Clindamycin. a potent lincosamide antibiotic is similar in
mechanism of action (inhibits protein synthesis
by binding to 50S ribosome) and spectrum of
activity to erythromycin.
Oral absorption of clindamycin is good. It
penetrates into most skeletal and soft tissues,
but not in brain and CSF; accumulates in neutrophils
and macrophages. It is largely metabolized and
metabolites are excreted in urine and bile. The
t½ is 3 hr.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic discovered in 1956
as a penicillin substitute which assumed special
significance due to efficacy against MRSA,
Strep. viridans, Enterococcus and Cl. difficile.
Bactericidal action is exerted on gram-positive
cocci, Neisseria, Clostridia and diphtheroids.
However, in hospitals where it has been
extensively used for surgical prophylaxis, etc.
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
Some orally administered AMAs attain antibacterial
concentration only in urine, with little or
no systemic antibacterial effect. Like many other
drugs, they are concentrated in the kidney tubules,
and are useful mainly in lower urinary tract
infection. They have been called urinary
antiseptics because this may be considered as
a form of local therapy. Nitrofurantoin and
methenamine are two such agents; infrequently
used now. Nalidixic acid can also
be considered to be a urinary antiseptic.
4. 1) Lincomycin
2) Clindamycin
3) Pirlimycin
MOA:
Similar to Macrolides.
Binds with 23rd portion of 50 S ribosome
subunit of bacterial ribosome & prevents
protein synthesis.
Lincosamides don't interfere with protein
synthesis in humans.
LINCOSAMIDE
5. Its first Lincosamide AB
Absorbed Orally
Eliminated in faeces through bile.
Colitis is more common in comparison to
Clindamycin.
Dose: 500 mg Orally
600 mg (iv/im) 6-8 hourly
LINCOMYCIN
6. Clindamycin palmitate – Clindamycin
Clindamycin phosphate – Clindamycin
Strains resistant to macrolides are may be
sensitive to clinda as clinda is not a substrate for
macrolides efflux mechanism resistance.
Resistance in Clinda may occur d/t alternation
in metabolism & also d/t methylation of bacterial
RNA +nt in 50 S ribosomal subunit of Bacteroides
fragilis.
CLINDAMYCIN
7. Strains resistant to macrolides are may be
sensitive to clinda as clinda is not a substrate for
macrolides efflux mechanism resistance.
Resistance in Clinda may occur d/t alternation
in metabolism & also d/t methylation of bacterial
RNA +nt in 50 S ribosomal subunit of Bacteroides
fragilis.
CLINDAMYCIN
8. Oral absorption is Good.
Absorption is not affected by presence of Food.
Plasma t1/2 is 3 hrs
Plasma protein binding is > 90%
Distribution -
PKaCLINDAMYCIN
9. About 10% of drug
excreted unchanged in
Urine.
It undergoes
intrahepatic circulation &
the metabolites are
excreted in urine, bile &
faeces.
Dose reduction is
required in case of hepatic
dysfunction.
PKaCLINDAMYCIN
11. Therapeutic Uses -CLINDAMYCIN
as an alternative drug for bacterial endocarditis.
1 % cream – Acne vulgaris.
with Primaquine – Pneumosystis
with Pyrimethamine – Encephalitis (Toxoplasma
gondii)
with Quinine/ Artesunate – Maleria
with Aminoglycosides/ Cephalosporins – non
sexually transmitted infection of genital tract of
females.
12. 600 – 1200 mg/ day
1200 – 2400 mg/day *
*(in severe cases by IV route, in 4 divided
dose)
CLINDAMYCIN DOSE -
16. Inhibitors of Cell wall synthesis
bactericidal for all susceptible bacteria
except Enterococci
Only active against Gm +ve bact.
Except Flavobacterium all Gm –ve bact
including pseudomonas & mycobacterium are
resistant.
GLYCOPEPTIDES
17. Tricyclic glycopeptide
Obtained from Streptococcus orientalis in
1956
Its not susceptible to any of the Beeta-
lactamases.
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
VANCOMYCIN
18. has high affinity & binds with D-alanyl- D-
alanine dipeptide terminus of nascent
peptidoglycon & prevents its release.
Elongation of peptidoglycon or polymerization
is inhibited d/t inhibition of transglycosylase, so
the further step of cross linking is not possible,
leading to cell damage.
MOA -VANCOMYCIN
19. Resistant to Enterococci
Resistance is d/t alteration of dipeptide from
D-alanyl- D-alanine to D-alanyl - D- lactate OR
to D-alanyl - D- serine.
RESISTANCE -VANCOMYCIN
Vancomycin +
Aminoglycosides
20. Oral absorption is poor bt used orally in case of
Pseudomembranous colitis.
also used orally for Staphylococcal enterocolitis.
water soluble.
t1/2 is 6 hr, used at 6 hourly.
Distribution – body fluids
Reaches to CNS
90% of drug is excreted unchanged through
kidneys.
PKa -VANCOMYCIN
21. Sensitive for-
•Streptococcal bact. like-
• S. pyogenes
• S. pneumoniae
• S. viridans
MRSA
MRSE
Corynebacterium
Clostridium spp. (difficile)
THERAPEUTIC USES -VANCOMYCIN
Gm +ve
Only
22. It should be only used for serious nosocomial
infections where other agents are not effective.
It can be used in pts allergic to penicillins or
cephalosporins & also for surgical prophylaxis for
MRSA infections.
its drug of choice for MRSA like-
Pneumonia
Endocarditis
Soft tissue abscess
Osteomyelitis
THERAPEUTIC USES -VANCOMYCIN
23. Vancomycin + Cefotaxime/ Ceftriaxone/
Rifampicin – for treatment of penicillin resistant
Pneumococcal meningitis caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
also used for vascular catheter infections d/t
Gm +ve organism.
Drug of choice for Pseudomembranus colitis
caused by Clost. difficile
THERAPEUTIC USES -VANCOMYCIN
24. Glycopeptide
Active against both MSSA & MRSA
its more active against Enterococci than
Vanco & also active against VRE.
t1/2 is long – 100 hrs, OD
Highly bounded with plasma proteins
TICOPLANIN
28. Lipo-glycopeptide.
effective against MRSA & VRE
t1/2 is too long – 6-11 Days
used once in a week
Drug is still under evaluation.
DALBAVANCIN
30. Bact may +nt in distal urethra as transient flora,
most of which are derived from faecal flora.
Types of UTI-
UTI
Lower UTI
• Uretheritis
•Cystitis
•Prostatitis
Upper UTI
• Acute Pyelitis
• Acute Pyelonephritis
31. 1) GENDER-
• Shorter length of urethra
• Sexual intercourse
2) Pregnancy
3) Obstruction to flow of urine
4) Neurogenic bladder
5) upward reflux of urine
6) Genetic factors
UTI Predisposing Factors-
32. Asymptomatic
Symptomatic
• Increased frequency of micturation
• dysuria
• suprapubic pain
• fever with rigors
• enlarged prostate in male – more susceptible.
UTI Clinical Features-
34. - Antibiotics which specifically act at urinary tract
Methenamine
Nitrofurantoin
Nalidixic acid
• They r mainly used for prophylactic purpose.
• Show remarkable potency in suitable pH of
urine.
UTI URINARY ANTISEPTICS
35. Hexa Methylene tetramine / Hexamine
Its a Pro drug.
Acids used are
•Mandelic acid
•Hippuric acid
• Ascorbic acid
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
METHENAMINE
METHENAMINE FORMALDEHYDE
Acidic pH
Decomposition
+ Ammonia
37. GIT discomfort / gastritis with dose > 2gm/day.
Higher dose > 3gm/day for longer duration may
cause –
• Painful micturation
• Albuminuria
• Haematuria
• Increased frequency of micturation
Side Effects -
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
METHENAMINE
38. Highly useful against E. coli, Staph. aureus, Staph.
epidermidis & other Gm –Ve bact.
Protius vulgaris is resistant, produces Ammonia
which raises pH of urine.
Psuedomonas are resistant.
Not effective for Upper UTI as drug is eliminated
before converting to Formaldihyde.
Not useful for tt of acute UTI.
Mainly used for prophylaxis of resistance, chronic
recurrent UTI including post catheterization or
Instrumentation.
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
METHENAMINE
40. Used for both therapeutic & prophylaxis
purpose in Lower UTI.
During course of treatment, Resistance does not
develop easily in susceptible bact.
Bacteriostatic but at higher c/n may exert
Bactericidal effect, especially in acidic pH
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
NITROFURANTOIN
41. Active against E. coli & Enterococci
Many Gm –ve bact are susceptible.
Duration of treatment should not exceed > 2
weeks.
Antagonizes activity of Nalidixic acid which is a
Bactericidal UA drug
Resistant for –
• Protius
• Psuedomonas
• Klebsella
• Enterobacter
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
NITROFURANTOIN
42. Absorbed orally.
about 40% excreted unchanged in urine.
undergo rapid hepatic metabolism.
t1/2 is < 1 Hr, hence therapeutic antibacterial
concentration is not achieved in plasma.
Dose: 50 – 100 mg TDS/QID for 5-10 days
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
NITROFURANTOIN PKa-
43. GIT upset, Anorexia
Haemolysis may occur in persons with G-6-PD
deficiency.
Colour of urine turns brown on exposure to air.
Acute pulmonary toxicity may occur in elderly.
Polyneuropathy may occur on prolonged treatment
in impaired renal function patients.
Probenecid decreases its action by inhibiting renal
tubular secreations.
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
NITROFURANTOIN S/E-
44. Non Fluorinated Quinolones.
Acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase.
Absorbed orally, excreted in Urine, t1/2 – 8 Hrs
Active against Gm –ve like
• E. coli
• Protius
• Klebsella
• Enterobacter
• Shigella but not Pseudomonas
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
NALIDIXIC ACID