Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming,Kyoto and Beyond and India INDC

1. Presentation on Global Warming

2. We will Talk About
• Greenhouse Effect
• Global Warming
• Kyoto Protocol and Mechanisms
• KYOTO and Beyond
• India Existing Initiatives

5. The greenhouse effect is the process in which
greenhouse gases absorbs radiation (the infra
red rays) and re- radiates it in all directions.
Since part of this re-radiation is back towards
the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results
in an elevation of the average surface
temperature above what it would be in the
absence of the gases.

6. Gas
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Six green house gases

7. Global warming potential of GHG
Carbon
dioxide
GWP: 1
Hydrofluorocarbons
GWP: 11,700
Methane
GWP: 21
Sulphur
hexafluoride
GWP: 23,900
Nitrous
oxide
GWP: 310
Perfluorocarbons
GWP: 9,200

8. Human Sources of GHGs
Transportation
Energy Generation
Industrial Processes
Land Use:
Agriculture & Forestry
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – Most prevalent GHG
Methane (CH4) – Second most common, 21x the potency of CO2
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) – 310x the potency of CO2
Other Gases – HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 = range 600 – 23900x potency of CO2
Transport

11. The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
Example of the
Greenhouse Effect

12. A greenhouse is a structural building with
different types of covering materials, such as
a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or
plastic walls; it heats up because incoming
visible sunshine is absorbed inside the
structure. Air warmed by the heat from
warmed interior surfaces is retained in the
building by the roof and wall; the air that is
warmed near the ground is prevented
from rising indefinitely and flowing away.
This process in which the heat is trapped
within the greenhouse can be compared to
the way in which the heat radiations are
trapped in the earth’s atmosphere.

13. GHG and Environmental Impacts
Changes in temperature, weather patterns and sea level rise
Agriculture:
Changes in crop yields
Irrigation demands,
Productivity
Forests:
Change in Ecologies,
Geographic range of species,
and
Health and productivity
Coastal Areas:
Erosion and flooding
Inundation
Change in wetlands
Human Health:
Weather related
mortality
Infectious disease
Air quality - respiratory
illness
Industry and
Energy:
Changes in Energy
demand
Product demand &
Supply
Water
Resources:
Changes in water
supply
and water quality

14. GLOBAL WARMING

15. GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the
Earth’s average surface
temperature due to a
build-up of greenhouse
gases in the
atmosphere.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that
refers to long-term
changes in climate,
including average
temperature and
precipitation.
Difference
It should NOT be confused with climate change ! !

16. Climate Change
Rapid Industrial Growth
Increased energy consumption
Increased CO2 and other GHG emissions
Global Warming due to increased concentration of
GHG
Increased
Sea Level
Changes in
wind and
precipitation
Changes in
Crop yields

17. Climate Change Impact in
India
Rajasthan- Drought
Rann of Kutch – sea level rise
Mumbai-Salt water intrusion
Kerala –Productivity of Forest
Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching
Ganges – Sedimentation problem
Sunderbans-Sea level raise
Northwest India-reduction In rice yield

18. What is global
warming ?
-Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's
atmosphere
-it started to increase in the late 19th century and is projected to keep
going up.
-Since the early 20th century, Earth's average surface temperature has
increased by about 0.8 °C with about two thirds of the increase
occurring since 1980.
-it is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
produced by human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil
fuels.

19. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
POLLUTION FROM COAL,
NATURAL GAS, AND OIL
CO2 FROM AIRPLANES & VEHICLES
POPULATION INCREASE
DEFORESTATION

20. • Increase in spread of disease.
• Warmer waters and more hurricanes.
• Increase in droughts and heat waves.
• Economic consequences.
• Melting of polar ice caps.
• Floods.
• Fires and wildfires.
• Storms.
• Death by smog.
• Desertification.
• Tsunamis.
• Cold waves.
• Increase in volcanic activities.
• Loss of biodiversity and animal extinction.

22. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

23. Melting of glaciers
Global warming effects-
Polar Bear Extinction
Warmer waters and
more hurricanes
Increased probability and
intensity of droughts and
heat waves
Melting
Polar ice caps
Increased Temperature

24. Temperatures
Weather in recent winters
Glacier and Ice Cap Melting
• Evidence of global warming is very apparent in the recent melting of ice sheets.
• Two places where melting has become extremely visible are Antarctica and Greenland.
• One area of particular concern is the Himalayans. 1/3 of the worlds fresh drinking water comes from the
run off from this glacier system.
• A direct consequence from our polluting actions will be the disappearance of these vital glaciers.
• Between the years 1860-1900 average temperatures have increased by 0.75 degrees Celsius.
• Over the past 100 years global temperatures have risen by 1.3 degrees.
• Recent winter was the warmest winter ever recorded( in the history of the planet Earth).
• 10 out of the past 14 years are the warmest on record.
Sea level rising
• Possibly the biggest threat brought by global warming is rapid sea level changes.
• Both Greenland and Western Antarctica are depleting at shocking rates.
• Not all of global Warming's effects are unprecedented.
Global warming causes-

25. Alaska
1914
2014
Arizona
Portage Glacier
Colorado River
June 2002
Dec 2014

26. ANTARCTICA – losing ice
faster..!!!!!!
BEFORE NOW
"There will be no polar ice by 2060...Somewhere along that path, the
polar bear drops out."

27. 1941
Small glaciers and ice caps are melting
2004

28. 1993
2014
The images show the effect of
global warming on a ice
covered mountain

29. • Other fallouts include
 Spread of disease
 Warmer waters and more hurricanes
 Increased probability and intensity of droughts and
heat waves
 Economic consequences
 Loss of Biodiversity
 Destruction of Ecosystems

31. Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2
When did global warming start ?

33. Carbon
Dioxide
Emission
• The USA 25.2%
• China 15.2%
• Russia 6.7%
• Japan 5.4%
• India 4.4%
• Germany 3.7%
• U.K 2.4%
• Canada 2.3%
• Italy 2%
• Mexico 1.7%
• France 1.6%

34. WHAT TO DO ?

35. Spread Awareness Turn off your computer or the TV
when you’re not using it.
Be Bulb Smart—Use CFL/LED
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of
turning up the air conditioning.
Incandescent
Compact
Fluorescent
Recycle
Drive LESS, drive SMART Use a bicycle or bus

36. AND HAVE FAITH ON ……………
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel efficient cars

37. RESPONSE TO GLOBAL
WARMING
• MITIGATION
Since even in the most optimistic scenario, fossil fuels are going to be used for years to come,
mitigation may also involve carbon capture and storage, a process that traps CO2 produced by
factories and gas or coal power stations and then stores it, usually underground.
• ADAPTATION
Other policy responses include adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate change may
be planned, e.g., by local or national government, or spontaneous, i.e., done privately without
government intervention. The ability to adapt is closely linked to social and economic
development. Even societies with high capacities to adapt are still vulnerable to climate change
• REENGENEERING
A body of the scientific literature has developed which considers alternative reengineering
techniques for climate change mitigation.IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report assessed some
"apparently promising" geoengineering techniques, including ocean fertilization, capturing and
sequestering CO2, and techniques for reducing the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth's
atmospheric system.The IPCC's overall conclusion was that geoengineering options remained
"largely speculative and unproven, (...) with the risk of unknown side-effects.” In the IPCC's[
judgement, reliable cost estimates for geoengineering options had not yet been published.
As most geoengineering techniques would affect the entire globe, deployment would likely
require global public acceptance and an adequate global legal and regulatory framework, as well as
significant further scientific research.

39. •The process of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) consists of several
steps: The capture, possible transport and storage of CO2 gas. These
three technologies are all intensely researched and developed in Europe.
•A variety of capture technologies have been developed, such as post-
combustion (capture of CO2 from flue gases), pre-combustion (capture
by fuel conversion), oxyfuel combustion (capture by fuel combustion
using pure oxygen) and high-purity CO2 (sources that emit almost pure
CO2). Capture can be done at industries using fossil fuels, for instance
refineries, power plants or petrochemical companies, or at offshore oil
and gas rigs.
•Once CO2 is captured, it often needs to be transported to the location
where it can be stored. The major users of fossil that capture CO2, are
often not located in the vicinity of underground CO2 storage sites. Most
of the time transport will run via pipelines or, for smaller quantities, tank
ships.
•Storage can be done in several types of geological storage facilities. Depleted
oil and gas fields, coalbeds and porous deep saline sandstone formations (aquifers)
have proven to be suitable for storing CO2. The CO2 is injected by using
new or existing boreholes from the oil and gas industry. Stored CO2 is
intensely monitored to assess the behaviour and distribution of the CO2
in the underground storage facilities.

40. Governmental And Intergovernmental
Action
• Policies like:
– Kyoto Protocol
– Carbon emissions
trading

41. 1. United Nations Conference on Human Environment (1972)
2. Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer (1985)
3. Montreal Protocol (1985)
4. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change(IPCC) (1988)
5. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992)
6. Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (from 1995)
7. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
8. Marrakesh Accord (2001)
9. World Summit On Sustainable Development (2002)
10. Global Environment Facility (GEF)
11. Prototype Carbon Fund, World Bank (2002)
INSTANCES WHERE THE GLOBE UNITED TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE

42. HISTORY
1988 IPCC “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” formed
1990
1992
1994
1997
IPCC publishes first assessment report
Earth summit in Rio De Janero aggress the UNFCC-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFCCC enters into force- Aspirational objectives, no
specific targets or timeframes
COP3 Kyoto Protocol:
-Emissions limits on 34 countries. Average -5.2% on 1990
by first commitment period
-Meet limits by emissions reductions & or buying
compliance credits

43. UNFCCC
• The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving the "stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system."
• Ultimate objective of stabilizing global greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
• Developed countries (Annex I countries) aim to restore GHG emissions to 1990 levels
• Support capacity building in, and facilitate technology transfer to developing countries to mitigate,
and to adapt to climate change
• Meet as a “Conference of Parties” annually, to monitor progress

44. United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
Commitments by the Parties to the
Convention
 Recognizing that developed countries are
principally responsible for the high levels of GHG
emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more
than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol
places a heavier burden on developed nations
under the principle of "common but differentiated
responsibilities."

45. Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol
• The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement
that arose out of the UNFCCC to tackle climate
change through a reduction of green house gas
emissions.
• Countries are legally bound to reduce man-made
green house gases emissions by approximately
5.2%..
• The text of the protocol was adopted at the third
conference of the parties to the UNFCCC in Kyoto,
Japan, on 11 December 1997.

46. UNFCCC VS KYOTO PROTOCOL
• The major distinction between the Protocol
and the Convention is that while the
Convention encouraged industrialised
countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the
Protocol commits them to do so.

47. Kyoto Protocol
• The overall emission reduction target for Annex I Parties
as a group is at least 5 percent below 1990 levels, to
be achieved by the commitment period 2008 to 2012 (an
average over the five years).
• The Protocol covers six greenhouse gases (Annex A) -
CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6
• The negotiated targets for individual Annex I Parties are
included in Annex B of the Protocol.

48. background
• The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in Kyoto,
Japan, in December 1997.
• It was opened for signature on March 16, 1998,
and closed a year later.
• Ratifying countries had to represent at least 55
percent of the world’s total carbon dioxide
emissions for 1990.
• The first condition was met on May 23, 2002,
when Iceland became the 55th country to ratify
the Kyoto Protocol.

49. • When Russia ratified the agreement in
November 2004, Kyoto Protocol entered into
force on February 16, 2005.
• As a U.S. presidential candidate, George W.
Bush promised to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions.
• Totally 192 countries ratified the Protocol

51. Division of Parties by Annex
Non-Annex I Countries = All the Rest of Ratifying Countries
(Afghanistan/Algeria/Bangladesh/Bhutan/Chile/Columbia/India etc)
Australia / Austria / Belgium /
Canada / Denmark / EC /
Finland / France / Germany /
Greece /Iceland / Ireland /
Italy / Japan / Luxembourg /
Netherlands / New Zealand /
Norway / Portugal / Spain /
Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey
/ United Kingdom / USA
Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia /
Czech Republic / Estonia /
Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein
/ Lithuania / Monaco / Poland /
Romania / Russian Federation /
Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine

52. UNFCCC, Annex Parties
The Convention divides countries into three groups according to differing
commitments.
 Annex I Parties: developed countries required to reduce
emissions.
 Annex II Parties: developed countries required to provide
financial resources and technology transfer to developing
countries
 Non-Annex I Parties: developing countries. The Convention
also recognizes the needs of certain groups of developing
countries who are especially vulnerable to adverse impacts
of climate change and to economic impacts of climate
change response measures.
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
European Union
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zeeland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
ANNEX I COUNTRIES

53. •Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
•International Emission Trading (IET)
•Joint Implementation (JI)
IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS DEVISED AT KYOTO

54. Mechanisms under kyoto protocol
• These are mechanisms defined under the
Kyoto Protocol intended to lower the overall
costs of achieving its emissions targets.
• These mechanisms enable parties to achieve
emission reductions or to remove carbon from
the atmosphere cost-effectively in other
countries.

55. •Kyoto and beyond

56. Background: COPs 15 & 16
COP15 Copenhagen, Denmark, 2009 failed to establish a new agreement
to follow the KP, whose 1st commitment period expires Dec. 31, 2012.
Through a last minute, non-conference effort The Copenhagen Accord –
unofficial, non-binding and voluntary – was drafted, establishing a 2C
target for capping global temperature increase.
Recent COPs have not engendered confidence in the ability of the multilateral
process to improve the global emissions pathway in time or at scale.
COP16 Cancun, Mexico, 2010 also failed to resolve the future of the KP.
Still, the Cancun Agreements included work on: Measurement,
Reporting, and Verification; Incorporation of the Copenhagen Accord
(Image Credit: UNFCCC)

57. Background: A Milestone in 2011?
COP17 in Durban, South Africa proposed a 2nd KP period and broke new ground
by creating a roadmap for a post-KP treaty that will require commitments from
both developed and developing nations.
“The Parties should protect the climate system …on the basis of equity
and in accordance with their common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed
country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and
the adverse effects thereof.” – UNFCCC Article 3, Paragraph 1, 1992
The Durban Platform reinterpreted the UNFCC’s
“common but differentiated responsibilities”
(CBDR) principle by emphasizing common
responsibilities.
This change may encourage influential US engagement by requiring commitments from
previously exempt nations whose emissions are substantial, such as China and India.
“Also decides to launch a process to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with
legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties …” – Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, 2011
However, the thorny details of this new leveling must be advanced in Doha, and
the issues of respective capabilities and historical responsibility remain divisive.
(Image Credit: UNFCCC)

59. DOHA AMENDMENT TO KYOTO
• In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012, the "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto
Protocol" was adopted. The amendment includes
• New commitments for Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Protocol who agreed to
take on commitments in a second commitment period from 1 January 2013 to
31 December 2020
• During the first commitment period, 37 industrialized countries and the
European Community committed to reduce GHG emissions to an average of
five percent against 1990 levels. During the second commitment period,
Parties committed to reduce GHG emissions by at least 18 percent below 1990
levels in the eight-year period from 2013 to 2020.
• As of 9 November 2016, 73 countries have ratified the Doha Amendment.
• The United Nations is encouraging governments to ratify as soon as they can
the amendments relating to the second commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol, the international emissions reduction treaty. Ratification of the Doha
Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol is a valuable part of the momentum for
global climate action for the years leading up to 2020.

61. • The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to
strengthen the global response to the threat
of climate change by keeping a global
temperature rise this century well below 2
degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and
to pursue efforts to limit the temperature
increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Additionally, the agreement aims to
strengthen the ability of countries to deal with
the impacts of climate change

62. •The agreement includes references to developed
and developing countries, stating in several
places that the former should take the lead.
•Many provisions establish common
commitments while allowing flexibility to
accommodate different national capacities and
circumstances - either through self-
differentiation, as implicit in the concept of
nationally determined contributions, or through
more detailed operational rules still to be
developed.

63. • Nationally determined contributions
• The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to put
forward their best efforts through “nationally
determined contributions” (NDCs) and to
strengthen these efforts in the years ahead.
This includes requirements that all Parties
report regularly on their emissions and on
their implementation efforts.

64. Long-Term Goal
The agreement reaffirms the goal of
keeping average warming below 2
degrees Celsius, while also urging
parties to “pursue efforts” to limit it to
1.5 degrees, a top priority for
developing countries highly vulnerable
to climate impacts.

65. • 112 Parties have ratified of 197 Parties to the
Convention
• On 5 October 2016, the threshold for entry
into force of the Paris Agreement was
achieved. The Paris Agreement entered into
force on 4 November 2016.

66. INDC
• INDC stands for Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions. Before several
months of Conference, Parties were asked to
submit their INDC with plan, policies,
measures, actions etc. to Secretariat.
• Out of 188, 160 INDCs have been submitted to
Secretariat till date.
• INDC consists of the plan of a particular
country to achieve the objective of the
convention.

67. What India’s INDC consists?
• Some points are to be noted in brief to
understand India’s stand. They are:
 Propagate sustainable living
Adopt climate friendly and cleaner path
Reduce emission intensity of its GDP by 33 to
35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level.
40 percent cumulative electric power
generation from non-fossil fuel based
resources by 2030.

68. What India’s INDC consists?
Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion
tonnes by 2030
Mobilize domestic and new and additional funds
from developed countries
Capacity building through R&D and better
technology.
• Then, India has discussed the need of climate
finance, capacity building needs and technology
transfer and support from developed countries as
well as its recent initiatives in respect of
mitigation, adaptation and climate finance.

69. What India’s INDC consists?
• Annually, 220 billion rupees of CSR money is
to be spend on environmental initiatives.
• Voluntary carbon disclosure programme for
private sector handled by Carbon Disclosure
Project, India.
• A study of 100 companies over a 5 year period
covering 12 sectors indicate that the Indian
companies on an average have been reducing
their specific water consumption by 2.8 to 3 %
per year.

70. India’s existing initiatives
• Mitigation Strategies
o National Solar Mission - 20 GW to 100 GW by
2022. Kochi Airport – world’s first to run fully
on solar power.
o Proposed solar powered toll plazas.
o Nationwide Campaign for Energy
Conservation – targets to save 10 % of energy
consumption by 2018-2019

71. India’s existing initiatives
o Smart Cities Mission – by building a clean and
sustainable environment.
o Launched National Heritage City Development
and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)
o Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation – urban renewal mission for
500 cities across India.
o Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission)
o Zero Effect, Zero Defect – pollution control,
waste management, use of renewable energy.

72. India’s existing initiatives
o Green Highways (Plantation & Maintenance)
Policy - 140,000 km long “tree-line” along
both sides of national highways.
o Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid
& Electric Vehicles.
o National Air Quality Index

73. India’s existing initiatives
• Adaptation Strategies
o Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana to promote
organic farming practices.
o Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana to
promote efficient irrigation practices.
o National Mission for Clean Ganga (Namami
Gange) to rejuvenate the river.
o National Bureau of Water Use Efficiency
(NBWUE) to promote, regulate and control
efficient use of water.

74. India’s existing initiatives
• Climate Finance Policies
o National Adaptation Fund – 3500 million
rupees.
o Reduction in subsidies on fossil fuels including
diesel, kerosene and domestic LPG.
o Coal tax fourfold – from 50 to 200 rupees per
tonne to help finance clean energy projects
and Ganga rejuvenation.
o Tax Free Infrastructure Bonds for funding of
renewable energy projects.

75. THANK YOU