have learned about HTML
lists.)
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like
before and after a paragraph, and before and after a heading.
We use a horizontal rule (the <hr> tag), to separate the sections in out tutorials.
Basic HTML Tags
If you lookup the basic HTML tags in the reference below, you will see that the
reference contains additional information about tag attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tag attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Tag Description

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<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document’s body
<h1> to </h6> Defines header 1 to header 6
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br> Inserts a single line break
<hr> Defines a horizontal rule
<!--> Defines a comment
Horizontal Rules
Horizontal rules are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr>
tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the
line accordingly.
For example, if you were reproducing text from a book, you might want to use
rules to show a break between chapters, as shown in the following excerpt from Anna Sewell’s
Black Beauty:
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN”
http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd>
<html>
<head>
<title> Excerpt of Black Beauty </title>
</head>
<body>
<p>One day he was at this game, and did not know that the master was in the next
field; but he was there., watching what was going on; over the hedge he jumped in a snap, and
catching Dick by the arm, he gave him such a box in the ear as made him roar with the pain and
surprise. As soon as we saw the master we trotted up nearer to see what went on. </p> <p> “Bad
boy!” he said, “bad boy! To chase the colts. This is not the first time, nor he second, nut it shall
be the last.
There—take your money and go home; I shall not want you on my farm again.
”</p> <p> so we never saw Dick any more. Old Daniel, the men who looked after the horses,
was just as gentle as our master, so we were well off. </p> <hr> <p>Chapter 02 The Hunt</p>
<p>Before I was two years old a circumstance happened which I have never forgotten. It was

early in the spring; there had been a little frost in the night, and a light mist still hung over the
woods and meadows. I and the other colts were feeding at the lower part of the field when we
heard, quite … </p>
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</body>
</html>
As with most tags, you can customize the look of the <hr> tag by using Styles. For
example, consider the following style:
Hr {color: red; height: 5px; width: 50%;}
<style>
If this style were added to our last example. The results would be similar to the
output shown in Figure

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HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information to an HTML element.
HTML Tag Attributes
HTML tags can have attributes. Attributes provide additional information to an
HTML element.
Attributes always come in name/ value pairs like this: name =”value”.
Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.
Attributes Example 1:
<h1>defines the start of a heading.
<h1 align= center”> has additional information about the alignment.
<body> defines the body of an HTML document.
<body bgcolor=”yellow”> has additional information about the background color.

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<table> defines an HTML table. (You will learn more about HTML tables later)
<table border+”1”> has additional information about the border around the table
Use Lowercase Attributes
Attributes and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation, and XHTML demands lowercase attributes/attribute values.
Always Quote Attribute Values
Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the
most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.
In some rare situations, like when the attribute values itself contains quotes, it is
necessary to use single quotes:
name= ‘John “ShotGun” Nelson’
HTML Text Formatting
HTML defines a lot of elements for formatting output’ like bold or italic text.
Text Formatting Tags
Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
<big> Defines big text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines italic text
<small> Defines small text
<strong> Defines strong text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<s> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<strike> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<u> Deprecated. Use styles instead

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“Computer Output” Tags
Tag Description
<code> Defines computer code text
<kbd> Defines keyboard text
<samp> Defines sample computer cods
<tt> Defines teletype text
<var> Defines a variable
<pre> Defines preformatted text
<listing> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
<plaintext> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
<xmp> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead
Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags
Tag Description
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation
<acronym> Defines an acronym
<address> Defines an address element
<bdo> Defines the text direction
<blockquote> Defines a long quotation
<q> Defines a short quotation
<cite> Defines a citation
<dfn> Defines a definition term
Inserting texts, Images
HTML can also specify certain formatting to be applied to the text content of the
web page.
· Font formatting
Font Face: Default, Arial, Courier, Time New Roman.
Size: -3,-2,-1, default, +1, +2, +3
Colour: Default, Black, Red, Green, Blue
Style formatting:
Bold
Italic
Strong
Emphasis
Code

The text formatting effects used above can be combined, as shown in the
22
following example:
Text formatting effects can be combined by using nested HTML tags
Text can also be formatted to become a hypertext link to another web page,
document or resource. This is described on the following page.
For images, HTML can be used to specify the image file to be included, the size
(in pixels) at which the image should be displayed by the browser and how the image should be
‘wrapped’ around the surrounding text. In addition, images can be made into hyperlinks to other
internet resources.
A text alternative that will be displayed if the image fails to load should also be
provided.
How to View HTML Source
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered “Hey! How did they do that?”
To find out, click the VIEW option in your browser’s toolbar and select SOUTCE
to PAGE SOURCE. This will open a window that shows you the HTML code of the page.

23
HTML Entities and Links
Chapter
HTML Character Entities
Some characters like the < character, have a special meaning in HTML, and therefore
cannot be used in the text.
To display a les than sign (<) in HTML, we have to use a character entity.
Character Entities
Some characters have a special meaning in HTML, like the less than sign (<) that
defines the start of an HTML tag. If we want the browser to actually display these characters we
must insert character entities in the HTML source.
A character entity has three parts: an ampersand (&), an entity name or# and an entity
number, and finally a semicolon (;).
To display a less than sign in an HTML document we must write: ⁢ or <
The advantage; of using a name instead of a number is that a name is easier to;
remember. The disadvantage is that not all browsers support the newest entity names, while the
support for entity numbers is very good in almost all browsers.
Note that the entities are case sensitive.
Non-breaking space
The most common character entity in HTML is the non-breaking space.
Normally HTML will truncate spaces in your text. If you write 10 spaces in your text
HTML will remove 9 of them. To add spaces to your text, use the   character entity.
The Most Common Character Entities:
3

Result Description Entity Name Entity Number
24
Non-breaking
space
   
< less than ⁢ <
> Greater than > &#62
& Ampersand & &
“ Quotation mark " "
‘ Apostrophe '(does
Not work in IE)
'
Some Other Commonly Used Character Entities:
¢ Cent &Cent  
£ Pound &Pound £
¥ Yen &Yen ¥
€ Euro &Euro €
§ Section &Section §
© Copyright &Copyright &#169
® Registered
Trademark
&Registered
Trademark
®
× Multiplication &Multiplication &#215
÷ division &Division &#247
Some Other Commonly Used Character Entities:
¢ Cent &Cent  
£ Pound &Pound £
¥ Yen &Yen ¥
€ Euro &Euro €
§ Section &Section §
© Copyright &Copyright &#169
® Registered
Trademark
&Registered
Trademark
®
× Multiplication &Multiplication &#215
÷ division &Division &#247
HTML Links

25
HTML uses a hyperlink to link to another document on the web.
Hyperlinks are what make using the web so easy. By using HTML tags to embed the
instructions on where other resources are located on the internet and how to access them, resources
can be retrieved from anywhere on the internet by simply clicking on a link.
Although HTML was initially developed as a hypertext system, in which the
instructions were embedded within the text of a web page, hyperlinks can now be embedded within
forms of media, including images, videos and animation.
The Anchor Tag and the Href Attribute
HTML uses the <a> (anchor) tag to create a link to another document.
An anchor can point to any resource on the web: an HTML page, an image, a sound
file, a movie, etc.
The syntax of creating an anchor:
<a href=”url”> Text to be displayed</a>
The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to
address the document to link to, and the words between the open and close of the anchor tab will be
displayed as a hyperlink.
This anchor defines a link to Rgcsm:
<a href=http://www.rgcsm.org/”> Visit RGCSM!</a>
The line above will look like this in a browser.
Visit RGCSM
The Target Attribute
With the target attribute, you can define where the linked document will be opened.
The line below will open the document in a new browser window : <a
href=http://www.rgcsm.org/ “
target =”_blank”>Visit Rgcsm! </a>
The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute
The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors we
can create links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page, instead of letting the user
scroll around to find what he/she is looking for,

Below is the syntax of a named anchor: <a mane=”label”> Text to be displayed </a>
The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. The name of the anchor can be
26
any text you care to use.
You should notice that a named anchor is not displayed in a special way.
To link directly to the “tips” section, add a # sign and the name of the anchor to the
end of a URL. Like this: <a href=”http://www.rgcsm.org/html _links.asp#tips”>
Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a>
A hyperlink to the Useful Tips Section from WITHIN the file “htnl_links.asp” will
look like this: <a href=”#tips”> Jump to the Useful Tips Section </a>
Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. Of you link like this: href
=”http://www.rgcsm.org/html”, you will generate two HTTP requests to the serve, because the
server will add a slash to the address and create a new request like this:
href=”http:www.rgcsm.org/html/”,
Named anchors are often used to create “table of contents” at the beginning of a large
document. Each chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links to each of these
anchors are put at the top of the document.
If a browser cannot find a named anchor that has been specified, it goes to the top of
the document. No error occurs.

27
HTML Frames, Tables and List
Chapter
4
HTML Frames
With frames, you can display more than one Web page in the same browser window.
The intelligent use of frames can give your pages a cleaner look and make them easier to navigate.
Dividing a page into frames is actually quite simple. The basic concept goes like this: Each frame is
a regular, complete html document. If you wanted to divide your page into 2 side by side frames,
then you would put one complete html document in the left frame and another complete html
document in the right frame, in addition you need to write a third html document. This MASTER
PAGE (I’m coining a new phrase here folks ) contains the <FRAMS> tags that specify what goes
where. As a matter of fact, that’s its only function.
Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser
window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.
The disadvantages of using frames are:
· The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents.
· It is difficult to print the entire page.
The Frameset Tag
· The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
· Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
· The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each
row/column will occupy.
The Frametag
The <frame> tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to
25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the
browser window. The HTML document “frame_a.htm” is put into the first column, and the HTML
document “frame_b.htm” is put into the second column:
Tag Description
<frameset> Defines a set frames
<frame> Defines a sub window (a frame)
<noframes> Defines a noframe section for browsers
28
<frameset cols=”25%,75%”>
<frame src=”frame_a.htm”>
<frame src=”frame_b.htm”>
</frameset>
Note: The frameset column size value can also be set in pixels (cols=”200,500”), and
one of the columns can be set to use the remaining space (cols=”25%,*”)
If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent
a user from doing this, you can add noresize=”noresize” to the <frame> tag.
Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.
that do not handle frames
<iframe> Defines an inline sub window (frame)
Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset>
</frameset> tags! However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that do
not support frames, you will have to enclose the text in <body></body> tags! See how it is done in
the first example below.
Frame Tags
First things first. For this tutorial we will need a few html documents. Fire up Notepad
and copy the following to get you started.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Frame Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>

29
<BODY>
</BODY>
</HTML>
We will give each document a name. In Table Tutor and Form Tutor we used guy’s
names. I think its time to get some young ladies in here.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Frame Page </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Lisa
</BODY>
</HTML>
Create a new folder somewhere and save this as lisa.html.
Now make another html document.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> My Frame Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Terri
</BODY>
</HTML>
Save this in the same folder as terri.html.
Now do the same for Kim, Tina, Shannon, and Beth. Save them just like the others.
You should now have a folder that contains 6 complete standalone html documents.
Ok, now the fun stuff…making your master page. Start with this.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> My Frame Page-The Master Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Remove the </BODY> tags. The master page doesn’t use them……

30
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Frame Page-The Master Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
</HRML>
…..it uses <FRAMEST> tags instead.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Frame Page-The Master Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<FRAMESET>
</FRAMESET>
</HTML>
To keep things a little cleaner, I’m going to stop0 writing the <HTML>, <HEAD>
and <TITLE> tags. Needless to say, keep them in your document.
<FRAMESET>
</FRAMESET>
Now’s a good time to save it. Save it in your folder (with all the girls) as index.html.
If you try to open it with your browser now it will be blank. All you have said so far is “This is my
Master Page”.
Now let’s start defining just how things are going to look. Tell the browser to split the
main window into 2 columns, each occupying 5% of the window.
<FRAMESET COLS=”50%, 50%”>
</FRAMESET>
This will still be blank, we have one more thing to do before our ‘system is
operational”.
We must tell the browser what to put in each frame.
<FRAMESETS COLS=”50%,50%”>
<FRAME SCR=”lisa.html”>
<FRAME SRC=”terri.html”>
</FRAMESET>

31
You are now the proud parent of a fully functional Framed page!
One last thing before we go on. Note that <FRAMESET> is a container tag, and
<FRAME>is not. For those that don’t know what that means, a container tag has an opening
<TAG> and a closing </TAG>.
With the form tag you can add to your web pages a guestbook, order forms, surveys,
get feedback or whatever.
The basic construction of a html from is this…………
<FROM> begin a form
<INPIT> ask for information in one of several different ways...
<INPUT> …there can be as many input areas as you wish
</FORM> end a form
That’s html forms in a nutshell. You are now ready to make some forms! Now’s a
good time to stress that if you want to learn how to make quality html documents, them you would be
well served to take the time to teach yourself the tags. If you rely on the so-called “from wizards” in
the “easy as pie html editors” out there, you will have greatly limited flexibility, and the end result
may not be what you are trying to achieve. In my opinion the best html editors to use are text based
editors. A few good ones that come to mind are listed here. These editors will make your html coding
easier. They don’t attempt to do it for you.
Just like “follow the bouncing ball”, I want you to open up Notepad (Yes, Notepad!)
and follow me. Copy and paste off this page the following to get you started:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Joe’s the handsomest guy I know </TITLE>
</HEAD>
</BODY>
<FORM>
</FROM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Next we must tell the browser where to send the data we gather and how to send it.
There are two basic things you can do. 1) You can send the data to a CGI script for processing. The
parsed data is then emailed to you. This is the preferred method, or 2) You can have the data emailed
directly to you using the mailto action. This is simpler but less reliable.
For the sake of simplicity, we will start with the second method.
<HTML>

<HEAD>
<TITLE> Joe’s the handsomest guy I know </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<FROM METHOD= POST ACTION=”mailto: xxx@xxx.xxx”
32
ENCTYPE=”text/plain”>
</FROM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
The only thing you have to do is plug in your email address after mailto:
To send the data to more than one email address, separate them with commas…
larry@3stooges.org,curly@3stooges.org,mo@3stooges.org
Now, I said that this method is simple, but not entirely reliable. For the time being, it
is perfectly OK to use this method as you work through the tutorial. As you complete the lessons
you can practice sending yourself information. For most people, under most circumstances,
everything will be just fine. If you’d like, you can skip the rest of this lesson for now and dive right
into making forms. After you learn a little about forms (or if you’re having trouble submitting
them), definitely come back here and learn more about form processing.
Every so often, depending on the sender’s browser/email configuration, using the
mailto action might just bring up an empty New Mail window instead of sending the form data.
Sometimes (rarely) you’ll click on the button and nothing will happen. in this case you will not be
able to even practice with the simpler mailto action. You will have to straight into using a CGI form
handler to practice with.
Before we into that, there is one more thing about the mailto action that I want to
mention. Sometimes, depending on the person sending the data, you will receive the data in a very
strange format. Instead of something nice & neat like this……..
FORMNAME=New Entrant
NAME=R.U. Havinfun
ADDRESS=13`3 Mockingbird Lane
CITY=Beverly Hills
STATE=CA
The info comes back looking like this…..
FROMNAME=New+Entrant&NAME=R.U. +Havinfun&ADDRESS=1313
+Mockingbird+Lane&CTTY+Beverly+Hills&STATE=CA
HTML Tables
With HTML you can create tables.

33
Tables
Tables are defined with the <table>tag. A table is divided into rows (with the <tr>
tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The letters td stands for “table
data,” which is the content of a data cell. A data cell can contain text, images, lists, paragraphs,
forms, horizontal rules, tables, etc
<table border=”1”>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
How it looks in a browser:
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
Tables and the Border Attribute
If you do not specify a border attribute the table will be displayed without any border
sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, you want the borders to show.
To display a table with borders, you will have to use the border attribute :< table
border=”1”>
<TR>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
Headings in a table
Headings in table are defined with the <th> tag.

34
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Another Heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
How it looks in a browser
Heading Another Heading
Empty Cells in a Table
Table cells with no content are not displayed very well in most browsers.<table
border=”1”
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
row 2, cell 1

Note that the borders around the empty table cell are missing (NB! Mozilla Firefox
35
displays the border).
To avoid this, add a non-breaking space ( ) to empty data cells, to make the
borders visible:
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> &nbsp ;< /td>
</tr>
</table>
row 2, cell 1
The <thead>, <tbody> and <tfoot> elements are seldom used, because of bad browser
support. Expect this to change in future versions of XHTML.
Table Tags
Tag description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a table header
<tr> Defines a table row
<td> Defines a table cell
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup> Defines groups of table column
<col> Defines the attribute values for
one or more columns in a table
<thead> Defines a table head
<tbody> Defines a table body

36
<tfoot> Defines a table footer
HTML Lists
HTML supports ordered, unordered and definition lists.
Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a list of items. The list items are marked with bullets (typically
small black circles).
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
M/ul>
Here is how it looks in a browser:
· Coffee
· Milk
Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, and.
example:
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Unordered List with Image Bullets</title>
</head>
<body>
<p> <b>sphere</b></p>
<ul style=”list-style-image: url<sphere.jpg);”>
<li>Vanilla<l/i>
<li>Chocolate</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
<p> <b>cone</b></p>
<ul style=”list-style-image: url<cone.jpg);”>
<li>Vanilla<l/i>
<li>Chocolate</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

37
Ordered Lists
An ordered list is also a list of items. The list items are marked with numbers.
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
<ol>
<li>Coffee<li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
1. Coffee
2. Milk
Inside a list item you can put paragraphs, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.
Definition Lists
A definition list is not a list of items. This is a list of terms and explanation of the
terms.
A definition list starts with the <dl>tag. Each definition- list term starts with the
<dt>tag. Each definition-list definition starts with the <dd> tag.
<dl>

38
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>Black hot drink</d>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>White cold drink</dd>
</dl>
Coffee
Black hot drink
Milk
White cold drink
Inside a definition-list definition (the<dd>tag) you can put paragraphs, line breaks,
images, links, other lists, etc.
List Tags
Tag Description
<ol> Defines an ordered lilt
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<li> Defines a list item
<dl> Defines a definition list
<dt> Defines a definition term
<dd> Defines a definition description
<dir> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead
<menu> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead
Examples of Lists:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Lists</TITLE><HEAD>
<BODY>
// <B>Example on Unordered List</B> //
<UL TYPE=FILLROUND>
<LI>Sportstar
<LI>Business Week
<LI>Time
</UL>
// <B>Example on Ordered List</B> //
<OL TYPE=”I”START=4>

39
<LI>Sportstar
<LI>Business Week
<LI>Time
</OL>
// <B>Example on Definition List</B> //
<DL>
<DT>Sports Magazine<DD>Sportstar
<DT>Business Magazine<DD>Business Week
<DT>General Magazine<DD>Time
</DL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Nested Lists
You can nest lists of the same or different types. For example, suppose you have a
bulleted list and need a numbered list beneath one of the items, as shown:
? Send us a letter detailing the problem. But sure to include the following:
1. Your name
2. Your order number
3. Your contact information
4. A detailed description of the problem
In such a case, you would nest an ordered list inside an unordered one, as shown in
the following code:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC “_//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN”
http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd”>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Definition List </title>
</head>
<body>
<ul style=”list-style: disc ;”>
<li>Send us a letter detailing the problem. Be sure to
Include the following :< /li>
<ol style=”list-style: decimal ;”> <li>Your name.</li>
<li>Your order number. </li>
<li>Your contact information. </li>

40
<li>A detailed description of the problem.</li>
</ol>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
The output of the code is shown in Figure
Figure: you can nest different types of lists within one another.
Note that the nested list does not span any open or close tags-it starts after the close
tag of the parent’s item and before any other tags in the parent list. It is also formatted (indented) to
make it easier to identify in the code. Using this method, you can nest any list within any other list.
Changing the Start Value of Ordered Lists
Previous versions of HTML allowed the use of the start attribute in the <ol> tag to
control what number or letter the list began with. For example, the following code starts a list with
the decimal number 12:
<ol start=”12” style=”list-style: decimal ;”>
However, the start attribute of the <ol> tag was deprecated, and a replacement CSS
style has yet to be defined. Although you can use the start attribute, your document will no longer
validate against strict HTML.

If you find yourself needing consistent, yet flexible numbering, consider using the
new CSS2 automatic counters and numbering feature. This feature user the content property along
with the new counter-increment and counter-reset properties to provide a flexible yet powerful
automatic counter function.
The following style code will define a counter and cause any <ol> list to begin with
41
an item number of 12:
ol {counter-reset: list 11 :}
li {list-style-type: none ;}
li: before {
Content: counter (list, decimal)”.”;
counter-increment: list ;}
</style>
This code introduces quite a few CSS2 concepts-pseudo-elements, counters, and
relates properties and methods. However, it isn’t as complex as it might first appear:?
· The ol definition causes the counter (list) to be reset to 11 every time the <ol> tag
is use-that is, at the beginning of every ordered list?
· The li definition sets the list style type to none-the counter will display our
number, if we left the list style type set to decimal, there would be an additional number with each
item.?
· The li: before definition does two things: 1) causes the counter to be displayed
before the item (using the begin pseudo-element and the content property) along with a period and a
space; 2) increments the counter. Note that the counter increment happens first, before the display.
That is the reason you need to reset the counter to one lower than your desired start.
Using the preceding styles along with the following list code in a document results in
a list with items numbered 12-15:
<ol>
<li>item 12</li>
<li>item 12</li>
<li>item 12</li>
<li>item 12</li>
</ol>
Counters are a new, powerful feature of CSS2.Unfortunately, at the time of this
writing, only the Opera browser fully supports counters. However, the other browsers are sure to
follow suit. You’ll find more information on counters and the content property in chapter 16. Tip

The various list properties can all be defined without one property, list-style. The list-style property
has the following syntax:
42
list-style: <list-style-type> <list-style-image>
<list-style-position>
You can use this one property to specify one, two, or all three list-style properties in
one declaration. For example, to define an ordered list with lowercase letters and inside positioning,
you could use the following tag:
<ol style=”list-style: lower-alpha inside ;”>
See Chapters 16 and 17 for more information on styles.

43
HTML Forms and Input
Chapter
HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.
Forms
A form is an area that can contain form elements.
Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like text fields,
text area fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.) in a form.
A form is defined with the <form> tag.
<form>
<input>
<input>
</form>
Input
The most used form tag is the <input> tag. The type of input is specified with the type
attribute. The most commonly used input typed is explained below.
Text Fields
Text fields ate used when you want the user to type letters, numbers, etc. in a form.
<form>
First name:
<input type=”text” name=”firstname>
<br>
Last name:]
<input type=”text” name=”lastname”>
</form>
5

44
First name:
Last name:
Note that the form itself is not visible.
Also note that in most browsers, the width of the text field is 20 characters by default.
Radio Buttons
Radio Buttons are used when you want the user to select one of a limited number of
choices.
<form>
<input type=”radio” name=”sex” value=”male”> Male
<br>
<input type=”radio” name=”sex” value=”female”> Female
</from>
Male
Female
Note that only one option can be chosen.
Checkboxes
Checkboxes are used when you want the user to select one or more options of a
limited number of choices.
<form>
I have a bike:
<input type=”checkbox” name=”vehicle” value=”Bike”>
<br>
I have a car:
<input type=”checkbox” name=”vehicle” value=”Car”>
<br>
I have an airplane:
<input type=”checkbox” name=”vehicle” value=”Airplane”>
</from>
I have a bike:

45
I have a car:
I have an airplane:
The form’s Action Attribute and the Submit Button
When the user clicks on the “Submit” button, the content of the form is sent to
another file. The form’s action attribute defines the name of the file to send the content to. The file
defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input.
<form name =”input” action=”html_form_action.asp”
method=”get”>
username:
<input type=”text” name=”user”>
<input type=”submit” value=”submit”>
</form>
How it looks in a browser
Username:
submit
If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the “submit” button, you
will send your input to a page called “html_form_action.asp”. The page will show you the received
input .
Form Tags
Tag Description
<form> Defines a form for user input
<input> Defines an input field
<textarea> Defines a text-area (a multi
Line text input control)
<label> Defines a label to a control
<fieldset> Defines a fieldset
<legend> Defines a caption for a field
Set
<select> Defines a selectable list (a

46
Drop-down box)
<optgroup> Defines an option group
<option> Defines an option in the drop-down
box
<button> Defines a push button
<isindex> Deprecated. Use <input>
instead

HTML Images and Colors
47
Chapter
HTML Images
With HTML you can display images in a document.
The Image Tag and the Src Attribute
In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only and it has no
closing tag.
To display an image on a page, you need to use src attribute. Src stands for “source”.
The value of the sre attribute is the URL of the image you want to display on your page.
The syntax of defining an image:
<img src=”url”>
The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named “boat.gif”
located in the directory “images” on www.rgcsm.org” has the URL
:http://www.rgcsm.org/images/boat.gif.
The browser puts the image where the image tag occurs in the document. If you put an
image tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then
the second paragraph.
Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE> Working with Images </TITLE></HEAD><BODY
Background=”images/textural.gif “>
<B>Controlling Image Borders! </B><CENTER>
<I>Image without a BORDER </I><BR><BR>
<IMG Src = “images/corp.gif”><BR><BR>
<I> Image With BORDER =3</I><BR><BR>
6

48
<IMG Border=3 src=”images/corp./gif”><BR>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
The Alt Attribute
The alt attribute is used to define an “alternate text” for am image. The value of the alt
attribute is an author-defined text: <img src=”boat.gif” alt=”Big Boat”>
The “alt” attribute tells the reader what he or she is missing on a page if the browser
can’t load images. The browser will then display the alternate text instead of the image. It is a good
practice to include the “alt” attribute for each image on a page, to improve the display and usefulness
of you document for people who have text-only browsers.
Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE> Working with Images </TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY Background=”images/textural.gif”>
<B> Use of ALT attribute</B><BR><CENTER>
<I>Available Image: javacup.gif</I><BR><BR>
<IMG Src=”images/javacup.gif”><BR><BR>
<I>Unavailable Image: javac.gif - Without the ALT Attribute
</I><BR><BR>
<IMG>Src=”images/javac.gif”><BR><BR>
<I>Unavailable Image: javac.gif – With the ALT Attribute set to
“Java”</I><BR><BR>
<IMG Alt=”The Java Cup” Src=”images/javac.gif”><BR>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
If an HTML file contains ten images – eleven file are required to display the page right.
Loading images take time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully.
Image Tags

49
Tag Description.
<img> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image map
<area> Defines a clickable area inside
an image map
Example: Controlling image size:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE> Working with Images </TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY Background =”images/textural.gif”>
<B>Controlling Image Sizes! </B><CENTER>
<I>Normal Image Size</I><BR><BR>
<IMG Src=”images/computer.gif”>BR>
<I>Image With Size <Height And Width) Set To200</I><BR><BR>
<IMG Height =200 Src=”images/computer.gif Width=200><BR>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Example:
Setting image alignment
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Working with Image </TITLE> </HEAD>
<B><I> Image Aligned Left </I></B>
<IMG Align=Left Src=”images/sctonly2.gif”><BR><BR> Silicon Chip
Technologies, <BR>
<I> We Specialize In Corporate Training, Software Development and Placements. Our
Training Program and Software Development include Web Based Commercial Applications and
Commercial Application Development using Database. </I> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR>
<B><I> Image Aligned Right </I></B>
<IMG Align=Right Src=”images/sctonly2.gif”><BR><BR> Silicon
Chip Technologies, <BR>

<I> We Specialize In Corporate Training, Software Development And Placements. Our
Commercial Application Development using Database. </I>
50
</BODY>
</HTML>
HTML Background
A good background can make a Web site look really great.
Backgrounds
The <body>tag has two attributes where you can specify background. The background
can be a color or an image.
Bgcolor
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Working with Image </TITLE> </HEAD>
<B><I> Image Aligned Left </I></B>
<IMG Align=Left Src=”images/sctonly2.gif”><BR><BR> Silicon Chip
Technologies, <BR>
Commercial Application Development using Database. </I> <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR>
<B><I> Image Aligned Right </I></B>
<IMG Align=Right Src=”images/sctonly2.gif”><BR><BR> Silicon
Chip Technologies, <BR>
Commercial Application Development using Database. </I>
</BODY>
</HTML>The value of this attribute can be a hexadecimal number, an
RGB value, or a color name:

51
<body bgcolor=”#000000”>
<body bgcolor=”rgb(0.0.0)”>
<body bgcolor=”black”>
The lines above all set the background-color to black.
Background
The background attribute specifies a background-image for an HTML page. The value
of this attribute is the URL of the image you want to use. If the image is smaller than the browser
window, the image will repeat until it fills the entire browser window.
<body background=”clouds. gif”>
<body background=http://www.rgcsm.org/clouds.gif”>
The URL can be relative (as in the first line above) or absolute (as in the second line
above).
Note: If you want to use a background image, you should keep in mind:
· Will the background image increase the loading time too much?
· Will the background image look good with other images on the page?
· Will the background image look good with the text colors on the page?
· Will the background image look good when it is repeated on the page?
· Will the background image take away the focus from the text?
The bgcolor, background, and the text attributes in the <body> tag are deprecated in the
latest versions of HTML (HTML 4 and XHTML). The World Wide Web consortium (w3c) has
removed these attributes from its recommendations.
Style sheets (CSS) should be used instead (to define the layout and display properties of
HTML elements).
HTML Colors
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.
Color Values

HTML colors can be defined as a hexadecimal notation for the combination of Red,
52
Green, and Blue color values (RGB)
The lowest value that can be given to one light source is 0 (hex#00) and the highest
value is 255 (hex#FF).
The table below shows the result of combining Red, Green, and Blue light sources
W3C
Color Color HEX Color RGB
Standard Color Names
#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(,2550,0)
#00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)
#000FF0 rgb(0,0,255)
#FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)
#00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)
#FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)
#COCOC0 rgb(192,192,192)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)
W3C has listed 16 color names that will validate with an HTML valuator.
The color manes are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive,
purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.
Cross-browser Color Values
Some years ago, when most computers only supported 256 different colors, a list of 216
Web Safe Colors was suggested as a Web standard. The reason for this was that the Microsoft and
Mac operating system used 40 different “reserved” fixed system colors (about 20 each).
We are not sure how important this is now, since most computers today have the ability
to display millions of different colors, but the choice is left to you.
HTML Color Values
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.

53
Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation for the combination of RED,
GREEN, and BLUE color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one of the light
sources is 0 (hex#00). The highest value is 255 (hex#FF).
Turn Off the Red
If you turn off the Red light completely, there are 65536 different combinations of
Green and Blue (256*256) to experiment with.
Click here to see some of these combinations of Green and Blue.
Turn On the Red
By setting the Red light completely, there are 65536 different combinations of Green
and Blue (256*256) to experiment with.
Click here to see some of these combinations of Green and Blue.
16 Million Different Colors
The combination of Red, Green, and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of core
than 16 million different colors to play with (256*256*256).
Most modern monitors are capable of display at least 16384 different colors.

54
HTML Layout fonts and Style
Chapter
7
HTML Layout
Everywhere on the Web you will find pages that are formatted like newspaper
pages using HTML columns.
HTML Layout – Using Tables
One very common practice with HTML is to use HTML tables to format the
layout of an HTML page.
An HTML <table> is used to divide a part of Web page into two columns.
The trick is to use a table without borders, and may be a little extra cell- padding.
No matter how much text you add to page, it will stay inside its column borders.
Example: Creating Table
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Table Attributes </TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY BGColor=LIGHTGREY>
<B>Specifying the BORDER and WIDTH of the Table!
</B><BR><BR><BR><BR>
<CENTER><TABLE Borer=5 Width=50%>
<CAPTION Align=Bottom><B>Personal Information </B> </CAPTION>
<TR><TH>NAME</TH><TH>AGE</TH></TR>
<TR Align=CENTER><TD>Shilpa</TD><TD>21</TD> </TR>
<TR Align=CENTER><TD>Vaishali</TD><TD>22</TD> </TR>
</TABLE><.CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>

55
HTML Fonts
The <font> tag in HTML is deprecated. It is supposed to be removed in a future
version of HTML.
Even if a lot of people are using it, you should try to avoid it, and use styles
instead.
The HTML <font> Tag
With HTML code like this, you can specify both the size and the type of the
browser output
<p>
<font size=2”face=”Verdana”>
This is a paragraph.
</font>
</p>
<p>
<font size=”3”face=”Times”>
This is another paragraph.
</font>
<p>
Font Attributes
Attribute Example Purpose
size=”number” size=”2” Defines the font size
size=”+number” size=”=1” Increases the font size
size=”-number” size=”-1” Decreases the font size
face=”face-name” face=”Times” Defines the font-name
color=”color-value” color=”#eeff00” Defines the font color
color=”color-name” color=”red” Defines the font color
The <font> Tag Should NOT be Used
The <font> tag is deprecated in the latest versions of HTML (HTML 4 and
XHTML).

The World Wide Web Consortium (w3c) has removed the <font> tag from its
recommend-dations. In future versions of HTML, style sheets (CSS) will be used to define the
layout and display properties of HTML elements.
HTML Styles
With HTML 4.0 all formatting can be moved out of the HTML document and into
56
a separate style sheet.
How to Use Styles
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
External Style Sheet:
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an
external style sheet, you can change the look to an entire Web site by changing one file. Each
page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head
section.
<head>
<link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css”
Href=”mystyle.css”>
</head>
Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style.
You define internal style sheet in the head section with the <style> tag.
Inline Style
An internal style sheet should be used when a unique style is to applied to a single
occurrence of an element.
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style
attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left
margin of a paragraph:

57
<p style=”color: red; margin-left: 20px”>
This is a paragraph
</p>
Style Tags
Tag Description
<style> Defines a style definition
<link> Defines a resource reference
<div> Defines a section in a document
<span> Defines a section in a document
<font> Deprecated. Use styles instead
<basefont> Deprecated. Use styles instead
<center> Deprecated. Use styles instead

58
HTML Advanced
Chapter
HTML Uniform Resource Locators
8
HTML Links
When you click on a link in an HTML document like this: Last Page, an
underlying <a> tag points to a place (an address) on the Web with an href attribute value like
this: <a href=”lastpage.html”>Last page</a>.
The Last Page link in the example is a link that is relative to the Web site that you
are browsing, and your browser will construct a full Web address like
http”//www.rgcsm.org/html/ last page .htm to access the page.
Creating an Email Link
Building an attractive, useful Web page is only part of the job. You also need to
give viewers a way to contact you.
In the digital age, Web users expect to have instant and easy email contact with
you. To make a link to your email address, you’ll need to use the anchor tag again. You can
separate you r email contact with the <HR> tag, which inserts a horizontal line. We’ve decided
to have the email contact link centered on the page. Put it below the list, like this:
<CENTER>
<HR>
<a href=mailto:comments@builder.com”>Drop us a line! </a>
</CENTER>
Uniform Resource Locators

Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a
document (or other dada) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this:
http://www.rgcsm.org/jtml/lastpage. htm follows these syntax rules:
59
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename
The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http.
The domain is defining the Internet domain name like rgcsm.org.
The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www.
The: port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally
omitted. The default port number for http is 80.
The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is normally
omitted, the resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site.
The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be
default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server.
URL Schemes
Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below:
Schemes – Access
file – a file on your local PC
ftp – a file on an FTP server
http – a file on a World Wide Web server
gopher – a file on a Gopher server
news – a Usenet newsgroup
telnet – a Telnet connection
WAIS – a file on a WAIS server
Accessing a Newsgroup
The following HTML code:
<a href=news:alt.html>HTML Newsgroup</a>
Creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup.
Downloading with FTP

60
<a href=ftp://www.rgcsm.org/ftp/WinZip.exe>Download WinZip</a>
Creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip.
(The link doesn’t work. Don’t try it. It is just an example. W3C Schools doesn’t
really have an ftp directory.)
Link to your Mail system
<a href=mailto:someone@rgcsm.com”>someone@rgcsm. Com</a>
Creates a link to your own mail system like this:
Someone@rgcsm.com
HTML Scripts
Add scripts to HTML pages to make them more dynamic and interactive.
Insert a Script into HTML Page
A script in HTML is defined with the <script> tag. Note that you will have to use
the type attribute to specify the scripting language. <html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<script type=”text/javascript”>
document. write (“Hello World!”)
</script>
</body>
</html>
The script above will produce this output:
Hello World!
How to Handle Older Browsers
A browser that does not recognize the <script> tag at all, will display the <script>
tag’s content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the
script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the <script> tag) will ignore the
comment and it will not write the tag’s content on the page, while a new browser will
understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags.

61
Example
JavaScript:
<!—
document.write (“Hello World!”)
//-- >
</script>
VBScript:
<script type=”text/vbscript”>
<!--
document.write(“Hello World!”)
‘-- >
</script>
The <noscript> Tag
In addition to hiding the script inside a comment, you can also add a <noscript>
tag.
The <noscript> tag is used to define an alternate text if a script is NOT executed.
This tag is used for browsers that recognize the <script> tag, but do not support the scrip0t
inside, so these browsers will display the text inside the <noscript> tag instead. However, if a
browser supports the script inside the <script> tag it will ignore the <noscript> tag.
Example
JavaScript:
<!—
//-- >
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support Java Script! </noscript>
VBScript:

62
<script type=”text/vbscript”>
<!--
‘-- >
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript! </noscript>
Script Tags
Tag Description
<script> Defines a script
<noscript> Defines an alternate text if the script
is not executed
<object> Defines an embedded object
<param> Defines run=time settings (parameters)
for an object
<applet> Deprecated. Use <object> instead
The Meta Element
As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general
information (meta-information) about a document.
HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The
purpose of the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document.
Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to
browsers or search engines like describing the content of your document.
Note: W3C states that “Some users agents support the use of META to refresh the
current page after a specified number of seconds, with the option of replacing it by a different
URL. Authors should not use this technique to forward users to different pages, as this makes
the page inaccessible to some users. Instead, automatic page forwarding should be done using
server-side redirects”
Keywords for Search Engines
Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the
meta tag to index your pages.

This meta element defines a description of your page:
<meta name=”description” content=”Free Web tutorials on
63
HTML, CSS, XML, and XHTML”>
This meta element defines keywords for your page:
<meta name=”keywords” content=”HTML, DHTML, CSS, XML,
XHTML, JavaScript, VBScript”>
The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a
page.
However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like
repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using
them entirely.
Unknown Meta Attributes
Sometimes you will see meta attributes that are unknown to you like this:
<meta name=”security “content=”low”>
Then you just have to accept that this is something unique to site or to the author
of the site, and that it has probably no relevance to you.
HTML 4.0 Standard Attributes
HTML tags can have attributes. The special attributes for each tag are listed under
each tag description. The attributes listed here are the core and language attributes that are
standard for all tags (with a few exceptions):
Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.
Attribute Value Description
class class_rule or style_rule The class of the element
id id_name A unique id for the element

style style_definition An inline style definition
title tooltip_text A text to display in a tool tip
64
Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements
dir ltr | rtl Sets the text direction
lang language_code Sets the language code
Keyboard Attributes
accesskey character Sets a keyboard
shortcut to access
an element
tabindex number Sets the tab order
of an element
HTML 4.0 Event Attributes
New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML event trigger actions in the browser,
like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes
that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions.
Window Events
Only valid in body and frameset elements.
Attribute value Description
onload script Script to be run when a
document loads
onunload script Script to be run when a
document unloads
Form Element Events

65
Only valid in form elements.
onchange script Script to be run when the
element changes
onsubmit script Script to be run when the
form is submitted
onresel script Script to be run when the
form is resel
onselect script Script to be run when the
element is selected
onblur script Script to be run when the
element loses focus
onfocus script Script to be run when the
element gets focus
Keyboard Events
Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script,
style, and title elements.
onkeydown script what to do when key is pressed
onkeypress script what to do when key is pressed and released
onkeyup script what to do when key is released
Morse Events
Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script,
style, and title elements.
onclick script What to do on a mouse click
ondblclick script What to do on a mouse
double-click
onmousedown script What to do on a mouse
button is pressed
onmousemove script What to do on a mouse
pointer moves
onmousout script What to do on a mouse
pointer moves out of an

66
element
onmousover script What to do on a mouse
pointer moves over an element
onmouseup script What to do on a mouse
button is released
Web Publishing
Your First Step: A Personal Web Server
· If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them.
· To publish your work, you have to copy your files to a web server.
· Your own PC can act as a web server if it is connected to a network.
· If you are running Windows 98, you can use the PWS (personal Web Server).
· PWS is hiding in the PWS folder in your Windows CD.
Personal Web Server (PWS)
PWS turns any Windows computer into a Web server. PWS is easy to install and
ideal for developing and testing Web application. PWS has been optimized for working use, but
has all the requirements of a full Web server. It also runs Active Server Pages (ASP) just like its
larger brother IIS.
How to Install a Personal Web Server (PWS)
Browser your Window installation to see if you have installed PWS. If not, install
PWS from the PWS directory on your Window CD. Follow the instructions and get your
personal Web Server up and running.
Note: Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition does not come with the option to turn
your computer into a PWS! Internet Information Server(IIS)
Windows 2000’s built-in Web server IIS, makes it easy to build large applications
for the Web. Both PWS and IIS include ASP, a server- side scripting standard that can be used
to create dynamic, and interactive Web applications, IIS is also available for Windows NT.
Your Next Step: A Professional Web Server
· If you do not want to use PWS or IIS, you must upload your files to a
public server.
· Most Internet Service Providers (ISP’s) will offer to host your web pages.

· If your employer has an Internet Server, you can ask him to host your Web
67
site.
· If you are really serious about this, you should install your own Internet
Server.

Introduction to Dynamic HTML?
Chapter
Web authors today face significant challenges when making their Web pages
9
interactive. The static nature of HTML pages limits their creative choices, and interactive
components can be difficult to build and reuse. In addition, using proprietary extensions means
authoring browser-specify Web pages.
Microsoft Dynamic HTML technology helps to remove these barriers for content
providers and offers users more engaging and interactive Web pages. Dynamic HTML provides
authors with enhanced creative control so they can manipulate any page element at any time.
Dynamic HTML is also the easiest way to make Web pages interactive, using open, standards-based
technologies. Microsoft is working with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to help
ensure interoperability and support for users on multiple systems with different browsers.
According to Microsoft DHTML (first implemented in IE 4.0) is a set of
innovative features which allows web developers to change the rendering and content of a
document on the fly without relying on server-side program (such as Active Server Pages or
ColdFusion) or complicated sets of HTML pages to achieve special effects.
DHTML can be described as an interface which makes it possible to access the
68
browser object model though JavaScript or VBScript scripting language.
This way you can control your page more efficiently. And yes, you can actually
make a page without HTML tags at all!
DHTML is the art of making HTML pages dynamic!
DHTML is a combination of technologies used to create dynamic and interactive
Web sites.
To most people DHTML means a combination of HTML, Style Sheets and
JavaScript.
What is DHTML?

“DHTML is the combination of several built-in browser features in fourth
69
generation browsers that enable a web page to be more dynamic”
DHTML is NOT a scripting language (like JavaScript), but merely a browser
feature-or enhancement-that gives your browser the ability to be dynamic. What you really want
to learn is not DHTML itself, but rather, the syntax needed to use DHTML.
DHTML is a collection features that together, enable your web page be dynamic. I
think its important now to define just what is meant by Dynamic?
“Dynamic” is defined as the ability of the browser to alter a web page’s look and
style after the document has loaded. I remember when I was learning JavaScript, I was taught
that you could use document. Writer () method of JavaScript to create webpages on the fly. For
example:
<script>
document.write (“This is text created on the fly!”)
</script>
But what if we wanted to create content not only on the fly, but on demand? We
can do that, by nesting the above code in a function, and calling it via a form button:
<input type=”button” onClick=”writeconent()” value=”text”>
Pressing the button will erase the entire web page and we were left with only the
text the function produced.
That was back then. Now, with the introduction of DHTML, we can alter content
on a web page on demand, whenever we feel like it, without having the browser erase
everything else. That’s what DHTML is all about. The ability of the browser to change look and
style even after the document has loaded.
The technology of DHTML is currently at its development stage, with NE, IE 5
differing quite greatly in their implementation of this great technology. Its currently not possible
to write one DHTML code and expect it to function in both browsers properly. Furthermore, the
two browsers are at different stages in their development of DHTML; form my own knowledge
and what I’ve heard, DHTML in IE is far more powerful and versatile then NS’s.
Dynamic HTML Features
Dynamic HTML gives authors enhanced control of the elements on their pages.
When you have applied one of the FrontPage Dynamic HTML commands to text or graphics,
Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 and other Web browsers that support Dynamic HTML will

animate the text or graphics or apply other effects that you select. Because it does not require
fetching information from the web server, Dynamic HTML is very efficient, and presents the
user with a lively, compelling page without requiring time- consuming network activity.
The FrontPage Editor includes the following Dynamic HTML features:
· Animation
· Page transitions
· Outlining
· Form enhancements
Key features of Dynamic HTML include these:
· Document Object Model (DOM). Dynamic HTML provides a comprehensive
object model for HTML. This model exposes all page elements as objects. These objects can
easily be manipulated, by changing their attributes or applying methods to them at any time.
Dynamic HTML also provides full support for keyboard and mouse events on all page elements.
Support for the Document Object Model enables the following:
· Dynamic content. Text or graphics can be added, deleted, or modified on the
flu. For example, a Web page can display an updated headline, without refreshing the page. The
text surrounding the headline will reflow automatically.
· Dynamic styles. Internet Explorer 4.0 fully supports cascading Style Sheets
(CSS). As such, any CSS attribute, including color and font, can be updated without a server
round-trip. For instance, text can change color or size when a mouse pointer passes over it.
Multimedia filters and transition effects can be applied to HTML elements simply by adding the
filter CSS attribute.
· Absolute positioning. CSS positioning coordinates for existing page content
70
can be updated at any tine to create animated effects, without reloading the page.
· Data Binding. Data-driven application front ends can be built that present,
manipulate (e.g., sort, filter), and update data on the client without numerous round-trips to the
server.
· Scriptlets. A Scriptlets is a Web page, authored with Dynamic HTML, which
content providers can use as a component in their Web applications. With Scriptlets, content
providers can author content once, then easily reuse the content in other Web pages or
applications.

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Understanding Interactivity
It is important to define interactivity for the purposes of this guide. The following
criteria are suggested for defining a truly interactive Web page:
“The page author must be able to update any element of the page at any time—
during and after the loading of the page.
· The page should capture all user actions and enable authors to respond to these
events using simple scripts.
· The page should reflect the relationship among page elements. A change to one
element in the page may require readjusting other elements. An interactive page should do this
automatically.
· If authors so choose, users should be able to freely change any element in the
page at any time.
What you should already know
Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:
· HTML
· CSS
· JavaScript
Cascading Style Sheets are design templates that provide augmented control over
presentation and layout of HTML elements. They allow you to separate the way you design
information from the HTML content.
JavaScript is used to create interactive web application supported by the Netscape
browser. JavaScript offers many of the same advantages as VBScript. JavaScript is simple to
use, lightweight, and dynamic. Developers can easily code functionality for interactive
applications inside a web page.
DHTML is NOT a W3C Standard
DHTML stands for Dynamic HTML.
DHTML is not a standard defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
DHTML is a “marketing term” – used by Netscape and Microsoft to describe the new
technologies the 4.x generation browsers would support.

Introduction to Html

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