Hypothalamus anatomy and physiology

1. Vijay kumar

2.  William His first uses the term hypothalamus
in 1893.
 Ramon y cajal described connection b/w
hypothalamus and posterior pituitory
(hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract) in 1894.

3.  Diencephalic structure present ventrally in he
brain.
 Separated from thalamus by hypothalamic
sulcus and medial border is illdefined which
separates hypothalamus from subthalamus.
 4 grams in weight.
 Contains clustered set of nuclei which has
diffuse connections with cortex, basal
forebrain, limbic structures, brain stem nuclei.

4.  Hypothalamus acts as integrator of autonomic
& endocrine functions with behavior.
 It was called as head ganglion of autonomic
nervous system.
 Regulation of five basic physiologic needs.
- Blood pressure , ECF osmolality
- Body temperature
- Energy metabolism
- Reproduction
- Responses to stress

5. Principles of
neuroscience –Eric
kandel

6. Principles of
neuroscience –Eric
kandel

7. Review of medical physiology-
W.F.Ganong

8.  Divided into 3 regions:
Anterior region: preoptic region
- Supra chiasmatic nucleus
- Preoptic nucleus
Middle region :
-Dorsomedial nucleus
- Ventromedial nucleus
- Paraventricular nucleus
- Supraoptic nucleus
- Arcuate nucleus
Posterior region:
- Mamillary bodies
- Tuberomammillary nucleus.

9. Applied physiology-Samson
wright’s -13th edition

10.  Visceral functions:
- Integration of neuroendocrine reflexes.
- Gastric motility and gut secretion.
- Central autonomic player.
- Cardiovascular & respiratory regulation
- HPA axis and stress modulation.
- Energy metabolism and thermo regulation.
- Role in reproductive function.
- ECF osmolality
- circadian & ultradian rhythm generation to
regulate above above functions.

11.  Brain functions:
- Sleep & wakefullness
- hypothalmo-cerebellar –hypothalamic circuits
role in somato-visceromotor integration.
- Integrator for emotional & autonomic functions
- Role in memory: Mammillary nucleus as an
entity of Papez circuit.
- Role in reward and motivation.

14. Principles of
neuroscience –Eric
kandel

15. Principles of
neuroscience –Eric
kandel

17.  Hetherington & Ranson’s work in 1940’s
 BK Anand & Brobeck’s work in 1950’s
 Dual centric model of feeding proposed by
stellar in 1954
 Role of different neuropeptides in feeding was
discovered during 1996-1998 by various
reseachers.

20. Medical physiology-Guyton 11th
edition

21. Medical physiology-Guyton 11th
edition

22. Charles W. Bourque

23. Saper, Clifford B ,Annual Review of Neuroscience; 2002; 25

24. Saper, Clifford B ,Annual Review of Neuroscience; 2002; 25

25. CNS pathways that integrate the clock signal from the suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN) with other cues to produce the circadian rhythms of
physiology and behavior
Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005

26. Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005

27. Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005

28. Neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that these
connections may be involved in feeding, cardiovascular,osmotic, respiratory,
micturition, immune, emotion, and other nonsomatic regulation.
Jing-Ning Zhua et al 2006

30. Applied physiology-Samson
wright’s -13th edition

31.  Principles of neural science by Eric kandel
 Fundamental neuroscience by squire 2nd edition
 Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th
edition
 Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in
Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005
 B.K.Anand et al ,Journal of applied physiology
vol-192, 1967
 Charles W. Bourque, Nature reviews
neuroscience volume 9 , july 2008

32.  Medical physiology .Guyton –Hall 10th edition
 Review of medical physiology- Ganong

33. Thank you